Download Chapter 18 worksheet

Chapter 18 Work sheet
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____
1. Archaebacteria will appear like gram-negative eubacteria when a gram stain is applied.
____
2. The two forms of archaebacteria that can be found near volcanoes are thermoacidophiles and halophiles.
____
3. If a researcher wanted to use rod-shaped bacteria in her experiment, she should use a type of bacilli.
____
4. Animals are dependent on bacteria for nitrogen compounds made biologically available through their
decomposition activities.
____
5. The strain of E. coli in your intestines can be very harmful to your health.
____
6. All antibiotic medicines are made of chemicals produced by fungi.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Agricultural manure is a significant waste problem. Even though some of it can be used as fertilizer, it is
produced in excess. The manure not only has a foul odor, but contains pathogens, including harmful bacteria,
that enter the soil and water sources. Recently, a compound isolated from the thyme plant, called thymol, has
been used in farm feedlots where the manure accumulates. Thymol is a natural antiseptic (compound that kills
bacteria) and has proved effective in reducing both the odor and the levels of the harmful bacteria.
____
1. In what other products do you think thymol could most likely be used in?
a. oven cleaner
c. body lotion
b. mouthwash
d. furniture polish
____
2. Strains of bacteria that survive a treatment of thymol likely do so as a result of which process?
a. respiration
c. mutation
b. vaccination
d. nitrogen fixation
____
3. Which type of prokaryote is most likely found in agricultural manure?
a. thermophile
c. halophile
b. autotroph
d. saprotroph
Figure 18-1
____
4. Figure 18-1 illustrates cell-wall structures of two types of prokaryotes. Which of the following statements
about these prokaryotes is accurate?
a. Type A is an archaebacteria.
b. Type B resists a gram stain.
c. Type B is in the endospore stage.
d. Type A is antibiotic resistant.
____
5. Which of the following actions would increase nutrient levels in farm soil?
a. adding various types of detrivores into the soil
b. increasing the amount of crops grown in the soil
c. adding natural predators, such as ladybugs, to keep pests away
d. increase the amount of water given to the crops
____
6. Nitrogen levels were measured in two adjacent crop fields. One field showed twice the levels of the other
field. What is most likely true about the field with the higher levels of nitrogen?
a. The land had more shade-giving trees.
b. The crop was soybeans or alfalfa.
c. The land received larger amounts of water.
d. The crops were planted closer together.
____
7. A food company wanted to develop a new flavor of cheese. To select which type of bacteria to use, what
characteristic of the bacteria should most likely be evaluated first?
a. How quickly it breaks down milkfat.
b. The final taste that would be produced.
c. Whether or not the bacteria is safe for consumption.
d. Whether or not the bacteria occurs naturally in the human body.
____
8. A teacher wishes to use two simple objects to demonstrate the relative sizes of a typical virus and bacterial
cell. Which two objects should the teacher use for this demonstration?
a. nickel and quarter
b. marble and basketball
c. baseball and softball
d. marble and football field
____
9. Which is a characteristic of a retrovirus?
a. lacking a capsid
b. RNA genome
c. protein genome
d. capsid of DNA
A student outlined the following steps of the lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection of bacterial cells:
1. Virus lands on host cell.
2. Virus injects the capsid containing its DNA into the cell.
3. Viral DNA is used by bacteria to make virus parts.
4. New viruses are assembled in the bacterial cell.
____ 10. In which step did the student make an error?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
____ 11. What step should the student add as #5 in the outline?
a. The bacterial cell divides.
b. The new viruses release their DNA.
c. The virus becomes a part of the bacteria.
d. The new viruses break out of the cell.
____ 12. Which step would the student need to add to describe a lysogenic cycle?
a. The bacterial wall fuses with the capsid.
b. The bacterial DNA is replaced by the viral DNA.
c. The viral DNA becomes a part of the bacterial DNA.
d. The viral proteins are used to make new viruses.
____ 13. A scientist was trying to determine whether a virus that caused disease in dogs could be transmitted to
humans. Which research procedure was most likely chosen for this project?
a. Study the complete life cycle of the virus in detail.
b. Inject the viral DNA directly into human cells and observe the results.
c. Identify the receptors used on the dog cell and compare them to human cell receptors.
d. Use an electron microscope to determine the precise shape of the outer viral capsid.
____ 14. Scientists around the world have been working to develop a medication to prevent or reduce the spread of
HIV viruses in the body. If a successful medication was produced, which of the following might it most likely
be able to do?
a. Disable reverse transcriptase in all cells.
b. Convert HIV into a provirus.
c. Change the cycle from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.
d. Bind to all of the T4 receptors.
Figure 18-2
Effects of increasing UV radiation dose on rates of infection by various agents.
____ 15. Which conclusion can be drawn from the graph in Figure 18-4?
a. Radiation is effective against all infectious diseases.
b. Bacteria and bacteriophages are weak infectious agents.
c. Bacteriophages are most resistant to UV radiation.
d. Prions show a complete tolerance for UV radiation.
____ 16. What is the independent variable in this experiment producing Figure 18-2?
a. the types of diseases
c. the amount of radiation
b. the amount of time elapsed
d. the presence of DNA
____ 17. What do the results shown in Figure 18-2 imply about prions?
a. Prions are indestructible disease agents.
b. Prions do not contain components that are vulnerable to UV radiation.
c. Prions are not living organisms.
d. Prions do not have a cell membrane that sheilds them against UV radiation.
____ 18. Which of the following might display data similar to that of scrapie?
a. cancer cells
c. HIV virus
b. bacterial endospores
d. bacterial capsule
____ 19. Why are prions unlike any other infectious disease?
a. They are extremely small.
b. They are both infectious and hereditary.
c. They affect only specific species.
d. They affect brain tissue.
____ 20. As far as scientists can tell, prions responsible for mad cow disease are unaffected by the proteases or other
enzymes in cattle that normally dismantle mutated or irregularly built proteins. One research team has isolated
the prion proteins of mad cow disease to try to find a cure. Based on your knowledge of prions, which
experimental approach could most likely be effective in finding a cure in living cattle?
a. Expose the protein to different pH levels.
b. Expose the protein to severe changes in temperature.
c. Identify proteins that bind to and inactivate specific DNA sequences.
d. Test proteases and enzmyes from plants, prokaryotes and other organisms on the protein.
____ 21. Prion-caused diseases have only recently started to receive significant attention from the scientific
community. Many cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease go undiagnosed each year. What is the most likely
reason for these misdiagnoses?
a. Scientists do not agree on the orgin of prion diseases.
b. It is not possible to test for a prion disease.
c. Prion diseases have symptoms similar to other diseases of the brain.
d. Prion diseases only infect people over the age of 65.
____ 22. Researchers have been successful in using various types of eubacteria and archaebacteria in breaking down
human garbage. Without the help of the microbes, the garbage can last for years without breaking down.
Based on your knowledge of these types of bacteria, which method of using them with garbage is the most
appropriate?
a. Have people grow the bacteria in their homes.
b. Have people add the bacteria into their garbage cans.
c. Have the bacteria added into the garbage truck.
d. Have the bacteria added in large amounts at the landfill site.
____ 23. Toxic spills in bodies of water and on land are difficult to clean up. Scientists have discovered species of
bacteria that are capable of breaking down toxic substances. These bacteria have been very useful in helping
clean up toxic spills. Based on your knowledge of the requirements of different types of bacteria, which type
do you think could most likely be used in these situations?
a. eubacteria
c. halophiles
b. thermoacidophiles
d. methanogens
____ 24. Bacterial chromosomes have been used extensively by researchers in many experiments. Which of the
following is the most likely explanation as to why bacterial DNA has been used so frequently?
a. They only have one pair of chromosomes.
b. The DNA has a simple arrangement.
c. There are many types of bacterial DNA.
d. Their DNA is contained in a capsule.
____ 25. Antibiotic resistance is a common adaptation in bacteria species that were previously killed by a particular
antibiotic. The development of antibiotic resistance involves the occurrence of a mutation in a cell’s DNA that
confers resistance. Mutation is a relatively rare event. What two traits of bacteria, compared to multicellular
organisms, assist in the evolution of antibiotic resistance?
a. small size and large populations
b. simple chromosome and rapid reproductive cycle
c. large populations and rapid reproductive cycle
d. cell walls and small size
____ 26. Until fairly recently, scientists did not think much life could live deep at the bottom of the ocean because no
light reaches there. However, discovery of ocean vents found thriving communities of tube worms, crabs, and
other organisms. Which type of bacteria is most likely responsible for starting the food chain in this
environment?
a. photoautotrophs
c. anaerobic bacteria
b. obligate aerobes
d. chemoautotrophs
____ 27. Prion diseases can be transmitted from human to human if the prions are physically able to move from one
host to the next. If many cases of prion diseases are not diagnosed, in which group of people should extra
caution be taken to avoid spread of the disease?
a. butchers
c. ambulance drivers
b. surgeons
d. family members
____ 28. Scientists believe one way animals spread prion diseases is because they are fed food processed from animal
parts, called animal by-products. If you had to design laws to address this issue, which of the following
approaches would limit both the cost of the program and the risk of transmission?
a. To ban all animal by-product foods.
b. To require animals eat only plant products.
c. To ban the use of nervous system tissues in by-product foods.
d. To have all by-products thoroughly tested every time they are made.
____ 29. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was
a. viruses.
c. bacteria.
b. fungi.
d. protists.
____ 30. Bacteria and archaea are the only organisms characterized as
a. unicellular.
c. eukaryotic.
b. prokaryotic.
d. photosynthetic.
____ 31. Bacteria can be classified according to their
a. type of cell walls.
b. methods of obtaining energy.
c. Gram-staining characteristics.
d. All of the above
____ 32. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the organisms shown has the shape called bacillus?
a. organism 1
c. organism 3
b. organism 2
d. None of the above
____ 33. Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by organism 3 is called
a. coccus.
c. bacillus.
b. spirillum.
d. filamentous.
____ 34. When tested with a Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria are stained
a. green.
c. pink.
b. yellow.
d. purple.
____ 35. Bacteria lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they are classified as
a. prokaryotes.
c. anaerobes.
b. aerobes.
d. eukaryotes.
____ 36. The cytoplasm of bacteria
a. contains numerous types of organelles.
b. is divided into compartments.
c. has varying numbers of chromosomes, depending on the species of bacteria.
d. contains a single chromosome.
____ 37. Which of the following comparisons is incorrect?
a.
b.
c.
d.
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
smaller
circular chromosomes
binary fission
chloroplasts
larger
linear chromosomes
mitosis
mitochondria
____ 38. One difference between human body cells and bacterial cells is that bacterial cells have
a. an outer cell wall made up of phosphates.
b. a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.
c. no DNA.
d. no ribosomes.
____ 39. Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are
a. cell nuclei.
b. multiple chromosomes.
c. membrane-bound organelles.
d. All of the above
____ 40. Which of the following might be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?
a. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
b. Golgi apparatus
d. None of the above
____ 41. Bacterial cells
a. have a cell wall only.
b. have a cell membrane only.
c. have both a cell membrane and cell wall.
d. have a cell wall inside their cell membrane.
____ 42. One thing that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes is the presence of
a. chloroplasts.
c. nuclei.
b. mitochondria.
d. DNA.
____ 43. Bacterial endospores
a. occur where there is plenty of available food.
b. allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions.
c. are similar to human tumors.
d. can cause growth abnormalities in plants.
____ 44. Which of the following are used by at least some bacteria for movement?
a. pili
b. flagella
c. cytoplasmic projections
d. All of the above
____ 45. Autotrophic eukaryotes and autotrophic prokaryotes differ in that some autotrophic prokaryotes
a. are decomposers.
b. can use the energy from inorganic chemicals.
c. have membrane-bound organelles.
d. cannot manufacture their own food.
____ 46. phototrophic bacteria : sunlight ::
a. chemotrophic bacteria : dead organisms
b. chemoautotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules
c. photosynthesis : nitrification
d. heterotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules
____ 47. Which of the following conditions would be unsuitable for any kind of bacteria to grow?
a. temperature of 110°C (230°F)
b. absence of oxygen
c. pH of 5
d. None of the above
____ 48. Prokaryotes can transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called
a. binary fission.
c. conjugation.
b. mitosis.
d. sexual reproduction.
____ 49. During the process of transduction
a. a virus obtains DNA from a host bacterium.
b. a bacterial cell takes in DNA from the external environment.
c. one bacterium transfers DNA to another.
d. two bacteria exchange DNA.
____ 50. A pathogen is an agent that is
a. beneficial to humans.
b. harmful only to plants.
c. harmful to living organisms.
d. nearly extinct.
____ 51. Which of the following foods is not a fermentation product of bacteria?
a. sour cream
c. milk
b. a pickle
d. yogurt
____ 52. Antibiotics
a. include penicillin and tetracycline.
b. may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls.
c. can be effective treatments for bacterial diseases.
d. All of the above
____ 53. All of the following are habitats of archaea except
a. volcanic vents.
b. intestinal tract of cows.
c. salt lakes.
d. human skin.
____ 54. Which of the following is not a way of preventing a foodborne illness at home?
a. washing kitchen utensils thoroughly in cold water
b. keeping cooked and raw foods separate during storage
c. washing fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them
d. refrigerating leftovers promptly
____ 55. Viruses are considered nonliving because
a. they cannot reproduce by themselves.
b. they are not made up of cells.
c. they cannot carry out metabolism by themselves.
d. All of the above
____ 56. The study of viruses is a part of biology because
a. they belong to the kingdom Eubacteria.
b. they are about to become extinct.
c. they are living organisms.
d. they are active inside living cells.
____ 57. Biologists now know that viruses
a. are the smallest organisms.
b. consist of a protein surrounded by a nucleic acid coat.
c. contain RNA or DNA in a protein or lipid-protein coat.
d. all form the same crystalline shape.
____ 58. The capsid of a virus is the
a. protective outer coat.
b. cell membrane.
c. nucleus.
d. cell wall and membrane complex.
____ 59. Viruses are classified according to
a. whether they contain RNA or DNA.
b. the shape of their genome.
c. whether they have a membrane envelope.
d. All of the above
____ 60. All viruses have
a. cytoplasm.
b. ribosomes.
c. mitochondria.
d. None of the above
____ 61. Tobacco mosaic virus
a. is able to be crystallized.
b. causes disease in tobacco plants.
c. is smaller than a bacterium.
d. All of the above
____ 62. Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to cause their host cells to transcribe DNA from an RNA template are
called
a. bacteriophages.
c. retroviruses.
b. antibodies.
d. capsoviruses.
____ 63. Unlike viruses, prions
a. are capable of reproducing outside of a host cell.
b. are composed only of protein.
c. can cause brain infections.
d. can be treated with antibiotics.
____ 64. A typical virus consists of
a. a protein coat and a cytoplasm core.
b. a carbohydrate coat and a nucleic acid core.
c. a protein coat and a nucleic acid core.
d. a polysaccharide coat and a nucleic acid core.
____ 65. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure could possibly be made of RNA?
a. structure 2
c. structure 4
b. structure 3
d. structure 5
____ 66. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure is found outside the cell after the cell is infected?
a. structure 1
c. structure 3
b. structure 2
d. structure 4
____ 67. Viruses
a. are cellular organisms.
b. reproduce only in living cells.
c. have nuclei and organelles.
d. are surrounded by a polysaccharide coat.
____ 68. Animal viruses often infect only specific host cells because
a. the virus must have the same DNA as the host cell.
b. the host cell must have specific receptors for proteins on the virus surface.
c. viruses have receptors for host cell glycoproteins.
d. the enzymes of the virus can attach only to specific host cells.
____ 69. In which cell cycle(s) does viral DNA become integrated into the host cell’s DNA?
a. lytic
b. lysogenic
c. neither lytic nor lysogenic
d. both lytic and lysogenic
____ 70. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because
a. host cells protect the viruses.
b. viruses have enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics.
c. antibiotics interfere with cellular processes that viruses do not perform.
d. viral protein coats block the antibiotics from entering the virus.
____ 71. HIV causes AIDS by
a. converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene.
b. damaging a person’s blood vessels.
c. destroying the covering of a person’s nerves.
d. gradually destroying a person’s immune system.
____ 72. Which of the following is not a vector of viral diseases?
a. mosquitoes
c. prions
b. ticks
d. humans