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CHAPTER TK
11
Atmosphere
Chapter Title TK
Name:
1
Date:
Which best describes the chemical composition
of Earth’s atmosphere?
3
A 78% oxygen, 21% hydrogen, and 1% other
gases
B
87% oxygen, 12% nitrogen, and 1% other
gases
C
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other
gases
The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere
closest to Earth’s surface. Which of these would
you expect to find in the troposphere?
A a shooting star
B
extremely high temperatures
C
clouds and rain
D the ionosphere
D 87% nitrogen, 12% oxygen, and 1% other
gases
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
Which is NOT one of the four main layers of the
atmosphere?
How is human activity affecting the composition
of Earth’s atmosphere?
A troposphere
B
thermosphere
A It appears to be increasing the amount of
atmospheric carbon dioxide present today,
due to the releasing of fossil fuels.
C
lithosphere
B
It appears to be increasing the amount of
atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout
human existence, because overpopulation
means more people are exhaling.
C
Scientists generally have no data indicating
that human activity is affecting Earth’s
atmosphere.
D Human agriculture appears to be increasing
oxygen and nitrogen levels in Earth’s
atmosphere.
D mesosphere
5
What is the transfer of heat by vertical
movements of air masses called?
A conduction
B
radiation
C
subduction
D convection
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
21
CHAPTER TK
11
Atmosphere,
continued
Chapter
Title TK,
continued
Name:
6
Date:
What is the primary source of energy that drives
the water cycle?
8
A carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere
Which graph represents the relationship between
air pressure and air temperature?
A 1
B
Earth’s gravity
B
2
C
heat radiating from Earth’s interior
C
3
D the Sun
D 4
Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the
graphs below.
9
What causes wind?
A differences in humidity
B
differences in elevation
C
differences in rates of condensation
D differences in air pressure
1
Temperature
2
7
Temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Temperature
3
Temperature
4
Which graph represents the relationship between
air density and air temperature?
A 1
B
2
C
3
D 4
22
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER TK
12
Meteorology
Name:
1
Date:
Which pair of factors accounts for the differences
in the amount of solar radiation from one area to
another?
Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the
diagram of a weather front below.
A prevailing winds and mountain areas
B
prevailing winds and ocean currents
C
prevailing winds and the tilt of Earth on its
axis
Cumulonimbus
clouds
Cool, dry air
Warm, moist air
D the tilt of Earth on its axis and the path
Earth follows as it revolves around the Sun
Surface
City A
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
City B
Which type of weather front is shown?
What causes the Coriolis force?
A warm front
A Earth’s shape
B
cold front
occluded front
B
Earth’s rotation
C
C
Earth’s revolution around the Sun
D stationary front
D Earth’s energy flows from the equator to
the poles
5
3
Which global wind pattern affects the weather in
the United States?
A westerlies
B
polar easterlies
C
northeast trade winds
Which statement best describes the movement of
warm air in the front?
A It rises sharply above the cool air.
B
It rises slowly above the cool air.
C
It sinks under the cool air.
D It stalls.
D southeast trade winds
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
23
CHAPTER TK
12
Meteorology,
continued
Chapter
Title TK,
continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
diagram below, which shows Earth’s planetary
wind belts and pressure belts.
8
In the diagram below, which type of air mass is
cold and dry?
90° N
Polar high
Subpolar low pressure
60° N
Subtropical high pressure
30° N
cP
0°
Equatorial low pressure
mP
30° S
Subtropical high pressure
Subpolar low pressure
60° S
Polar high
90° S
6
The best inference that can be made from
this diagram is that winds blow from regions
of
.
cT
A high latitude to regions of low latitude
high pressure to regions of low pressure
C
high elevation to regions of low elevation
=
=
=
=
polar maritime
polar continental
tropical maritime
tropical continental
D high temperature to regions of low
temperature
A polar maritime
7
The surface winds shown in the diagram follow
curving paths mainly due to Earth’s
.
B
polar continental
C
tropical maritime
D tropical continental
A revolution
B
rotation
C
gravitational field
D magnetic field
24
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
mP
cP
mT
cT
mT
CHAPTER TK
13
The Nature of Storms
Name:
1
Date:
Whether or not thunderstorms develop on a
particular day depends on
.
4
A air pressure
What weather conditions in the central United
States are favorable to the development of
tornadoes?
B
relative humidity
A Cloudy air from Mexico meets clear air from
the Great Lakes.
C
air temperature
B
Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico meets
cold air from Canada.
C
Fast-moving air from the Rockies meets
slow-moving air from the Appalachians.
D both air temperature and relative humidity
D High-pressure atmosphere meets lowpressure air from the surface of the land.
2
Which sentence below might explain how
lightning occurs?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Oppositely charged air molecules attract and
make light from electricity.
B
High winds make air move so fast that it
turns into light.
C
Light from the Sun reflects from the rain in
quick bursts down to Earth’s surface.
Use the map below to answer question 5.
D Lightning comes from any type of storm.
3
Which of the following weather systems always
forms over the ocean?
A blizzard
B
hurricane
C
thunderstorm
D tornado
5
The map above shows the paths that Atlantic
hurricanes took in 2004. Why do no hurricanes
form in the northeastern Atlantic (off the coast
of Europe)?
A The water pressure is too low.
B
The water pressure is too high.
C
The water temperature is too low.
D The water temperature is too high.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
25
CHAPTER TK
13
The Nature
Storms,
continued
Chapter
TitleofTK,
continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the
satellite image below.
8
A tornado has a wind speed of 290 km/h and
a path of destruction 48 km wide. How would
the tornado be classified according to the Fujita
tornado intensity scale?
A F0 or F1
B
F1 or F2
C
F2 or F3
D F4 or F5
9
6
What would you expect to find in the center of
this storm?
A a cold, dry air mass
Droughts are extended periods of
.
A above-normal temperatures
B
below-normal temperatures
above-normal rainfall
a warm, dry air mass
C
C
an area of high pressure
D below-normal rainfall
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
D an area of low pressure
7
Over which area did the storm likely originate?
A polar continental land
B
polar ocean
C
tropical continental land
D tropical ocean
26
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
CHAPTER TK
14
Climate
Name:
1
Date:
The cross-section below shows how prevailing
winds have caused different climates on the
windward and leeward sides of a mountain
range.
2
Which graph best shows the general effect that
differences in elevation above sea level have on
the average annual temperature?
Wet
(windward side)
Dry
(leeward side)
Prevailing
wind
Mountain range
Rain
shadow
Why does the windward side of this mountain
range have a wet climate?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Rising air is compressed and cools, causing
water droplets to evaporate.
B
Rising air is compressed and warms, causing
water vapor to condense.
C
Rising air expands and cools, causing water
vapor to condense.
A 1
D Rising air expands and warms, causing water
droplets to evaporate.
B
2
C
3
D 4
3
What is the first stage in formation of El Nino?
A Convection currents strengthen.
B
The jet stream shifts north.
C
Trade winds weaken.
D Precipitation increases.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
27
CHAPTER TK
14
Climate, Title
continued
Chapter
TK, continued
Name:
4
Date:
Why is Earth’s surface warmer at the equator
than at the poles?
The diagram below shows the trends in the
temperature of North America during the last
200,000 years, as estimated by scientists. What
is the total number of major glacial periods
that have occurred in North America in the last
200,000 years?
7
A The Sun is closer to the equator than the
poles.
The equator receives more direct sunlight
than the poles.
C
There is more water at the equator, which
absorbs more heat.
D Ice at the poles keeps the surface colder than
the surface at the equator.
5
Which of the following climate effects does El
Niño produce?
Today
Time before present (yr)
B
A flooding and mudslides in California
heavy rains in the Sahara Desert
C
cold, wet weather in the upper Midwest
Cooler
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
A 2
D droughts in Florida
B
3
C
4
D 5
6
Scientists theorize that changes in the tilt of
Earth’s axis might be responsible for the cyclical
reoccurrence of
.
A ice ages
8
An increase in which gas would cause the most
greenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere?
B
volcanic eruptions
A nitrogen
C
El Niño
B
oxygen
C
carbon dioxide
D High sea levels
D hydrogen
28
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Warmer
CHAPTER TK
15
Earth’s Oceans
Name:
1
Date:
Base your answers to questions 3, 4, and 5 on the
diagram of a wave below.
At which latitude region would ocean water have
the lowest salinity?
H Dry
North pole
8m
6m
4m
G
F
Wet
Dry
Latitude
60° N
30° N
Equator
E
Dry
F
G
Wet
H Dry
2m
0m
0m
3
5m
10 m
15 m
20 m
25 m
30 m
35 m
40 m
45 m
50 m
55 m
What is the wave height for this wave?
A 2.0 meters
0° N
30° S
B
5.3 meters
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
60° S
South pole
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A E
B
F
C
G
4
What is the wave base for this wave?
A 2.0 meters
D H
B
5.3 meters
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
2
What is the source of most of the sodium,
magnesium, and calcium in seawater?
A weathering of seafloor rocks
5
What is the wavelength for this wave?
B
weathering and erosion of continental rocks
A 2.0 meters
C
deep-ocean organic-matter sediments
B
5.3 meters
D gases from underwater volcanic eruptions
C
7.2 meters
D 14.4 meters
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Standardized Test Practice
29
CHAPTER TK
15
Earth’s Oceans,
Chapter
Title TK, continued
continued
Name:
6
Date:
Seawater is densest when
.
9
A salinity is high and its temperature is high
In which direction is an ocean current’s path of
motion deflected by the Coriolis effect?
B
salinity is low and its temperature is high
A to the left in the northern hemisphere and to
the right in the southern hemisphere
C
salinity is high and its temperature is low
B
to the right in the northern hemisphere and
to the left in the southern hemisphere
C
to the left in both the northern and southern
hemispheres
D salinity is low and its temperature is low
D to the right in both the northern and
southern hemispheres
7
Which description of change is most closely
associated with ocean tides and moon phases?
A cyclic and predicable
B
cyclic and unpredictable
C
noncyclic and predictable
10
D noncyclic and unpredictable
What is the most common cause of ocean waves?
A variations in the salinity of seawater
variations in the temperature of seawater
C
the gravitational effect of the Moon
D winds at the ocean surface
8
Most surface ocean currents are caused
by
.
A tides
B
evaporation
C
prevailing winds
D salinity differences
30
Standardized Test Practice
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
CHAPTER 16
Chapter
The
Marine
TitleEnvironment
TK
Name:
The end of the last ice age was approximately
18,000 years ago. What has happened to sea level
since then?
A
4
The profile below shows four regions of the
ocean bottom.
It has fallen about 10–15 cm.
C
It has risen about 130 m.
D
It has not changed.
1000
2000
e
It has fallen about 130 m.
Ocean
basin
Slop
B
Continental margin
Shelf
0
Depth (m)
1
Date:
3000
Rise
4000
5000
Abyssal
plain
6000
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
3
7000
In which of these areas of an ocean would you
expect to find the greatest amount of nutrients
and marine organisms?
A
a beach
B
the ocean bottom
C
the continental shelf
D
mid-ocean
Under which heading in a table of contents
would the most information about the deposits
that fill in the valleys in the seafloor be found?
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Distance (km)
In which list are these regions arranged in order
of gradient from least steep to most steep?
A
rise → abyssal plain → shelf → slope
B
slope → rise → shelf → abyssal plain
C
abyssal plain → shelf → rise → slope
D
shelf → abyssal plain → rise → slope
A
Continental Slope
As waves approach an irregular shoreline with
headlands and bays, the waves
.
B
Abyssal Plains
A
bend toward the bays
C
Trenches
B
bend toward the headlands
D
Benthos
C
bend away from both the bays and the
headlands
D
do not change direction
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
5
Standardized Test Practice
31
CHAPTER TK
16
The
Marine
Environment,
continued
Chapter
Title
TK, continued
Name:
Date:
Base your answer to questions 6–8 on the
diagram below, which shows ocean waves
approaching a shoreline. A groin and a
breakwater have been constructed along the
beach. Letters A–E represent locations in
the area.
8
Land
Beach
A
B
C
Which statement best describes the longshore
current that is modifying this coastline?
A
The current is flowing northward at a right
angle to the shoreline.
B
The current is flowing southward at a right
angle away from the shoreline.
C
The current is flowing eastward parallel to
the shoreline.
D
The current is flowing westward parallel to
the shoreline.
D
Groin
Breakwater
E
ve
Wa
N
ve
Wa
ve
Wa
9
6
At which location will the beach begin to widen
due to sand deposition?
A
B
B
C
C
D
E
10
7
32
The size of the bulge in the beach at position
D will
.
A
decrease gradually
B
increase gradually
C
increase during the day and decrease at night
D
remain the same
Standardized Test Practice
A
wave-cut cliff
B
sea stack
C
sea arch
D
baymouth bar
Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas
shown is based on the
.
A
distance from continental landmasses
B
topography of the ocean floor
C
age of ocean-bottom rocks
D
type of ocean-bottom sediments
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A
Which of the following coastal landforms is
produced by sediment deposition?