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CHAPTER TK 11 Atmosphere Chapter Title TK Name: 1 Date: Which best describes the chemical composition of Earth’s atmosphere? 3 A 78% oxygen, 21% hydrogen, and 1% other gases B 87% oxygen, 12% nitrogen, and 1% other gases C 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth’s surface. Which of these would you expect to find in the troposphere? A a shooting star B extremely high temperatures C clouds and rain D the ionosphere D 87% nitrogen, 12% oxygen, and 1% other gases 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Which is NOT one of the four main layers of the atmosphere? How is human activity affecting the composition of Earth’s atmosphere? A troposphere B thermosphere A It appears to be increasing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide present today, due to the releasing of fossil fuels. C lithosphere B It appears to be increasing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout human existence, because overpopulation means more people are exhaling. C Scientists generally have no data indicating that human activity is affecting Earth’s atmosphere. D Human agriculture appears to be increasing oxygen and nitrogen levels in Earth’s atmosphere. D mesosphere 5 What is the transfer of heat by vertical movements of air masses called? A conduction B radiation C subduction D convection Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 21 CHAPTER TK 11 Atmosphere, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: 6 Date: What is the primary source of energy that drives the water cycle? 8 A carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere Which graph represents the relationship between air pressure and air temperature? A 1 B Earth’s gravity B 2 C heat radiating from Earth’s interior C 3 D the Sun D 4 Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the graphs below. 9 What causes wind? A differences in humidity B differences in elevation C differences in rates of condensation D differences in air pressure 1 Temperature 2 7 Temperature Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Temperature 3 Temperature 4 Which graph represents the relationship between air density and air temperature? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 22 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER TK 12 Meteorology Name: 1 Date: Which pair of factors accounts for the differences in the amount of solar radiation from one area to another? Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagram of a weather front below. A prevailing winds and mountain areas B prevailing winds and ocean currents C prevailing winds and the tilt of Earth on its axis Cumulonimbus clouds Cool, dry air Warm, moist air D the tilt of Earth on its axis and the path Earth follows as it revolves around the Sun Surface City A 4 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 City B Which type of weather front is shown? What causes the Coriolis force? A warm front A Earth’s shape B cold front occluded front B Earth’s rotation C C Earth’s revolution around the Sun D stationary front D Earth’s energy flows from the equator to the poles 5 3 Which global wind pattern affects the weather in the United States? A westerlies B polar easterlies C northeast trade winds Which statement best describes the movement of warm air in the front? A It rises sharply above the cool air. B It rises slowly above the cool air. C It sinks under the cool air. D It stalls. D southeast trade winds Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 23 CHAPTER TK 12 Meteorology, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below, which shows Earth’s planetary wind belts and pressure belts. 8 In the diagram below, which type of air mass is cold and dry? 90° N Polar high Subpolar low pressure 60° N Subtropical high pressure 30° N cP 0° Equatorial low pressure mP 30° S Subtropical high pressure Subpolar low pressure 60° S Polar high 90° S 6 The best inference that can be made from this diagram is that winds blow from regions of . cT A high latitude to regions of low latitude high pressure to regions of low pressure C high elevation to regions of low elevation = = = = polar maritime polar continental tropical maritime tropical continental D high temperature to regions of low temperature A polar maritime 7 The surface winds shown in the diagram follow curving paths mainly due to Earth’s . B polar continental C tropical maritime D tropical continental A revolution B rotation C gravitational field D magnetic field 24 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B mP cP mT cT mT CHAPTER TK 13 The Nature of Storms Name: 1 Date: Whether or not thunderstorms develop on a particular day depends on . 4 A air pressure What weather conditions in the central United States are favorable to the development of tornadoes? B relative humidity A Cloudy air from Mexico meets clear air from the Great Lakes. C air temperature B Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico meets cold air from Canada. C Fast-moving air from the Rockies meets slow-moving air from the Appalachians. D both air temperature and relative humidity D High-pressure atmosphere meets lowpressure air from the surface of the land. 2 Which sentence below might explain how lightning occurs? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Oppositely charged air molecules attract and make light from electricity. B High winds make air move so fast that it turns into light. C Light from the Sun reflects from the rain in quick bursts down to Earth’s surface. Use the map below to answer question 5. D Lightning comes from any type of storm. 3 Which of the following weather systems always forms over the ocean? A blizzard B hurricane C thunderstorm D tornado 5 The map above shows the paths that Atlantic hurricanes took in 2004. Why do no hurricanes form in the northeastern Atlantic (off the coast of Europe)? A The water pressure is too low. B The water pressure is too high. C The water temperature is too low. D The water temperature is too high. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 25 CHAPTER TK 13 The Nature Storms, continued Chapter TitleofTK, continued Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the satellite image below. 8 A tornado has a wind speed of 290 km/h and a path of destruction 48 km wide. How would the tornado be classified according to the Fujita tornado intensity scale? A F0 or F1 B F1 or F2 C F2 or F3 D F4 or F5 9 6 What would you expect to find in the center of this storm? A a cold, dry air mass Droughts are extended periods of . A above-normal temperatures B below-normal temperatures above-normal rainfall a warm, dry air mass C C an area of high pressure D below-normal rainfall Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B D an area of low pressure 7 Over which area did the storm likely originate? A polar continental land B polar ocean C tropical continental land D tropical ocean 26 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe CHAPTER TK 14 Climate Name: 1 Date: The cross-section below shows how prevailing winds have caused different climates on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. 2 Which graph best shows the general effect that differences in elevation above sea level have on the average annual temperature? Wet (windward side) Dry (leeward side) Prevailing wind Mountain range Rain shadow Why does the windward side of this mountain range have a wet climate? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Rising air is compressed and cools, causing water droplets to evaporate. B Rising air is compressed and warms, causing water vapor to condense. C Rising air expands and cools, causing water vapor to condense. A 1 D Rising air expands and warms, causing water droplets to evaporate. B 2 C 3 D 4 3 What is the first stage in formation of El Nino? A Convection currents strengthen. B The jet stream shifts north. C Trade winds weaken. D Precipitation increases. Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 27 CHAPTER TK 14 Climate, Title continued Chapter TK, continued Name: 4 Date: Why is Earth’s surface warmer at the equator than at the poles? The diagram below shows the trends in the temperature of North America during the last 200,000 years, as estimated by scientists. What is the total number of major glacial periods that have occurred in North America in the last 200,000 years? 7 A The Sun is closer to the equator than the poles. The equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles. C There is more water at the equator, which absorbs more heat. D Ice at the poles keeps the surface colder than the surface at the equator. 5 Which of the following climate effects does El Niño produce? Today Time before present (yr) B A flooding and mudslides in California heavy rains in the Sahara Desert C cold, wet weather in the upper Midwest Cooler 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 A 2 D droughts in Florida B 3 C 4 D 5 6 Scientists theorize that changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis might be responsible for the cyclical reoccurrence of . A ice ages 8 An increase in which gas would cause the most greenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere? B volcanic eruptions A nitrogen C El Niño B oxygen C carbon dioxide D High sea levels D hydrogen 28 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B Warmer CHAPTER TK 15 Earth’s Oceans Name: 1 Date: Base your answers to questions 3, 4, and 5 on the diagram of a wave below. At which latitude region would ocean water have the lowest salinity? H Dry North pole 8m 6m 4m G F Wet Dry Latitude 60° N 30° N Equator E Dry F G Wet H Dry 2m 0m 0m 3 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 35 m 40 m 45 m 50 m 55 m What is the wave height for this wave? A 2.0 meters 0° N 30° S B 5.3 meters C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters 60° S South pole Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A E B F C G 4 What is the wave base for this wave? A 2.0 meters D H B 5.3 meters C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters 2 What is the source of most of the sodium, magnesium, and calcium in seawater? A weathering of seafloor rocks 5 What is the wavelength for this wave? B weathering and erosion of continental rocks A 2.0 meters C deep-ocean organic-matter sediments B 5.3 meters D gases from underwater volcanic eruptions C 7.2 meters D 14.4 meters Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Standardized Test Practice 29 CHAPTER TK 15 Earth’s Oceans, Chapter Title TK, continued continued Name: 6 Date: Seawater is densest when . 9 A salinity is high and its temperature is high In which direction is an ocean current’s path of motion deflected by the Coriolis effect? B salinity is low and its temperature is high A to the left in the northern hemisphere and to the right in the southern hemisphere C salinity is high and its temperature is low B to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere C to the left in both the northern and southern hemispheres D salinity is low and its temperature is low D to the right in both the northern and southern hemispheres 7 Which description of change is most closely associated with ocean tides and moon phases? A cyclic and predicable B cyclic and unpredictable C noncyclic and predictable 10 D noncyclic and unpredictable What is the most common cause of ocean waves? A variations in the salinity of seawater variations in the temperature of seawater C the gravitational effect of the Moon D winds at the ocean surface 8 Most surface ocean currents are caused by . A tides B evaporation C prevailing winds D salinity differences 30 Standardized Test Practice Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B CHAPTER 16 Chapter The Marine TitleEnvironment TK Name: The end of the last ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. What has happened to sea level since then? A 4 The profile below shows four regions of the ocean bottom. It has fallen about 10–15 cm. C It has risen about 130 m. D It has not changed. 1000 2000 e It has fallen about 130 m. Ocean basin Slop B Continental margin Shelf 0 Depth (m) 1 Date: 3000 Rise 4000 5000 Abyssal plain 6000 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 3 7000 In which of these areas of an ocean would you expect to find the greatest amount of nutrients and marine organisms? A a beach B the ocean bottom C the continental shelf D mid-ocean Under which heading in a table of contents would the most information about the deposits that fill in the valleys in the seafloor be found? 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Distance (km) In which list are these regions arranged in order of gradient from least steep to most steep? A rise → abyssal plain → shelf → slope B slope → rise → shelf → abyssal plain C abyssal plain → shelf → rise → slope D shelf → abyssal plain → rise → slope A Continental Slope As waves approach an irregular shoreline with headlands and bays, the waves . B Abyssal Plains A bend toward the bays C Trenches B bend toward the headlands D Benthos C bend away from both the bays and the headlands D do not change direction Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 5 Standardized Test Practice 31 CHAPTER TK 16 The Marine Environment, continued Chapter Title TK, continued Name: Date: Base your answer to questions 6–8 on the diagram below, which shows ocean waves approaching a shoreline. A groin and a breakwater have been constructed along the beach. Letters A–E represent locations in the area. 8 Land Beach A B C Which statement best describes the longshore current that is modifying this coastline? A The current is flowing northward at a right angle to the shoreline. B The current is flowing southward at a right angle away from the shoreline. C The current is flowing eastward parallel to the shoreline. D The current is flowing westward parallel to the shoreline. D Groin Breakwater E ve Wa N ve Wa ve Wa 9 6 At which location will the beach begin to widen due to sand deposition? A B B C C D E 10 7 32 The size of the bulge in the beach at position D will . A decrease gradually B increase gradually C increase during the day and decrease at night D remain the same Standardized Test Practice A wave-cut cliff B sea stack C sea arch D baymouth bar Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas shown is based on the . A distance from continental landmasses B topography of the ocean floor C age of ocean-bottom rocks D type of ocean-bottom sediments Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A Which of the following coastal landforms is produced by sediment deposition?