Download Unit 2 Revision List Topic Key Questions Key Words Plant and

Unit 2 Revision List
Topic
➔ Key Questions
Key Words
Plant and
animal cells
➔ What do the different parts of the cell
do?
➔ Can you identify them from a
photograph?
➔ Can you identify them from a
diagram?
➔ How are plant cells different from
animal cells?
➔ Can you tell the difference between
the cell wall and cell membrane?
Cell wall, chloroplast,
vacuole, cytoplasm,
ribosome, mitochondria, cell
membrane, nucleus
Bacterial and
yeast cells
➔ What are the parts of a bacterial cell?
➔ What are the parts of a yeast cell?
➔ How are bacterial cells different from
eukaryotic (plant, animal and yeast
cells?)
Cell wall, cell membrane,
flagellum, slime capsule,
plasmid, loop of DNA
Specialised cells
➔ What is a specialised cell?
➔ Can you identify how cells are
specialised from diagrams?
➔ Can you explain how the following
cells are specialised?
◆ red blood cells
◆ nerve cells
◆ muscle cells
◆ sperm cells
◆ ciliated cells
◆ palisade cells
◆ root hair cells
◆ xylem
◆ phloem
Differentiated, structure,
function, haemoglobin,
shape, tail, mitochondria,
chloroplasts, hairs, waft,
sugars, water,
Diffusion
➔ What is diffusion?
➔ What substances diffuse into and out
of the cell?
➔ What factors affect the rate of
diffusion?
Movement, molecules,
concentration gradient,
passive, temperature,
surface area, diffusion
distance
Organisation of
cells
➔ What is a group of similar cells doing
a similar job called?
➔ What is a group of tissues working
together called?
➔ What is a group of organs working
Tissue, organ, organ system
together called?
Process of
photosynthesis
➔ What is the equation for
photosynthesis?
➔ Where does photosynthesis happen?
➔ What chemical absorbs the light for
photosynthesis?
➔ How are leaves adapted for efficient
photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water,
glucose, oxygen, light
energy, chlorophyll,
chloroplast, stomata, roots,
thin, broad, surface area
Uses of glucose
in a plant
➔ What can glucose be converted to
after it has been made?
➔ What can glucose be used for?
➔ Why is glucose stored as starch?
Starch, insoluble,
respiration, energy, fats,
proteins,
Limiting factors
➔ What is a limiting factor?
➔ What three factors can limit the rate
of photosynthesis?
➔ Sketch a limiting factor graph.
➔ How do you know what the limiting
factor is on each section of the
graph?
➔ How is this information useful to
farmers?
Rate of photosynthesis,
temperature, light intensity,
carbon dioxide
concentration, levels out,
increasing, profits, rate of
growth, costs, all factors at
optimum
Abiotic factors
➔ List as many abiotic factors as you
can.
➔ Why do these abiotic factors control
what organisms can live in a certain
area?
Temperature, water
availability, soil type,
altitude, habitat, adaptations
Random
sampling with
quadrats
➔ What is a sample?
➔ What is a quadrat?
➔ How can we make our sample
accurate?
➔ How can we make our sample
reliable?
➔ How can we make our sample fair?
Population, proportion, grid,
random, remove bias, large
sample size, representative
Sampling along
a transect
➔ What is a transect?
➔ When would you use a transect
rather than randomly placed
quadrats?
Line, change due to an
abiotic factor
Amino acids and
proteins
➔ Why are proteins important?
➔ What are proteins made of?
➔ What makes one protein different
from another protein?
Enzymes, structures, amino
acids, shape, order of amino
acids, folding, bonds
What is an
enzyme?
➔ What is an enzyme?
➔ What is a substrate?
➔ Why is shape so important in an
enzyme?
➔ Why are enzymes called specific?
Biological catalyst, active
site, lock and key, substrate
fits into active site, only one
substrate fits
What factors
control the rate
of an enzyme
reaction
➔ How do high and low temperatures
affect an enzyme controlled reaction?
➔ How does a change in pH affect the
rate of an enzyme controlled
reaction?
➔ How does a change in the amount of
enzyme or substrate affect the rate
of an enzyme controlled reaction?
Denature, reduce kinetic
energy, collisions, change
shape of active site,
breaking bonds, optimum
Digestive
enzymes
➔ Why does food need to be digested?
➔ Where are digestive enzymes made?
➔ What do protease, amylase and
lipase digest?
➔ Why does protease work in the
stomach but lipase does not?
Absorption, blood, small
intestine, pancreas, salivary
glands, amylase, protease,
carbohydrase, lipase,
stomach, pH, denature
Bile
➔ What is bile?
➔ Where is it produced and stored?
➔ How does bile speed up the digestion
of fats?
Alkali, neutralise, emulsify,
large droplets to small
droplets, surface area,
lipase, liver, gall bladder
Use of enzymes
in industry
➔ How are enzymes used in biological
washing powders?
➔ How are enzymes used in low
temperatures washing powders?
➔ How are enzymes used in producing
baby food? In making sugar syrup?
In making sweeteners?
➔ What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using enzymes in
industry?
Digest stains, low optimum
temperature, isomerase,
carbohydrase, protease, low
temperature and pressure,
reusable, remove from final
product, narrow range of
temps/pH, biodegradable,
initial cost
What is
respiration?
➔ Why do living things need energy?
➔ How is energy stored in the body?
➔ How is energy released from these
stores?
Movement, heat, growth,
fats, respiration, glycogen
Aerobic
respiration and
exercise
➔ What is the equation for aerobic
respiration?
➔ Where does aerobic respiration take
place?
➔ Why do heart and breathing rate
glucose, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water, energy,
mitochondria, blood carries
glucose and oxygen, more
exercise requires more
need to increase if the rate of aerobic
respiration is to increase?
energy, meet increased
energy demand
Anaerobic
respiration and
exercise
➔ What is anaerobic respiration?
➔ When is it used by the body?
➔ What are the products of anaerobic
respiration?
➔ Why is aerobic respiration favoured
over anaerobic respiration?
No oxygen, extra energy
when aerobic respiration
occurring at maximum rate,
lactic acid, small amount of
energy
Lactic acid and
oxygen debt
➔ What problems can lactic acid cause
if it builds up in muscles?
➔ What is an oxygen debt?
➔ Why do we continue to breathe
heavily after exercise has finished?
Muscle fatigue, low pH,
denature enzymes, break
down lactic acid, require
oxygen, blood delivers
oxygen
DNA, genes and
chromosomes
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What is DNA?
What is a gene?
What is a chromosome?
What is an allele?
Where do our chromosomes come
from?
➔ How does a gene code for a protein?
➔ Which chromosomes control sex
inheritance?
➔ What is the probability of a child
being male/female?
Chemical carrying a code,
section of DNA coding for a
characteristic, string of
genes, inherited in pairs,
parents, three bases code
for one amino acid, X and Y,
version of a gene
Mitosis
➔ What is mitosis?
➔ Where is mitosis used in the body?
➔ What are the daughter cells of
mitosis like?
➔ What happens during the process of
mitosis?
cell division, growth, repair,
replace, clones, genetically
identical, two daughter cells,
one division, DNA copied,
chromosomes to equator,
split copied chromosomes
Meiosis
➔ What is meiosis?
➔ Where is meiosis used in the body?
➔ What are the daughter cells of
meiosis like?
➔ How is meiosis different from
mitosis?
➔ How many alleles of each gene does
a gamete contain?
cell division, gametes, half
chromosome number, two
divisions, genetically
different, variation, one
allele, one copy of each
chromosome
Stem cells
➔ What is a stem cell?
➔ How are scientists currently using
stem cells in their research?
➔ What ethical issues surround the use
Undifferentiated, grow new
cells/organs, use of embryos
destroys them, cure
diseases,
of embryonic stem cells in research?
Embryo
screening
➔ What is embryo screening?
IVF, alleles present, reduce
➔ Why do some families choose to have incidence of genetic disease,
their embryos screened?
destroy unwanted embryos.
➔ What ethical issues surround the use
of embryo screening?
Dominant and
recessive alleles
➔ What are dominant and recessive
alleles?
➔ How can punnett squares be used to
calculate the probability of offspring
inheriting different conditions?
➔ What do you need include in your
analysis of a punnett square?
One copy, two copies,
versions of a gene,
probability, phenotype
Mendel
➔ Who was Gregor Mendel?
➔ How did he collect evidence on how
different characteristics are
inherited?
➔ What conclusions did he draw?
➔ Why were Mendel’s findings not
considered important during his
lifetime?
Pea plants, hereditary units,
parents, dominant,
recessive, genes, DNA,
discoveries,
Genetic
disorders
➔ What causes a genetic disorder?
➔ What is cystic fibrosis?
➔ Is CF caused by a dominant or
recessive allele?
➔ What is a carrier of CF?
➔ What is polydactyly?
➔ Is polydactyly caused by a dominant
or recessive allele?
➔ Why can’t a person be a carrier of
polydactyly?
Mutation, recessive,
dominant, mucus, digits,
heterozygous,
Genetic
fingerprinting
➔ What is a genetic fingerprint?
➔ What are genetic fingerprints used
for?
➔ How are genetic fingerprints
interpreted?
Individual, paternity tests,
crime scenes, banding
pattern, comparison,
Fossils
➔ What is a fossil?
➔ List four ways that a fossil can be
formed.
➔ How are fossils formed by the mold
and cast process?
➔ Why are fossils useful for scientists?
Preserved remains, amber,
ice, tar, mold and cast,
sediment, compression,
groundwater, minerals, rock,
evidence, rare, discovered
➔ Why is the fossil record incomplete?
Extinction
➔ What does the term ‘extinct’ mean?
➔ What can cause an organism to
become extinct?
➔ Why are scientists trying to conserve
living organisms and prevent them
from becoming extinct?
Living example, natural
disaster, habitat, disease,
predator, environmental
change, competition, rate of
extinction
Speciation
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What is a species?
What is speciation?
What is natural selection?
Can you apply your knowledge of
natural selection to explain how
different species have evolved?
Fertile offspring, mutation,
adapted, survive, reproduce,
allele, common,