Download 9.5 Medieval Europe

9.5 Medieval Europe
500-1500 CE
The Big Picture
4th-5th centuries
Roman Empire
Allies with
“Barbarians”
To watch over regions
In name of Rome
476
Western Roman
Empire Falls
8th-9th centuries
Invasion, instability,
decentralization
Vikings
Magyars
5th-8th centuries
“Dark Ages”
Barbarian Kingdoms
Mostly fail
9th century
Charlemagne
One Europe
Holy Roman Empire
11th century
Crusades
10th century
fragmentation
12th-13th century
“High Middle Ages”
Frankish Rulers
Merovingian
• 400s CE Franks = strongest Germanic group
• Clovis
• 1st king of Franks
• 1st accept Catholicism
• 714 CE Charles Martel
• Defeat Muslims at Tours
• 752 CE Pepin le Bref
• Quid pro quo: Pope’s blessing in
exchange for helping Pope
Frankish Rulers
Charlemagne
• 768 Charlemagne = king
• Son of Pepin
• Frankish Empire
• Revival of Learning
• “Carolingian Renaissance”
• Pope crowns him new Roman Emperor,
Rheims, 800
• Local officials help enforce
• 814 Empire breaks up at death
• 843 Treaty of Verdun
• Divide empire; grandsons
Vikings
• Raiders from
north
• Settled
throughout
Europe
• Disconnected
trade
• Instability
• Weaken
monarchs
Invasions
Medieval Life
Feudal Relationships
• 700s – military service linked to land ownership to support cavalry
• Fief
• Helps finance horses & equipment
• Warriors, then counts and nobles
• Noble class evolves to carry out government functions
• Oath of loyalty
• Vassal
• homage
• 900s – feudalism
• peasants
Feudalism
• Political system
• Social hierarchy
• Obligations up and
down
• Rights and
responsibilities
• Three estates
• Middle Ages as
transformation of
Roman world
Medieval Life
Nobility – The Second Estate
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Lord of the manor
Rents
Knights
chivalry
Medieval Life
Manorialism
• Lord’s wealth from peasant labor
• Serfs
• Economic system
• Contrast to feudalism, which is a political
system
• Agricultural improvements boost productivity &
ease threat of famine
• System was low on freedom, high on
stability/security
Manorialism
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Economic system
“Insular”; independent
Social hierarchy
Land = “wealth
generator”
– Wealth trickle-down
• commons
New technologies make life better…
Medieval help desk...
New Agriculture
• Population growth
• Climate change
• Technology
• Mills
• Iron tools
• Carruca
• Iron plow
• Horse collar
• Horseshoe
• 2-field to 3-field system
Roman Catholic Church
100-500 CE
The Church took over
where Roman
government left off,
imitating its forms and
authority and preserving
much Roman culture.
500-750 CE
750-1500 CE
1347
Black Death
1053
Great Schism
1517
Reformation
Medieval Church
The First Estate
• Church grows into shell of Roman Empire
• Hierarchy
• Pope, Cardinal, Bishop, Priest
• Monasticism = the highest ideal of Christian life
• 529 Benedictines founded
• Periodic need for reform
Medieval Church
Monasticism
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Preserve knowledge
School
Hospital
Lodging
Mid-1100s Benedictine Rule adopted by Gregory I
Medieval Church
Power
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Heresy
Blasphemy
Orthodoxy
Interdict
Excommunication
Lay investiture
1232 Inquisition
Church Control Tools
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Interdict
Excommunication
Inquisition
Control of information
– The Sunday Pulpit
• “Peace of God”
• Indulgences
• tax exempt
Medieval Church
Friars
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Reformers
Towns
Debaters!
Francis of Assisi
Medieval Church
Jews
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Increase in Church power led to worsening position of Jews
Not citizens of European countries ‘til 19th century
Anti-Semitism
Blamed for crucifixion
Stories…
• Blood libel
• Role in society
• Money lending
Controversy: Church Law
• Churchmen were
subject to Church
(ecclesiastical) courts,
not civil authorities.
Controversy: King or Pope?
• Could the Pope
remove kings?
• Did kings have
to obey the
Pope?
Controversy: Lay Investiture
• Who got to pick bishops?
New Orders
• Cistercians
• Outside monastery
• Hildegard of Bingen
• chant
• Franciscans
• Dominicans
RISE OF EUROPEAN MONARCHY
Rise of European Monarchy
England
• 400s immigration / invasion Angles, Saxons, Jutes
• 886 Alfred the Great
• Defeats Danes
• Revival of learning
• 1066 William of Normandy “The Conqueror”
• Norman French
• Battle of Hastings
• 300 years of blending French-Anglo-Saxon
• 1215 King John and Magna Carta
• Emerging middle class in later Middle Ages
• “bourgeois”
• Parliament invented
Rise of European Monarchy
France
• 987 Hugh Capet
• Seized French throne
• 300 year dynasty
• Centralized monarchy
• 12th cen. Philip II
• Double size of France
• Weaken feudal lords
• Estates-General evolves
• French history is monarchy becoming more absolute
Rise of European Monarchy
Holy Roman Empire
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Not holy, not Roman, not an empire
Germany
Weak, separate states/kingdoms
Powerful feudal lords
962 Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope in exchange for helping
Pope John XII
• Otto & successors claim right to help pick pope; popes claim right to
depose kings