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IUCN 2008: T22697755A93637402
Scope: Global
Language: English
Pygoscelis papua, Gentoo Penguin
Assessment by: BirdLife International
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Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Pygoscelis papua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2016: e.T22697755A93637402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Sphenisciformes
Spheniscidae
Taxon Name: Pygoscelis papua (Forster, 1781)
Common Name(s):
• English:
• Spanish:
Gentoo Penguin
Pingüino de vincha, Pingüino gentú , Pingüino juanito, Pingüino papúa
Taxonomic Source(s):
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International,
Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Identification Information:
Identification 51-90 cm. The third largest penguin, although body size is highly variable across its range.
Males typically larger than females. Black face, head and back. Conspicuous, but variable, white patches
above eyes, typically meeting across the crown. Bright red-orange bill with black along the upper
mandible and at the tip. Feet, pale whitish-pink to red.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
October 1, 2016
Justification:
A recent estimate of the global population indicates that there has been an increase from 314,000 to
387,000 pairs (Woehler 1993; Lynch 2013). The population appears to have increased in the south of its
range, while annual monitoring of the Falkland Islands’ (Malvinas) population indicates a positive trend
over the past 25 years. Based on the overall population increase, this species has been downlisted as
Least Concern.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2012 – Near Threatened (NT) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T22697755A40173793.en
2010 – Near Threatened (NT)
2008 – Near Threatened (NT)
2004 – Near Threatened (NT)
2000 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
1
1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Gentoo penguins are defined morphologically as a single species with a northern and southern
subspecies. A recent phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial DNA showed a deep division between
populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, with at least three distinct clades, two in the respective
sub-Antarctic and Antarctic zones of the Atlantic Ocean, and a deeply divergent and unnamed third
clade in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean (de Dinechin et al. 2012).
Pygoscelis papua has a circumpolar breeding distribution that ranges in latitude from the Fish Islands on
the Antarctic Peninsula (66°01'S) (Fraser unpublished) to the Crozet Islands (46°00'S) (Lynch 2013).
Population trends are difficult to establish because of large year-to-year fluctuations in the size of the
breeding population. The global population was estimated at 314,000 breeding pairs (Woehler 1993),
however, a more recent estimate of 387,000 pairs suggests that the population may now be increasing,
particularly in the south of its range (Lynch 2013). The three most important locations, containing 80%
of the global population, are the Falkland Islands (Malvinas): 132,000 breeding pairs at about 84
breeding sites (Baylis et al. 2013), South Georgia: 98,867 pairs (South Georgia & the South Sandwich
Islands) (Trathan et al. 1996) and the Antarctic Peninsula (incl. South Shetland Island): 94,751 pairs
(Lynch et al. unpublished). Other breeding sites include Kerguelen Island: 30,000-40,000 pairs
(Weimerskirch et al. 1988) and Crozet Island: 9,000 pairs (Jouventin 1994) in the French Southern
Territories, Heard Island (to Australia): 16,574 pairs (Woehler 1993), South Orkney Islands: 10,760 pairs
(Lynch et al. unpublished), Macquarie Island (Australia): 3,800 pairs, South Sandwich Islands: 1,572
pairs (Convey et al. 1999) and Prince Edward Island (South Africa): 1,000 to 1,250 pairs (Dyer and
Crawford 2015). Small numbers (<100) are also found on Martillo Island and Islas de los Estados in
Argentina (Bingham 1998, Ghys et al. 2008).
On the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) annual monitoring has provided increasing evidence of large
fluctuations at the population scale over extended time periods (c 10-12 years; Pers. Comm. A.
Stanworth). Reports of population declines by c.45% from 1932-33 to 1995-96(Bingham 1998), observed
and following periods of apparent stability (Trathan et al. 1996, Bingham 2002, Clausen and Huin 2003,
Crawford et al. 2009, Forcada and Trathan 2009) are within the scale of these fluctuations (Pers. Comm.
A. Stanworth). Population trends have been positive for the last 13 years (Crofts and Stanworth 2016)
with indications of an overall positive trend over the past 25 years. Breeding pair estimates are currently
higher than those observed in 1932-33 (132,000 compared to 116,000) (Baylis et al. 2013).
The populations at sub-Antarctic islands may have decreased substantially in the past—at Bird Island,
South Georgia by c.67% in 25 years (J. P. Croxall in litt. 1999), and at Marion Island (Prince Edward
Islands) by 52% (Dyer and Crawford 2015) between 1994 and 2012. However, populations at some
locations now appear to be stable or increasing (Forcada and Trathan 2009; Lynch 2013; Dunn et al.
2016), though populations are still declining at Marion Island (Crawford et al. 2014) and may still be
declining on Heard Island and on Kerguelen Island (Lescroël and Bost 2006), all in the southwest Indian
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
2
Ocean. The reasons for the increases are unknown, but could be related to changing marine foodwebs.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Antarctica; Argentina; Australia (Macquarie Is.); Chile; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French
Southern Territories (Crozet Is., Kerguelen); Heard Island and McDonald Islands; South Africa (MarionPrince Edward Is.); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (South Georgia)
Vagrant: New Zealand; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Present - origin uncertain: Bouvet Island
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
3
Distribution Map
Pygoscelis papua
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
4
Population
Populations are increasing at most sites where they are monitored on the Antarctic Peninsula,
particularly at those sites at the southern extent of the breeding range (Lynch et al. 2008, Ducklow et al.
2013, Lynch 2013); here regional populations have grown by more than 1,100% since 1974 (e.g., the
Palmer Archipelago, Fraser 2016; Fountain et al. in press). However, at some sites, significant interannual variability in the numbers returning to breed is now evident (Fraser unpublished), suggesting
that prior rates of increase may be slowing.
Trend Justification
Probably stable, or increasing in the southern part of the range. Likely decreasing in the southwest
Indian Ocean. Rates of change simulated from integrating diverse census data from 70 breeding sites in
the southwest Atlantic across 31 years in a robust, hierarchical analysis, showed that average rates of
increase are 2.4% ± 0.3% per annum (Lynch et al. 2012). At Marion Island in the southwest Indian Ocean
there was a 52% decrease in 18 years or 2.1 generations between 1994 and 2012 equivalent to a 74%
decrease in three generations (Dyer and Crawford 2015).
Current Population Trend: Stable
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Nests on flat beaches or among tussock grasses in South Georgia and the Falkland Islands and in grasses
at Marion Island. Further south, on the Antarctic Peninsula, nests are typically on low lying gravel
beaches and dry moraines. Colonies are much smaller than other Pygoscelis species, with the largest
including only c. 6,000 breeding pairs (Lynch et al. 2008). Opportunistic feeder, preying predominantly
on crustaceans, fish, and squid. Preference for foraging inshore, close to the breeding colony. Winter
habitats are less well studied, but available data suggest more local movements relative to its congeners
and a preference for coastal areas (Tanton et al. 2004; Hinke et al. In Review)
Systems: Terrestrial, Marine
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Historically, egg collection was widespread on the Falkland Islands (Clausen and Pütz 2002), and some
legal egg collection still continues (Otley et al. 2004). Increasing oil exploration around the Falkland
Islands is a growing concern (Lynch 2013). Disturbance from tourism has been shown to cause
decreased breeding productivity (Trathan et al. 2008, Lynch et al. 2009) and the associated marine
traffic is likely to impact penguins foraging in inshore waters (Lynch et al. 2010). Interactions with
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
5
fisheries may also be a problem (Ellis et al. 1998). Environmental change may be influencing food
availability at the Prince Edward Islands (Crawford et al. 2014). Oil spills may also be important at local
scales. Protection of habitat on land and at sea is important, with the designation of appropriate
protection for transit, foraging and rafting areas at sea.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation Actions Underway
Long-term monitoring programmes are in place at several breeding colonies. Conservation Actions
Proposed
Continue/extend long-term monitoring of breeding colonies. Minimize disturbance to breeding colonies.
Minimize oil and other pollution in breeding and foraging areas as this could have significant
consequences for a sedentary inshore forager like the gentoo. Terrestrial protections for gentoos should
include the protection of breeding habitat and the minimization of colony disturbance during the
breeding season. In the Antarctic, visitor site guidelines already specify minimum approach distances of
5 meters and off-limit areas. Investigation of eradication of invasive mice at Marion, as well as foxes and
other invasive species at the Falkland Islands. Best practice guidelines for reducing risk of disease
outbreaks at islands are being developed by the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and
Petrels. Once available, these guidelines should be implemented. The impact of any proposed fishery
on the prey of gentoo penguins should be carefully assessed before such a fishery is allowed.
Consideration should be given to declaring marine protected areas at important feeding grounds of
gentoo penguins.
Credits
Assessor(s):
BirdLife International
Reviewer(s):
Butchart, S. & Symes, A.
Contributor(s):
Ballard, G., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Crawford, R., Croxall, J., DuBois, L., Fraser, W.,
Hinke, J., Lynch, H., Makhado, A., Schmidt, A., Schneider, T., Stanworth, A. &
Trathan, P.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Allinson, T, Benstead, P., Calvert, R., McClellan, R., Moreno, R., O'Brien, A., Symes,
A. & Trathan, P.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
6
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L.; Peter, H.-U.; Ribic, C. A.; Salwicka, K.; Trivelpiece, W. Z.; Weimerskirch, H. 2000. A statistical
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Citation
BirdLife International. 2016. Pygoscelis papua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T22697755A93637402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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9
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
4. Grassland -> 4.3. Grassland - Subantarctic
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m)
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
Severity
Impact Score
10
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3.
Temperature extremes
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting
aquatic resources -> 5.4.4. Unintentional effects:
(large scale) [harvest]
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.
Recreational activities
9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents ->
9.2.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Unknown
Rapid declines
Negligible declines
Negligible declines
Unknown
Unknown
Medium
impact: 6
Low impact: 4
Low impact: 4
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
Included in international legislation: No
Subject to any international management/trade controls: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
11
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 16500000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: No
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Population
Number of mature individuals: 774000
Continuing decline of mature individuals: No
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: No
No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: No
Generation Length (years): 7
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
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Habitats and Ecology
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en
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The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™