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IUCN 2008: T132825A3461827
Cephalopholis spiloparaea, Strawberry Hind
Assessment by: Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. 2008. Cephalopholis spiloparaea. The IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T132825A3461827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Epinephelidae
Taxon Name: Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828)
Synonym(s):
• Cephalopholis analis
• Cephalopholis aurantia
• Cephalopholis aurantius
• Cephalopholis spiloparae
• Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828)
• Serranus spiloparaeus
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Strawberry Hind, Orange-red Pigmy Grouper, Orange Rock Cod, Strawberry Cod,
Strawberry Grouper, Strawberry Rockcod
Merou Fraise, Veille Fraise
Cherna Frutillera
Taxonomic Notes:
Often misidentified as Cephalopholis aurantia (or as Cephalopholis analis, a junior synonym of
Cephalopholis aurantia).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
January 1, 2008
Justification:
Cephalopholis spiloparaea is probably one of the most widespread and common deepwater grouper
species with no known major threats and, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.
Geographic Range
Range Description:
General
Cephalopholis spiloparaea is a widespread Indo-Pacific species ranging from East Africa (Pinda,
Mozambique: 15°S) to French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Group, north to the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), and
south to Heron Island at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia).
Specific
American Samoa, Australia (Queensland and Western Australia, including Rowley Shoals), Christmas
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Society Islands, Tuamotu Islands), Guam,
India (Lakshadweep), Indonesia (Bali, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Papua, Sulawesi), Japan
(Ogasawara-shoto, Ryukyu Islands), Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia,
Mozambique, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons),
Philippines, Pitcairn, Réunion, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, United States Minor
Outlying Islands (Wake Island).
Country Occurrence:
Native: American Samoa (American Samoa); Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory; Christmas Island;
Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Comoros; Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; India; Indonesia; Japan; Kenya;
Kiribati; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia, Federated
States of ; Mozambique; Nauru; New Caledonia; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New
Guinea; Philippines; Pitcairn; Réunion; Samoa; Seychelles; Solomon Islands; Taiwan, Province of China;
Tanzania, United Republic of; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Vanuatu;
Wallis and Futuna
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native: Indian Ocean - eastern, Indian Ocean - western, Pacific - northwest, Pacific - western central
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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Population
General
Cephalopholis spiloparaea is not commonly seen in shallow waters, but in deeper outer reef slope areas
waters it is probably more common.
Fishery-independent
Only one individual, measuring 30 cm, was recorded in New Caledonia, during underwater visual census
in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Fiji and Tonga in Barrier, Fringing, Intermediate, outer-barrier-reef
and Lagoon-bottom reefs. Density estimates for the species were three individuals/per sq km, with a
size was between 25 and 30 cm.
It is relatively common on reefs of the southern Mariana Islands (Myers 1999, in Donaldson, 2002).
In December 1995, Machida et al. (1997) reported seven species of groupers collected at Agdao Fish
Market in Davao City, including C. spiloparaea, which was the first record from Mindanao for this
species.
Fishery-independent data
Fishery statistics from The Sea Around Us From 1985 to 2002, C. spiloparaea represented 0.25% (304 kg)
of total offshore catch of Serranidae (118,579 kg) in Guam.
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
General
Cephalopholis spiloparaea is a reef-associated species found at depths from 16 to 108 m. It is perhaps
the most common grouper on Indo-Pacific coral reefs found below 40 m. The species is known primarily
from insular localities except those collected from Pinda, Mozambique. Little is known of the biology of
this species other than spawning, courtship and feeding.
Reproduction
Donaldson (1995a) described courtship and spawning behaviour of Cephalopholis spiloparaea from
Rota, Mariana Islands. This species has male-dominated haremic groups. Daily courtship behaviour
began late in the afternoon and proceeded until after sunset. Males repeatedly visited females in singlemale, multiple-female mating groups during each period and engaged in courtship bouts. Males were
predicted to devote more effort toward intra-and interspecific interactions compared to females and to
maximize reproductive success. Females were predicted to devote more effort towards foraging,
compared to males. This behaviour maximizes reproductive effort. Foraging behaviour by both sexes
was virtually absent during daylight and pre-courtship periods. Fish sought shelter and were not
incidentally observed foraging after dusk, suggesting that this species actively forages later at night or
during early morning hours, just prior to and during sunrise.
Systems: Marine
Threats
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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There are no known major threats to Cephalopholis spiloparaea.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Cephalopholis spiloparaea occurs in marine protected areas throughout parts of its range.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R.
Reviewer(s):
Sadovy, Y. & Moss, K. (Grouper and Wrasse Red List Authority)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
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Bibliography
Donaldson T.J. 1995a. Courtship and spawning behavior of the pygmy grouper, Cephalopholis
spiloparaea (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with notes on C. argus andC. urodeta. Environmental Biology
of Fishes 43: 363-370.
Donaldson, T.J. 1995b. Partitioning behaviour and intra- and interspecific interactions: a comparison
between male and female groupers, Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae).
Marine Biology 121((4)): 581-584.
Heemstra, P.C. and Randall, J.E. 1993. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (Family
Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod,
hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 5 October 2008).
Machida, Y., Sato, T. and Dasilao, J.C. Jr. 1997. A small collection of groupers from Agdao Fish Market in
Davao City, Mindanao, the Philippines (Serranidae, Epinephelinae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science
Kochi University Series D Biology 18: 47-55.
Myers, R.F. 1999. Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia.
Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam.
Citation
Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. 2008. Cephalopholis spiloparaea. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2008: e.T132825A3461827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
6
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.1. Outer Reef
Channel
-
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.2. Back Slope
-
Marginal
-
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.3. Foreslope
(Outer Reef Slope)
-
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.4. Lagoon
-
Marginal
-
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
-
Marginal
-
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
No
No
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower depth limit (m): 108
Upper depth limit (m): 16
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en
7
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™