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Page 1 of 62 Respiratory question
5. The term "respiration" is best described as:
1. The reaction of carbon dioxide with water is a relatively slow
process yet this reaction occurs within the red cells in a fraction
of a second. What is responsible for speeding up this reaction?
A. cytochrome oxidase
B. adenosine triphosphate
C. phosphorylase
A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or
other organic molecules producing energy and waste products
B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism
and the external environment
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
D. carbonic anhydrase
E. coenzyme A
2. In human, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related
to:
A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls
B. relaxation of the chest muscle
C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
6. The paranasal sinuses:
A. are cavities between two parts of the same bone, in the
skull
B. make antibodies that attack bacteria infecting the
respiratory system
C. are deep crypts in the epithelial lining of the nose
D. are large blood vessels that deliver quantities of water
vapor to the inhaled airstream
D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen
E. none of the above
3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions would be:
7. A drop in the PO2 of the blood is less of a stimulus to
breathing than a rise of the PCO2 level of the blood because:
A. Excess CO2 would be toxic to the blood, causing
irreversible damage, whereas oxygen deprivation can be
remedied by addition of oxygen
A. greater in the femoral artery than in the femoral vein
B. greater in the femoral vein than in the femoral artery
C. the same in the femoral artery and vein
B. the respiratory center of the brain is more responsive to
CO2 than it is to oxygen levels
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
4. In chronic or long term cigarette smokers:
A. the lungs become clogged with mucus
B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased
C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is
persistent
8. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ?
to from ?
A. hydrogen; water
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
D. cancer is a fairly common outcome
C. barium (B); BO
E. all of the above
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
Page 2 of 62 E. water; carbonic acid
B. lubrication
C. removing foreign materials
9. Which of the following is/are a true statement?
D. gaseous exchange
A. the presence of surfactant in the alveoli reduces the
amount of air which can aerate the lungs
B. the detergent-like action of surfactant reduces the ability
of the alveoli to stretch out as air enters the lung
13. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli
C. any increase in fluid in the alveoli will raise the surface
tension promoting collapse of the affected alveoli
B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx
D. all of the above
C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura
E. A and B only
D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles
E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs
10. Cohesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura
occurs
A. just prior to inspiration
B. immediately after expiration
14. Which of the following is/are true?
A. quiet expiration results from the elastic recoil of the
expanded lungs and chest wall, and does not usually involve
the contraction of skeletal muscles of the chest
C. when we are sleeping or resting
D. in pleurisy and pneumonia
E. all of the time
B. the fluid in the pleural cavity acts as cohesive force
between the lungs and the thoracic wall
C. inspiration occurs as the direct result of an increase in
intra pleural and intra-alveolar pressure
D. A and B only
11. The pleura is made up of two layers, with the outer or ?
layer lining the entire thoracic cavity and the inner or ? layer
forming the outer surface of each ?
E. B and C only
A. visceral; parietal; organ
B. parietal; visceral; lung
15. If atmospheric pressure is 745 mm Hg and the air is 20%
O2, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
C. pericardial; pleural; lung
A. 740 mm Hg
D. A and C only
B. 38 mm Hg
E. B and C only
C. 149 mm Hg
D. 144 mm Hg
12. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only
prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process
of:
A. swallowing
E. 37.25 mm Hg
16. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin
increases when:
Page 3 of 62 A. the blood concentration of CO2 decreases
B. relaxation of inspiratory muscles
B. the blood concentration of CO2 and/or acids increase
C. inhibition of inspiratory center of the respiratory center
C. the body temperature decreases
D. all the above
D. the blood becomes more alkaline than before
E. none of the above
17. The vocal cords:
A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound
B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them
slowly
C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is
desired
21. Foreign particles entering the respiratory system may:
A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree
B. be covered with mucus and gradually moved out through
the mouth or swallowed
C. be attacked by white blood cells
D. initiate antibody formation
D. all of the above
E. all the above
18. The rate of respiration is increased when:
A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
22. All of the following statements relate to the breathing
process. Which of them is not true?
B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous
exercise
A. in inspiration, intra pulmonic pressure is less than
atmospheric pressure
C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial
blood
B. in expiration, intra pleural pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure
D. all of the above
19. When oxygen diffuses into the blood, it:
C. in expiration, intra pulmonic pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure
D. intra pulmonic pressure is sometimes a positive pressure
(greater than atmospheric) and sometimes a negative pressure
(less than atmospheric)
A. forms a strong chemical bond with hemoglobin
B. forms a weak chemical bond with hemoglobin
C. is dissolved in the plasma and transported principally in
this fashion
D. combines with carbon dioxide to form a special type of
transport molecule
E. causes the displacement of any carbon monoxide which
may be combined with hemoglobin
23. Which of the following listed substances is greatest as a
result of cellular respiration?
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. glucose
D. water
E. B and D only
20. The factors which facilitate expiration in breathing are:
A. elastic recoil of alveolar tissue
Page 4 of 62 24. Which of the following is not a part of the "respiratory
membrane"
E. 146 mm Hg
A. surfactant layer
28. The chloride shift refers to:
B. alveolar epithelial cells
C. capillary basement membrane
D. capillary endothelial cells
A. the movement of chloride ions across the membranes of
electrically active cells
B. the effect of the concentration of chloride ion on the
oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin
E. interstitial fluid cells
C. the exchange of chloride for bicarbonate that occurs in
active cell membranes
25. The fact that at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 70%
saturated with oxygen, indicates that:
D. the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs
in active cell membranes
A. at a PO2 of 100 mm Hg, hemoglobin will be over 100%
saturated
E. the exchange of chloride ion for hydrogen ion that occurs
in the lungs
B. hemoglobin has a very high attachment rate for oxygen
C. oxygen regularly combines with CO2 but if hemoglobin is
around it will go with that instead
29. The reason one can hold her breath for a ? period of time
following exercise is because ? .
D. oxygen will dissociated from hemoglobin when it is
needed by the cells for respiration
A. longer; CO2 builds up and has to be carried away so the
muscle doesn't accumulate lactic acid
B. shorter; the contracting muscle sends many nerve
signals to the respiratory center to increase its firing rate
26. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
C. longer; the build up of CO2 in the blood stimulates the
inspiratory center to fire sooner and thus prolong the breathholding ability
D. B and C only
C. bicarbonate ions
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
E. C6H12O6
30. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation
of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
A. alveoli are stretched
B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send
inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain
27. When one ascends, the amount of gases in the
atmosphere changes. What would be the partial pressure of
oxygen when the atmospheric pressure decreases from 760
mm Hg to 730 mm Hg?
C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends
D. alveoli recoil
A. 159 mm Hg
B. 110 mm Hg
C. 151 mm Hg
D. 99 mm Hg
31. If blood samples were taken from right atrium, right
ventricle and pulmonary artery, and analyzed for oxygen
concentration:
A. all would contain about the same oxygen concentration
Page 5 of 62 B. the right atrial sample would be lowest in oxygen
concentration
35. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the:
A. blood in the pulmonary veins
C. all would contain more oxygen than pulmonary vein
blood
D. all would contain 20 ml 02 per 100 ml. blood
B. cells
C. lungs
D. blood in the pulmonary arteries
32. Hyperventilation most often leads to
E. atmosphere
A. CO2 retention
B. decreased rate of breathing
36. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular
respiration"?
C. great increase in oxyhemoglobin
A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli
D. no effect on oxygen in bloodstream
E. all of the above
B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of
energy
C. the entry of food materials into cells
33. After puberty, girls tend to have higher pitched voices than
boys because (the) ? .
D. the act of breathing itself
E. all of the above
A. pharynx has overgrown in size
B. tongue has become elongated and thus lengthens the
spoken word
C. lack of testosterone has no effect on thyroid cartilage;
thus, the vocal cords do not become overstretched
37. Lung collapse occurs when air enters the pleural cavity
because:
A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
D. brain is programmed to control the pitch of the voice
E. none of the above
B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric
pressure
C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
34. Respirations are important for:
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to
the heart
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of
the heart to the diaphragm
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen
to the thorax
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
38. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the:
A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx
B. shape and tension of the vocal cords
D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen
to the thorax
E. all of the above
C. position of the tongue
D. size of Adam’s's apple
E. size of the throat
Page 6 of 62 C. contraction of the diaphragm and external
intercostals
39. Normally, there is no fluid in the air sacs of the lungs
because:
A. the pulmonary artery has not stretch and recoil
D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen
E. none of the above
B. the highest filtration pressure is in the pulmonary veins
C. there is a very low blood pressure in the pulmonary
capillaries to cause filtration out of the capillaries and into the
alveoli
D. the oxygen concentration or tension of the alveoli is too
high
3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions would be:
A. greater in the femoral artery than in the femoral vein
B. greater in the femoral vein than in the femoral artery
C. the same in the femoral artery and vein
40. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5750 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is his tidal volume?
4. In chronic or long term cigarette smokers:
A. 1080 cc
A. the lungs become clogged with mucus
B. 500 cc
B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased
C. 420 cc
D. can't be determined
C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is
persistent
D. cancer is a fairly common outcome
E. all of the above
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-1 ANSWERS
5. The term "respiration" is best described as:
1. The reaction of carbon dioxide with water is a relatively slow
process yet this reaction occurs within the red cells in a fraction
of a second. What is responsible for speeding up this reaction?
A. cytochrome oxidase
B. adenosine triphosphate
C. phosphorylase
D. carbonic anhydrase
A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate
or other organic molecules producing energy and waste
products
B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism
and the external environment
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
E. coenzyme A
6. The paranasal sinuses:
2. In human, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related
to:
A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls
B. relaxation of the chest muscle
A. are cavities between two parts of the same bone, in
the skull
B. make antibodies that attack bacteria infecting the
respiratory system
C. are deep crypts in the epithelial lining of the nose
Page 7 of 62 D. are large blood vessels that deliver quantities of water
vapor to the inhaled airstream
B. immediately after expiration
C. when we are sleeping or resting
D. in pleurisy and pneumonia
7. A drop in the PO2 of the blood is less of a stimulus to
breathing than a rise of the PCO2 level of the blood because:
A. Excess CO2 would be toxic to the blood, causing
irreversible damage, whereas oxygen deprivation can be
remedied by addition of oxygen
B. the respiratory center of the brain is more
responsive to CO2 than it is to oxygen levels
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
E. all of the time
11. The pleura is made up of two layers, with the outer or ?
layer lining the entire thoracic cavity and the inner or ? layer
forming the outer surface of each ?
A. visceral; parietal; organ
B. parietal; visceral; lung
C. pericardial; pleural; lung
8. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ?
to from ?
D. A and C only
E. B and C only
A. hydrogen; water
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
C. barium (B); BO
12. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only
prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process
of:
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
A. swallowing
E. water; carbonic acid
B. lubrication
C. removing foreign materials
9. Which of the following is/are a true statement?
D. gaseous exchange
A. the presence of surfactant in the alveoli reduces the
amount of air which can aerate the lungs
B. the detergent-like action of surfactant reduces the ability
of the alveoli to stretch out as air enters the lung
C. any increase in fluid in the alveoli will raise the
surface tension promoting collapse of the affected alveoli
D. all of the above
E. A and B only
13. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli
B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx
C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura
D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles
E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs
10. Cohesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura
occurs
A. just prior to inspiration
14. Which of the following is/are true?
Page 8 of 62 A. quiet expiration results from the elastic recoil of the
expanded lungs and chest wall, and does not usually involve
the contraction of skeletal muscles of the chest
18. The rate of respiration is increased when:
B. the fluid in the pleural cavity acts as cohesive force
between the lungs and the thoracic wall
B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous
exercise
C. inspiration occurs as the direct result of an increase in
intra pleural and intra-alveolar pressure
C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial
blood
D. A and B only
A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
D. all of the above
E. B and C only
19. When oxygen diffuses into the blood, it:
15. If atmospheric pressure is 745 mm Hg and the air is 20%
O2, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
A. 740 mm Hg
B. 38 mm Hg
C. 149 mm Hg
A. forms a strong chemical bond with hemoglobin
B. forms a weak chemical bond with hemoglobin
C. is dissolved in the plasma and transported principally in
this fashion
D. combines with carbon dioxide to form a special type of
transport molecule
D. 144 mm Hg
E. 37.25 mm Hg
16. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin
increases when:
E. causes the displacement of any carbon monoxide which
may be combined with hemoglobin
20. The factors which facilitate expiration in breathing are:
A. elastic recoil of alveolar tissue
A. the blood concentration of CO2 decreases
B. relaxation of inspiratory muscles
B. the blood concentration of CO2 and/or acids
increase
C. inhibition of inspiratory center of the respiratory center
C. the body temperature decreases
D. all the above
D. the blood becomes more alkaline than before
E. none of the above
17. The vocal cords:
A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound
B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them
slowly
C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is
desired
D. all of the above
21. Foreign particles entering the respiratory system may:
A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree
B. be covered with mucus and gradually moved out through
the mouth or swallowed
C. be attacked by white blood cells
D. initiate antibody formation
E. all the above
Page 9 of 62 C. oxygen regularly combines with CO2 but if hemoglobin is
around it will go with that instead
22. All of the following statements relate to the breathing
process. Which of them is not true?
D. oxygen will dissociated from hemoglobin when it is
needed by the cells for respiration
A. in inspiration, intra pulmonic pressure is less than
atmospheric pressure
B. in expiration, intra pleural pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure
C. in expiration, intra pulmonic pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure
26. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
D. intra pulmonic pressure is sometimes a positive pressure
(greater than atmospheric) and sometimes a negative pressure
(less than atmospheric)
C. bicarbonate ions
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
23. Which of the following listed substances is greatest as a
result of cellular respiration?
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
E. C6H12O6
27. When one ascends, the amount of gases in the
atmosphere changes. What would be the partial pressure of
oxygen when the atmospheric pressure decreases from 760
mm Hg to 730 mm Hg?
C. glucose
A. 159 mm Hg
D. water
B. 110 mm Hg
E. B and D only
C. 151 mm Hg
D. 99 mm Hg
24. Which of the following is not a part of the "respiratory
membrane"
E. 146 mm Hg
A. surfactant layer
B. alveolar epithelial cells
28. The chloride shift refers to:
C. capillary basement membrane
A. the movement of chloride ions across the membranes of
electrically active cells
D. capillary endothelial cells
E. interstitial fluid cells
B. the effect of the concentration of chloride ion on the
oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin
C. the exchange of chloride for bicarbonate that occurs
in active cell membranes
25. The fact that at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 70%
saturated with oxygen, indicates that:
A. at a PO2 of 100 mm Hg, hemoglobin will be over 100%
saturated
B. hemoglobin has a very high attachment rate for
oxygen
D. the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs
in active cell membranes
E. the exchange of chloride ion for hydrogen ion that occurs
in the lungs
Page 10 of 62 29. The reason one can hold her breath for a ? period of time
following exercise is because ? .
A. longer; CO2 builds up and has to be carried away so the
muscle doesn't accumulate lactic acid
B. shorter; the contracting muscle sends many nerve
signals to the respiratory center to increase its firing rate
C. longer; the build up of CO2 in the blood stimulates the
inspiratory center to fire sooner and thus prolong the breathholding ability
D. B and C only
E. all of the above
33. After puberty, girls tend to have higher pitched voices than
boys because (the) ? .
A. pharynx has overgrown in size
B. tongue has become elongated and thus lengthens the
spoken word
C. lack of testosterone has no effect on thyroid
cartilage; thus, the vocal cords do not become
overstretched
D. brain is programmed to control the pitch of the voice
30. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation
of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
E. none of the above
A. alveoli are stretched
B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send
inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain
C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends
D. alveoli recoil
31. If blood samples were taken from right atrium, right
ventricle and pulmonary artery, and analyzed for oxygen
concentration:
A. all would contain about the same oxygen
concentration
34. Respirations are important for:
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to
the heart
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of
the heart to the diaphragm
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen
to the thorax
D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the
abdomen to the thorax
E. all of the above
B. the right atrial sample would be lowest in oxygen
concentration
C. all would contain more oxygen than pulmonary vein
blood
D. all would contain 20 ml 02 per 100 ml. blood
35. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the:
A. blood in the pulmonary veins
B. cells
C. lungs
32. Hyperventilation most often leads to
A. CO2 retention
D. blood in the pulmonary arteries
E. atmosphere
B. decreased rate of breathing
C. great increase in oxyhemoglobin
D. no effect on oxygen in bloodstream
36. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular
respiration"?
A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli
Page 11 of 62 B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of
energy
40. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5750 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is his tidal volume?
C. the entry of food materials into cells
A. 1080 cc
D. the act of breathing itself
B. 500 cc
E. all of the above
C. 420 cc
D. can't be determined
37. Lung collapse occurs when air enters the pleural cavity
because:
A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric
pressure
1. Which of the following reactions occurs just before CO2
diffuses from the pulmonary capillary bed to the alveoli?
A. CO2 + H2O == > H2CO3
B. CO2 + H2O -- Carbonic Anhydrase == > H2CO3
C. H2CO3 == > H+ + HCO3-
C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
38. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the:
D. H2CO3 == > H2O + CO2
E. none of the above
2. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced
thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the outside?
A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx
A. pleural cavity
B. shape and tension of the vocal cords
B. visceral pleura
C. position of the tongue
C. parietal pleura
D. size of Adam’s's apple
D. lungs
E. size of the throat
3. What's wrong with the wording of this reaction: "oxygen plus
hemoglobin > oxyhemoglobin"
39. Normally, there is no fluid in the air sacs of the lungs
because:
A. oxygen dissociates into ions before it combines with
hemoglobin
A. the pulmonary artery has not stretch and recoil
B. the highest filtration pressure is in the pulmonary veins
C. there is a very low blood pressure in the pulmonary
capillaries to cause filtration out of the capillaries and into
the alveoli
B. hemoglobin has to dissolve in water before it will
combine with any other molecule
C. the arrow indicates the reaction moves in one direction
only
D. all of the above
D. the oxygen concentration or tension of the alveoli is too
high
4. As carbon dioxide is blown off with each expiration there is a
corresponding ? in the amount of acid in the blood.
Page 12 of 62 A. increase
D. pulmonary pressure during inspiration
B. decrease
E. intra thoracic pressure during expiration
C. no change
5. Oxygen that is available for "immediate diffusion" is carried:
9. In organs other than the lungs, oxygen tension or partial
pressure decreases progressively in which of these
sequences?
A. in carbonic acid
A. arterial blood, interstitial fluid, and cells
B. in solution in the plasma
B. cells, arterial blood, and interstitial fluid
C. as oxyhemoglobin
C. cells, interstitial fluid, and arterial blood
D. as potassium oxyhemoglobin
D. interstitial fluid, arterial blood, and cells
E. in sodium bicarbonate
10. The vagus nerve is important in respiration because it
carries:
6. The nasal cavity functions to
A. warm and moisten air
B. trap foreign particles
C. house the organs of smell
A. impulses from stretch receptors in the alveoli to the brain
B. impulses to the diaphragm to contract
C. impulses to external intercostal muscles to contract
D. all of the above
D. filter out large foreign matter from air
E. all of the above
11. Intra pleural pressure is:
A. less than atmospheric pressure
7. The heaviest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the
form of buffers like NaHCO3 is found in the:
B. less than pulmonary pressure
A. plasma
C. the same as intra thoracic pressure
B. white blood cells
D. all of the above
C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells
E. A and B only
D. platelets
12. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with
? to from ?
8. Which air pressure is the highest?
A. intra thoracic pressure during inspiration
B. pulmonary pressure during expiration
C. atmospheric pressure
A. hydrogen; water
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
C. barium (B); BO
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
Page 13 of 62 E. water; carbonic acid
13. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only
prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process
of:
E. size of the throat
17. External respiration is defined as the:
A. gaseous metabolism in the cell.
A. swallowing
B. transfer of gas from alveolus to blood and vice versa.
B. lubrication
C. transfer of gas from blood to tissue and vice versa.
C. removing foreign materials
D. elimination of CO2 from tissues to blood.
D. gaseous exchange
18. The largest fraction of the carbon dioxide in the blood
travels as
14. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
A. the oxygenated form of carbon dioxide.
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
B. bicarbonate ions.
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
C. carboxyhemoglobin.
C. bicarbonate ions
D. CO2 physically dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
E. carbamino hemoglobin.
E. C6H12O6
19. Which of the following is a FALSE statement?
15. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation
of the hering-breuer reflex?
A. alveoli are stretched
A. Alveolar air is completely exchanged with the pulmonary
blood during normal breaths.
B. Air is always humidified as it passes from the external
atmosphere to he alveolar spaces.
B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send
inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain
C. Both A and B
C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends
D. Neither A nor B
D. alveoli recoil
20. Which of the following is CORRECT statement?
16. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the:
A. The thyroid cartilage is shaped like a shield and is the
smallest cartilage of the larynx.
A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx
B. shape and tension of the vocal cords
C. position of the tongue
B. The intrapulmonary pressure is always less than
atmospheric pressure.
C. Pressure in the thoracic cavity is always less than 760
mmHg; that is it is always a negative pressure.
D. size of Adam’s's apple
D. Most of the oxygen transported through the blood is in
the form of reduced hemoglobin.
Page 14 of 62 E. An inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue is known
as emphysema.
E. more vertical nature of the right primary bronchus.
25. During expiration, the
21. The major function of respiration is
A. diaphragm moves up and ribs move up and out.
A. to break down foodstuffs.
B. diaphragm moves down and the ribs moves up and out.
B. to bind oxygen to hemoglobin.
C. diaphragm moves down and the ribs move down and in.
C. to cause the release of energy from nutrients.
D. diaphragm moves up and ribs move slightly back and in.
D. to get nutrients to the cells for oxidation.
26. Aerobic respiration my be roughly described as follows
22. Hyperventilation causes the loss of more carbon dioxide
than usual from the body, resulting in a decline in the amount
of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result in the amount of
hydrogen ions in solution. As a result
A. the pH rises.
B. the pH falls.
C. the body fluids become more alkaline.
A. Glucose + O2 = H2O + CO2 + energy + heat
B. Energy + CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2 + heat
C. Glucose = alveolus + CO2 + energy + heat
D. Glucose + H2O = CO2 + O2 + ATP
E. CO2 + H2O + energy = glucose + O2 + heat
D. the body fluids become less acid.
E. all of the above except B
27. Which of the following is/are a "FALSE" statement(s)?
A. Exhaling is stopped when you cough.
23. Which of the following is/are important factors affecting the
vital capacity of the lungs?
A. Degree of expansibility of lungs and thorax
B. Amount of compliance by the ribs and sternum
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
24. Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the
lungs because of the
B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory
tract.
C. Coughing prevents possible choking.
D. In coughing, strong thrusts of air dislodge material
blocking the airway during exhaling.
E. all of the above
28. Within the tissues of the body where metabolic processes
are active, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is about --?-mm of Hg.
A. ciliated mucous lining in the nasopharynx and trachea.
A. 159
B. porous structure of turbinate bones.
B. 105
C. cartilaginous sections of nasal septum.
C. 44-45
D. poor blood supply to nasal mucosa.
D. 40
Page 15 of 62 E. 0.3
B. KHCO3
C. NaHCO3
29. An individual has a respiratory rate of 16, a vital capacity of
4.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 1000 cc, and a minute
respiratory volume of 8 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve?
D. HCl
E. H2CO3
A. 281 cc
B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc
33. -- ?-- supply the bronchi with blood.
C. 3500 cc
A. Intercostal arteries
D. 16.0 liters
B. Small branches from the descending aorta
E. 4.5 liters
C. Branches of the pulmonary artery
D. They do not need any, because they get all the oxygen
they need from the air passing through them
30. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several ways
including
A. dissolved in plasma.
34. Which of the following causes the pulmonary pressure to
become positive, that is, above 760 mmHg?
B. carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions.
A. Entrance of air into the pleural cavity.
C. united with the hemoglobin to form carbamino
hemoglobin.
B. Cohesion of the visceral to parietal pleura during
inspiration.
D. united with water in the red blood cells.
C. Entrance of air into the thoracic cavity.
E. all of the above
D. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles.
31. Hyperventilation results in a(n) --?-- in the length of time a
subject can hold his/her breath, because --?--.
E. All of the above
A. decrease, the lungs need to be expanded
B. decrease, the alveoli are not receiving a sufficient
amount of oxygen, because of the quick, forceful breaths
35. If some were choking on a large piece of meat, he/she
could get
A. asphyxia.
C. increase, it builds up the concentration of oxygen in the
lungs so a person can go for a longer time, without a breath
D. increase, the normal stimulus to inspire has been
removed
E. none of the above
32. Which of the following is NOT an acid-base buffers of the
blood?
A. HHBO2
B. hyperventilation.
C. atelectasis.
D. a cough.
36 The small region, where the bronchi and blood vessels
enter and leave the lung, is known as the
A. hilus.
Page 16 of 62 B. base.
A. an increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of
the body fluids tends to rise.
C. apex.
D. cardiac notch.
E. bronchi.
37. In addition to their role in speech, the false vocal cords help
to
A. seal off the windpipe, or trachea, during swallowing.
B. Temporarily increased production of carbonic acid, and
the pH of body fluids tends to fall.
C. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH
tends to rise.
D. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH
tends to fall.
RESPIRATION-2 ANSWERS
B. detect the O2 content of inspired air.
C. moisten the air.
D. warm the air.
E. recover water from expired air.
1. Which of the following reactions occurs just before CO2
diffuses from the pulmonary capillary bed to the alveoli?
A. CO2 + H2O == > H2CO3
B. CO2 + H2O -- Carbonic Anhydrase == > H2CO3
38. Which of the following is the CORRECT chemical reaction
after CO2 and water are produced during cellular respiration?
A. H2CO3 ----> H2O + CO2
C. H2CO3 == > H+ + HCO3D. H2CO3 == > H2O + CO2
E. none of the above
B. H2CO3 -----> H+ + HCO3
C. CO2 + H2O -----> Carbonic anhydrase -----> H2CO3
D. Glucose + CO2 -----> H2CO3
2. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced
thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the outside?
A. pleural cavity
39. Exercise causes an increase in the respiratory rate
because
A. the cardiac output has to increase to feed the muscles.
B. visceral pleura
C. parietal pleura
D. lungs
B. carbon dioxide needs to be exhaled for its own sake.
C. the cerebral cortex sends nerve impulses directly to the
inspiratory center to fire, at the same time as the latter sends
nerve impulses to the diaphragm to contract and thus start the
inspiratory sequence.
D. stretched and contracting muscles send nerve impulses
directly to the respiratory center to speed up breathing.
E. C and D only
3. What's wrong with the wording of this reaction: "oxygen plus
hemoglobin > oxyhemoglobin"
A. oxygen dissociates into ions before it combines with
hemoglobin
B. hemoglobin has to dissolve in water before it will
combine with any other molecule
C. the arrow indicates the reaction moves in one
direction only
40. During periods of physical exercise, there is
Page 17 of 62 D. all of the above
A. intra thoracic pressure during inspiration
B. pulmonary pressure during expiration
4. As carbon dioxide is blown off with each expiration there is a
corresponding ? in the amount of acid in the blood.
C. atmospheric pressure
D. pulmonary pressure during inspiration
A. increase
E. intra thoracic pressure during expiration
B. decrease
C. no change
9. In organs other than the lungs, oxygen tension or partial
pressure decreases progressively in which of these
sequences?
5. Oxygen that is available for "immediate diffusion" is carried:
A. arterial blood, interstitial fluid, and cells
A. in carbonic acid
B. cells, arterial blood, and interstitial fluid
B. in solution in the plasma
C. cells, interstitial fluid, and arterial blood
C. as oxyhemoglobin
D. interstitial fluid, arterial blood, and cells
D. as potassium oxyhemoglobin
E. in sodium bicarbonate
10. The vagus nerve is important in respiration because it
carries:
6. The nasal cavity functions to
A. warm and moisten air
B. trap foreign particles
C. house the organs of smell
A. impulses from stretch receptors in the alveoli to the
brain
B. impulses to the diaphragm to contract
C. impulses to external intercostal muscles to contract
D. all of the above
D. filter out large foreign matter from air
E. all of the above
11. Intra pleural pressure is:
A. less than atmospheric pressure
7. The heaviest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the
form of buffers like NaHCO3 is found in the:
B. less than pulmonary pressure
A. plasma
C. the same as intra thoracic pressure
B. white blood cells
D. all of the above
C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells
E. A and B only
D. platelets
12.Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ?
to from ?
8. Which air pressure is the highest?
Page 18 of 62 A. hydrogen; water
A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
B. shape and tension of the vocal cords
C. barium (B); BO
C. position of the tongue
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
D. size of Adam’s's apple
E. water; carbonic acid
E. size of the throat
13.The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only
prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the
process of:
A. swallowing
17. External respiration is defined as the:
A. gaseous metabolism in the cell.
B. transfer of gas from alveolus to blood and vice
versa.
B. lubrication
C. transfer of gas from blood to tissue and vice versa.
C. removing foreign materials
D. elimination of CO2 from tissues to blood.
D. gaseous exchange
14.About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
18. The largest fraction of the carbon dioxide in the blood
travels as
A. the oxygenated form of carbon dioxide.
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
B. bicarbonate ions.
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
C. carboxyhemoglobin.
C. bicarbonate ions
D. CO2 physically dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
E. carbamino hemoglobin.
E. C6H12O6
19. Which of the following is a FALSE statement?
15.Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation of
the hering-breuer reflex?
A. Alveolar air is completely exchanged with the
pulmonary blood during normal breaths.
A. alveoli are stretched
B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send
inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain
B. Air is always humidified as it passes from the external
atmosphere to he alveolar spaces.
C. Both A and B
C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends
D. Neither A nor B
D. alveoli recoil
20. Which of the following is CORRECT statement?
16.The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the:
Page 19 of 62 A. The thyroid cartilage is shaped like a shield and is the
smallest cartilage of the larynx.
24. Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the
lungs because of the
B. The intrapulmonary pressure is always less than
atmospheric pressure.
A. ciliated mucous lining in the nasopharynx and
trachea.
C. Pressure in the thoracic cavity is always less than
760 mmHg; that is it is always a negative pressure.
B. porous structure of turbinate bones.
C. cartilaginous sections of nasal septum.
D. Most of the oxygen transported through the blood is in
the form of reduced hemoglobin.
E. An inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue is known
as emphysema.
21. The major function of respiration is
A. to break down foodstuffs.
B. to bind oxygen to hemoglobin.
C. to cause the release of energy from nutrients.
D. to get nutrients to the cells for oxidation.
22. Hyperventilation causes the loss of more carbon dioxide
than usual from the body, resulting in a decline in the amount
of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result in the amount of
hydrogen ions in solution. As a result
D. poor blood supply to nasal mucosa.
E. more vertical nature of the right primary bronchus.
25. During expiration, the
A. diaphragm moves up and ribs move up and out.
B. diaphragm moves down and the ribs moves up and out.
C. diaphragm moves down and the ribs move down and in.
D. diaphragm moves up and ribs move slightly back
and in.
26. Aerobic respiration my be roughly described as follows
A. Glucose + O2 = H2O + CO2 + energy + heat
A. the pH rises.
B. Energy + CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2 + heat
B. the pH falls.
C. Glucose = alveolus + CO2 + energy + heat
C. the body fluids become more alkaline.
D. Glucose + H2O = CO2 + O2 + ATP
D. the body fluids become less acid.
E. CO2 + H2O + energy = glucose + O2 + heat
E. all of the above except B
27. Which of the following is/are a "FALSE" statement(s)?
23. Which of the following is/are important factors affecting the
vital capacity of the lungs?
A. Degree of expansibility of lungs and thorax
B. Amount of compliance by the ribs and sternum
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
A. Exhaling is stopped when you cough.
B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory
tract.
C. Coughing prevents possible choking.
D. In coughing, strong thrusts of air dislodge material
blocking the airway during exhaling.
E. all of the above
Page 20 of 62 C. increase, it builds up the concentration of oxygen in the
lungs so a person can go for a longer time, without a breath
28. Within the tissues of the body where metabolic processes
are active, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is about --?-mm of Hg.
A. 159
D. increase, the normal stimulus to inspire has been
removed
E. none of the above
B. 105
C. 44-45
32. Which of the following is NOT an acid-base buffers of the
blood?
D. 40
A. HHBO2
E. 0.3
B. KHCO3
C. NaHCO3
29. An individual has a respiratory rate of 16, a vital capacity of
4.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 1000 cc, and a minute
respiratory volume of 8 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve?
D. HCl
E. H2CO3
A. 281 cc
B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc
33. -- ?-- supply the bronchi with blood.
C. 3500 cc
A. Intercostal arteries
D. 16.0 liters
B. Small branches from the descending aorta
E. 4.5 liters
C. Branches of the pulmonary artery
30. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several ways
including
D. They do not need any, because they get all the oxygen
they need from the air passing through them
A. dissolved in plasma.
B. carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions.
C. united with the hemoglobin to form carbamino
hemoglobin.
D. united with water in the red blood cells.
E. all of the above
34. Which of the following causes the pulmonary pressure to
become positive, that is, above 760 mmHg?
A. Entrance of air into the pleural cavity.
B. Cohesion of the visceral to parietal pleura during
inspiration.
C. Entrance of air into the thoracic cavity.
D. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles.
31. Hyperventilation results in a(n) --?-- in the length of time a
subject can hold his/her breath, because --?--.
E. All of the above
A. decrease, the lungs need to be expanded
B. decrease, the alveoli are not receiving a sufficient
amount of oxygen, because of the quick, forceful breaths
35. If some were choking on a large piece of meat, he/she
could get
Page 21 of 62 A. asphyxia.
B. hyperventilation.
C. atelectasis.
D. a cough.
36 The small region, where the bronchi and blood vessels
enter and leave the lung, is known as the
A. hilus.
B. base.
C. apex.
D. cardiac notch.
E. bronchi.
37. In addition to their role in speech, the false vocal cords help
to
A. seal off the windpipe, or trachea, during swallowing.
B. detect the O2 content of inspired air.
B. carbon dioxide needs to be exhaled for its own sake.
C. the cerebral cortex sends nerve impulses directly to the
inspiratory center to fire, at the same time as the latter sends
nerve impulses to the diaphragm to contract and thus start the
inspiratory sequence.
D. stretched and contracting muscles send nerve impulses
directly to the respiratory center to speed up breathing.
E. C and D only
40. During periods of physical exercise, there is
A. an increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of
the body fluids tends to rise.
B. Temporarily increased production of carbonic acid,
and the pH of body fluids tends to fall.
C. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH
tends to rise.
D. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH
tends to fall.
1. Most of the carbon dioxide generated at the cells is carried
to the lungs in which form(s)?
A. in the form of bicarbonate ions which are formed in the
red blood cells (as well as in the plasma of the blood)
C. moisten the air.
D. warm the air.
E. recover water from expired air.
B. in the form of carbonic acid which is formed in the
plasma by a union with water, especially where CO2 is to exit
to the alveoli
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
38. Which of the following is the CORRECT chemical reaction
after CO2 and water are produced during cellular respiration?
A. H2CO3 ----> H2O + CO2
B. H2CO3 -----> H+ + HCO3
C. CO2 + H2O -----> Carbonic anhydrase -----> H2CO3
D. Glucose + CO2 -----> H2CO3
2. Breathing rate is most likely to increase if the blood
concentration of:
A. carbon dioxide decreases
B. carbon dioxide increases
C. hydrogen ions decreases
D. oxygen increases
39. Exercise causes an increase in the respiratory rate
because
A. the cardiac output has to increase to feed the muscles.
E. oxygen decreases slightly
Page 22 of 62 3. The fluid in the pleural cavity is there to:
A. dissolve the gases that normally enter the pleural cavity
B. carry oxygen to the most distal parts of the bronchial tree
A. voluntary muscles; their extensibility
B. cerebral cortex; its control over cellular respiration
C. inspiratory center; the control over the breathing or
respiratory rate
C. allow cohesion of the visceral to parietal layers of pleura
D. all of the above
D. prevent friction of the lungs during breathing
E. none of the above
E. C and D only
4. In asthma, there is
8. Intra-alveolar pressure is normally greater than intra pleural
pressure because
A. narrowing of the bronchioles due to chronic contraction
of their smooth muscles
A. the surface tension of the alveolar walls promotes their
collapse, thus reducing the size of the pulmonary cavity
B. an increased tendency to have hypoxia
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
5. CO2 easily diffuses into the plasma of the blood because:
A. it has a high CO-efficient of diffusion in respiratory
membrane
B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the
cells and the plasma
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
6. Aerobic respiration may be roughly described as follows
B. elasticity promotes the recoil of the alveolar walls
following inspiration
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
9. In carbon monoxide poisoning
A. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is decreased
B. the arterial partial pressure of carbon monoxide is much
greater than that of oxygen
C. the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
substantially increased above normal
D. the venous partial pressure of oxygen is normal
E. the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin is substantially
decreased
A. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy + Heat
B. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat
C. C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy + Heat
D. 4NH3 + 6O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat
E. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat
7. It is now thought that cerebral input to the ? that parallels
cerebral output to skeletal muscles, greatly affects ? .
10. Breathing is stimulated principally by:
A. reduced CO2 concentration acting on the respiratory
centers
B. elevated CO2 acting on the respiratory centers
C. reduced CO2 acting on the chemoreceptors in the aorta
and carotid arteries
D. elevated CO2 acting on the cerebral medulla and
hypothalamus
Page 23 of 62 E. none of the above
11. The trachea transports --?-- from the --?-- to the --?--,
C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure.
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure.
A. air; pharynx; mouth
B. air; larynx; primary bronchus
C. oxygen; mouth; lungs
D. carbon dioxide; secondary bronchus; bronchioles
12. Breathing is important for
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to
the heart.
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of
the heart to he diaphragm.
15. Factors involved in the elastic tendency for collapse of the
lungs include:
A. epithelial cells lining the alveolar sac.
B. surface tension of alveolar fluid.
C. smooth muscle of the interstitial space of the respiratory
membrane.
D. presence of elastic fibers within the terminal bronchial
tree.
E. B and D only
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen
to the thorax.
16. "Emphysema" is
D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen
to the thorax.
A. a chronic condition in which adjacent alveolar sacs fuse
together to form bigger bubbles or air spaces.
E. all of the above
B. a condition in which the elasticity of the alveolar walls is
seriously decreased
C. both A and B
13. What are the CORRECT products when carbonic acid
ionizes in the red blood cells?
D. neither A nor B
A. Carbonic acid and water.
B. Reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate.
C. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride.
D. Carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide.
E. Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
14. Lung collapse can occur when air from the atmosphere
enters the pleural cavity because --?-- and pushes in on the
lung.
17. The respiratory membrane consists of
A. a single thickness of epithelial cells.
B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement
membrane.
C. two thickness of epithelial cells.
D. two thickness of epithelial cells and basement
membranes.
E. two layers of epithelial cells, two sets of basement
membranes, and interstitial tissue between them.
A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure.
B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric
pressure.
18. Which one of the following would be pierced THIRDLY by a
point of a pin entering the chest wall from the outside?
Page 24 of 62 A. Pleural fluid
A. carbon dioxide diffuses from the brain cells into the
blood, while oxygen diffuses form the blood into the brain cells.
B. Skin
C. Lung
D. Parietal pleura
B. both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the brain
cells.
C. oxyhemoglobin is carried into the brain cells by active
transport.
D. carbon dioxide leaves the brain cells by active transport.
19. Children who are born without enough pulmonary
surfactant have difficulty breathing. This type of respiratory
distress disease is
E. platelets release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
A. emphysema
B. Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)
C. cancer
D. pleurisy
E. none of the above
23. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are 'open' in the
back". This really means that
A. There is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea,
including the open part of the cartilages.
B. Air can enter the back of the trachea via the esophagus.
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
20. Assuming an atmospheric pressure equivalent to that at
sea level, and knowing that the amount of oxygen in air is
about 1/5 of the total pressure, then the partial pressure of the
oxygen in air at sea level is --?-- in Hg.
24. The damaging effect of carbon monoxide is due to the fact
that
A. 175
B. 152
C. 200
D. 225
21. Emphysema is a devastating disease because every
breath is painful. Emphysema is most commonly related to
long-term
A. It combines strongly with hemoglobin which doesn't
easily let go of it.
B. It inactivates enzymes that transport oxygen to
hemoglobin.
C. It causes erythrocytes to undergo peculiar changes in
shape.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A. lack of exercise
B. coughing
C. cigarette smoking
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
25. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
B. Bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx
C. Bronchi > sinuses > lungs > pleura
D. Nasal cavity > glottis > bronchi > trachea > tracheoles
22. As blood passes through capillaries in the cerebrum
Page 25 of 62 E. Alveolar sac > alveolar duct > bronchiole > primary
bronchus
26. What will be the partial pressure of O2 under the following
conditions? Atmospheric pressure at 750 mm Hg and %O2 =
2O.
D. expiration occurs.
E. the alveoli are compressed.
30. Which function of the nasal cavity allows for the "speeding
up of the movement of gases into the alveolus from the outside
of the body"?
A. PO2 = 20 mm Hg
A. Filtration and phagocytosis
B. PO2 = 15000 mm Hg
B. Humidification and warming
C. PO2 = 150 - 156 mm g
C. both A and B
D. PO2 = 230 mm Hg
D. neither A nor B
E. PO2 = 150 ml per minute
31. The tidal volume equals the volume of air
27. In which region would you expect the PCO2 of the blood to
be highest?
A. passing in and out of the lungs with each breathing
movement
A. left atrium
B. filling the bronchial tree, trachea, and larynx
B. a bronchi of the hepatic artery
C. exhaled by the deepest possible expiration
C. the descending aorta
D. remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
D. pulmonary artery
E. none of the above
E. pulmonary vein
32. The rate of breathing is INCREASED when
28. An acute, or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree
caused by bacterial infection or irritants, is known as
A. emphysema
B. hay fever
A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood.
B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous
exercise.
C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial
blood
C. bronchitis
D. all of the above
D. bronchial asthma
29. When the diaphragm and chest elevating muscles contract,
A. the intra thoracic volume decreases.
B. the intra thoracic pressure increases.
C. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases.
33. When one covers their mouth and nose with a paper bag
and starts to breathe into the bag, they get big urge to breathe
after removing the bag. This is because
A. the oxygen was being depleted rapidly, therefore, it took
deeper breaths into the bag to obtain enough oxygen.
B. the oxygen was limited to small amounts in the bag while
the carbon dioxide was building up, so carbon dioxide was
Page 26 of 62 inhaled in great amounts and made the person increase
his/her breathing right away.
37. In normal quiet breathing, expiration is brought about by
A. inhibition of inspiration
C. both A and B
B. stimulation of sympathetic neurons
D. neither A nor B
C. stimulation of expiratory muscles
D. stimulation of the diaphragm
34. Surfactant
E. all of the above
A. contains NaHCO3, a detergent-like substance which
breaks apart water molecules of the alveoli and normally
causes it to get smaller.
B. contains lecithin which allows the alveoli to stretch out
when air enters the lungs.
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
38. The Eustachian tubes and the internal nares are openings
into the
A. oropharynx
B. nasopharynx
C. laryngopharynx
35. In which of the following structures might one expect
inhaled air to have the HIGHEST carbon dioxide content?
D. sphenoid sinus
E. adenoids
A. trachea
B. bronchus
C. pharynx
D. alveoli
E. nose
39. It is now known that --?-- produce the "surface active
agent" in the alveoli of the lungs.
A. the alveolar macrophages
B. dust cells in the alveolus
C. the type II cells
36. Increasing levels of CO2 are more influential in changing
the rate of breathing than is decreasing levels of oxygen
because
D. the plasma cells
E. oxygenated red blood cells
A. the latter can be remedied more quickly than increasing
amounts of carbon dioxide
B. the respiratory center is equally sensitive to changing
levels of both CO2 and O2
40. In tissue cells and deoxygenated blood, the PCO2 is --?-the PO2.
A. greater than
C. the medulla oblongata's respiratory center requires
extremely large rises of oxygen to have any appreciable effect
D. all of the above
B. equal to
C. less than
E. none of the above
RESPIRATION-3 ANSWERS
Page 27 of 62 1. Most of the carbon dioxide generated at the cells is carried
to the lungs in which form(s)?
A. in the form of bicarbonate ions which are formed in the
red blood cells (as well as in the plasma of the blood)
B. in the form of carbonic acid which is formed in the
plasma by a union with water, especially where CO2 is to exit
to the alveoli
C. both A and B
5. CO2 easily diffuses into the plasma of the blood because:
A. it has a high CO-efficient of diffusion in respiratory
membrane
B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the
cells and the plasma
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
D. neither A nor B
6. Aerobic respiration may be roughly described as follows
2. Breathing rate is most likely to increase if the blood
concentration of:
A. carbon dioxide decreases
B. carbon dioxide increases
C. hydrogen ions decreases
D. oxygen increases
A. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy + Heat
B. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat
C. C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy + Heat
D. 4NH3 + 6O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat
E. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat
E. oxygen decreases slightly
7. It is now thought that cerebral input to the ? that parallels
cerebral output to skeletal muscles, greatly affects ? .
3. The fluid in the pleural cavity is there to:
A. dissolve the gases that normally enter the pleural cavity
B. carry oxygen to the most distal parts of the bronchial tree
A. voluntary muscles; their extensibility
B. cerebral cortex; its control over cellular respiration
C. inspiratory center; the control over the breathing or
respiratory rate
C. allow cohesion of the visceral to parietal layers of pleura
D. all of the above
D. prevent friction of the lungs during breathing
E. none of the above
E. C and D only
4. In asthma, there is
8. Intra-alveolar pressure is normally greater than intra pleural
pressure because
A. narrowing of the bronchioles due to chronic contraction
of their smooth muscles
A. the surface tension of the alveolar walls promotes their
collapse, thus reducing the size of the pulmonary cavity
B. an increased tendency to have hypoxia
B. elasticity promotes the recoil of the alveolar walls
following inspiration
C. both A and B
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
D. neither A nor B
Page 28 of 62 D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the
abdomen to the thorax.
9. In carbon monoxide poisoning
E. all of the above
A. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is decreased
B. the arterial partial pressure of carbon monoxide is much
greater than that of oxygen
C. the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
substantially increased above normal
D. the venous partial pressure of oxygen is normal
E. the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin is
substantially decreased
13. What are the CORRECT products when carbonic acid
ionizes in the red blood cells?
A. Carbonic acid and water.
B. Reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate.
C. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride.
D. Carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide.
E. Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
10. Breathing is stimulated principally by:
A. reduced CO2 concentration acting on the respiratory
centers
B. elevated CO2 acting on the respiratory centers
14. Lung collapse can occur when air from the atmosphere
enters the pleural cavity because --?-- and pushes in on the
lung.
C. reduced CO2 acting on the chemoreceptors in the aorta
and carotid arteries
A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure.
D. elevated CO2 acting on the cerebral medulla and
hypothalamus
B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric
pressure.
E. none of the above
11. The trachea transports --?-- from the --?-- to the --?--,
C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure.
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure.
A. air; pharynx; mouth
B. air; larynx; primary bronchus
C. oxygen; mouth; lungs
D. carbon dioxide; secondary bronchus; bronchioles
12. Breathing is important for
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to
the heart.
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of
the heart to he diaphragm.
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen
to the thorax.
15. Factors involved in the elastic tendency for collapse of the
lungs include:
A. epithelial cells lining the alveolar sac.
B. surface tension of alveolar fluid.
C. smooth muscle of the interstitial space of the respiratory
membrane.
D. presence of elastic fibers within the terminal bronchial
tree.
E. B and D only
16. "Emphysema" is
Page 29 of 62 A. a chronic condition in which adjacent alveolar sacs fuse
together to form bigger bubbles or air spaces.
B. a condition in which the elasticity of the alveolar walls is
seriously decreased
20. Assuming an atmospheric pressure equivalent to that at
sea level, and knowing that the amount of oxygen in air is
about 1/5 of the total pressure, then the partial pressure of the
oxygen in air at sea level is --?-- in Hg.
A. 175
C. both A and B
B. 152
D. neither A nor B
C. 200
D. 225
17. The respiratory membrane consists of
A. a single thickness of epithelial cells.
B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement
membrane.
C. two thickness of epithelial cells.
D. two thickness of epithelial cells and basement
membranes.
21. Emphysema is a devastating disease because every
breath is painful. Emphysema is most commonly related to
long-term
A. lack of exercise
B. coughing
C. cigarette smoking
E. two layers of epithelial cells, two sets of basement
membranes, and interstitial tissue between them.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
18. Which one of the following would be pierced THIRDLY by a
point of a pin entering the chest wall from the outside?
22. As blood passes through capillaries in the cerebrum
A. Pleural fluid
B. Skin
A. carbon dioxide diffuses from the brain cells into the
blood, while oxygen diffuses form the blood into the brain
cells.
C. Lung
D. Parietal pleura
B. both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the brain
cells.
C. oxyhemoglobin is carried into the brain cells by active
transport.
19. Children who are born without enough pulmonary
surfactant have difficulty breathing. This type of respiratory
distress disease is
D. carbon dioxide leaves the brain cells by active transport.
E. platelets release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
A. emphysema
B. Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)
C. cancer
D. pleurisy
E. none of the above
23. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are 'open' in the
back". This really means that
A. There is smooth muscle enveloping the entire
trachea, including the open part of the cartilages.
B. Air can enter the back of the trachea via the esophagus.
C. both A and B
Page 30 of 62 D. neither A nor B
A. left atrium
B. a bronchi of the hepatic artery
24. The damaging effect of carbon monoxide is due to the fact
that
C. the descending aorta
D. pulmonary artery
A. It combines strongly with hemoglobin which doesn't
easily let go of it.
E. pulmonary vein
B. It inactivates enzymes that transport oxygen to
hemoglobin.
C. It causes erythrocytes to undergo peculiar changes in
shape.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
28. An acute, or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree
caused by bacterial infection or irritants, is known as
A. emphysema
B. hay fever
C. bronchitis
25. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
B. Bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx
C. Bronchi > sinuses > lungs > pleura
D. Nasal cavity > glottis > bronchi > trachea > tracheoles
E. Alveolar sac > alveolar duct > bronchiole > primary
bronchus
26. What will be the partial pressure of O2 under the following
conditions? Atmospheric pressure at 750 mm Hg and %O2 =
2O.
A. PO2 = 20 mm Hg
B. PO2 = 15000 mm Hg
C. PO2 = 150 - 156 mm g
D. PO2 = 230 mm Hg
D. bronchial asthma
29. When the diaphragm and chest elevating muscles contract,
A. the intra thoracic volume decreases.
B. the intra thoracic pressure increases.
C. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases.
D. expiration occurs.
E. the alveoli are compressed.
30. Which function of the nasal cavity allows for the "speeding
up of the movement of gases into the alveolus from the outside
of the body"?
A. Filtration and phagocytosis
B. Humidification and warming
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
E. PO2 = 150 ml per minute
31. The tidal volume equals the volume of air
27. In which region would you expect the PCO2 of the blood to
be highest?
A. passing in and out of the lungs with each breathing
movement
Page 31 of 62 B. filling the bronchial tree, trachea, and larynx
35. In which of the following structures might one expect
inhaled air to have the HIGHEST carbon dioxide content?
C. exhaled by the deepest possible expiration
A. trachea
D. remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
B. bronchus
E. none of the above
C. pharynx
D. alveoli
32. The rate of breathing is INCREASED when
E. nose
A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood.
B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous
exercise.
C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial
blood
D. all of the above
36. Increasing levels of CO2 are more influential in changing
the rate of breathing than is decreasing levels of oxygen
because
A. the latter can be remedied more quickly than increasing
amounts of carbon dioxide
B. the respiratory center is equally sensitive to changing
levels of both CO2 and O2
33. When one covers their mouth and nose with a paper bag
and starts to breathe into the bag, they get big urge to breathe
after removing the bag. This is because
A. the oxygen was being depleted rapidly, therefore, it took
deeper breaths into the bag to obtain enough oxygen.
C. the medulla oblongata's respiratory center requires
extremely large rises of oxygen to have any appreciable effect
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
B. the oxygen was limited to small amounts in the bag
while the carbon dioxide was building up, so carbon
dioxide was inhaled in great amounts and made the
person increase his/her breathing right away.
37. In normal quiet breathing, expiration is brought about by
C. both A and B
A. inhibition of inspiration
D. neither A nor B
B. stimulation of sympathetic neurons
C. stimulation of expiratory muscles
34. Surfactant
D. stimulation of the diaphragm
A. contains NaHCO3, a detergent-like substance which
breaks apart water molecules of the alveoli and normally
causes it to get smaller.
E. all of the above
B. contains lecithin which allows the alveoli to stretch
out when air enters the lungs.
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
38. The Eustachian tubes and the internal nares are openings
into the
A. oropharynx
B. nasopharynx
C. laryngopharynx
D. sphenoid sinus
Page 32 of 62 E. adenoids
3. Intra pleural pressure is:
A. less than atmospheric pressure
39. It is now known that --?-- produce the "surface active
agent" in the alveoli of the lungs.
B. less than pulmonary pressure
C. the same as intra thoracic pressure
A. the alveolar macrophages
D. all of the above
B. dust cells in the alveolus
E. A and B only
C. the type II cells
D. the plasma cells
E. oxygenated red blood cells
4. The reason one CANNOT hold their breath for an extended
period of time is
A. oxygen depletion causes excitation of the respiratory
center
40. In active tissue cells and deoxygenated blood, the PCO2 is
usually --?-- the PO2.
B. CO2 build-up in the blood automatically forces them to
breathe
A. greater than
B. equal to
C. less than
C. build-up of lactic acid causes the pneumotaxic center to
start action
D. stretch receptors stimulate the inspiratory center
1. Which one of the following pressures is the HIGHEST?
A. Intra pleural pressure to cause expiration
B. Intra pleural pressure to cause inspiration
C. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause expiration
D. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause inspiration
5. The normal stimulus for inspiration is the
A. stretch put on the vagus nerve by gas in the diaphragm
B. stretch put on the diaphragm by the contraction of the
lungs
C. lift of the intercostal muscles upon the diaphragm
D. increased level of arterial blood CO2
2. Inhalation is brought about by
E. none of the above
A. contraction of both the diaphragm and the external
intercostals
B. relaxation of both the diaphragm and the intercostal
muscles
C. contraction of the abdominal wall muscles, and the
latisimus dorsi
6. All of these changes occur in inspiration; which change is
LAST in the sequence and occurs as a result of the others?
A. decrease in intra pleural pressure
B. enlargement of the thorax
D. upward movement of the diaphragm and a shortening of
C. decrease in intra pulmonic pressure
the three diameters of the chest cavity
D. contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
E. movement of air through the respiratory tract to the
alveoli
Page 33 of 62 E. none of the above
7. Increasing the volume in the chest cavity --?-- the pressure
in the cavity.
A. produces
B. increases
11. Because the inspiratory center of the medulla is so --?-- to
hypoxia, it can
A. sensitive; respond to very low levels of oxygen in the
blood without being adversely affected
C. has no effect on
D. increases the temperature
E. decreases
B. responsive; cause rapid breathing to the state of
hyperventilation with no trouble at all
C. insensitive; withstand low oxygen levels for a long period
of time
D. none of the above
8. The transfer of oxygen across cell membranes occurs
A. entirely by diffusion.
B. by diffusion and active transport.
12. An object small enough to pass into a primary bronchus
would more likely become lodged in the right lung because the
right primary bronchus
C. entirely by active transport.
A. is wider
D. entirely by osmosis.
B. is shorter
E. by surfactant action.
C. is more vertical
D. branches from the trachea first
9. Changes in which of the following affect breathing rate the
MOST?
E. all except D
A. Degree to which exercises being carried on
B. CO2 of atmospheric air
13. The space between the lungs, occupied by the trachea,
esophagus and great vessels, is called the
C. Heat produced in the body during respiration
A. mediastinum
D. pH of alveolar membranes
B. thoracic cavity
E. All affect respiration equally
C. neck
D. chest cavity
10. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate by events
related to
E. pericardial cavity
A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls
B. relaxation of the chest muscle
C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen
14. If a habitual smoker stops smoking,
A. The risk of dying from lung cancer may be reduced
B. His risk of respiratory illness is somewhat reduced
C. Both A and B
Page 34 of 62 D. Neither A nor B
D. Glottis and epiglottis
E. None of the above
15. Hemoglobin:
A. buffers both oxygen and hydrogen levels in the blood
B. attaches more strongly to oxygen than to carbon
monoxide
19. Which of the following is/are correct?
A. In emphysema, blood meets more resistance in the
pulmonary circulation, thus the right side of the heart tends to
enlarge.
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
B. A loss of elasticity of the alveolar ducts and alveoli is a
common finding at autopsy in individuals who smoke cigarettes
and get emphysema
C. Both A and B
16. While you're reading this question, hold your breath. Go
ahead, hold your breath! Why can you NOT be expected to
hold your breath until the end of this test?
A. You would faint. And then your instructor would have to
hold you up to finish your exam.
B. You would start hyperventilating in which case your
instructor would have to call the college nurse to revive you.
D. Neither A nor B
20. Which one of the following parts of a respiratory membrane
is passed thirdly by a molecule of oxygen leaving the lung and
entering the blood stream.
A. Endothelium
C. You would NOT get enough oxygen to ventilate your
brain, so you would go into a fit and yell for help.
D. You would accumulate a lot of carbon dioxide and that
would stimulate you to inhale.
B. Alveolar epithelium
C. Endothelial basement membrane
D. Alveolar basement membrane
E. all of the above could occur.
17. Boyle's law states that :
21. Since the pO2 of arterial-type blood is about 100 mm hg
and the p02 if venous-type blood is about 40 mm hg, the
hemoglobin saturation is invariably around
A. The pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume
A. 90 - 100%
B. The pressure of a gas is directly related to the volume
B. 80 - 90%
C. The percent by volume of a gas is the same as the partial
pressure
D. That NONE of the above are TRUE
C. 40 - 100%
D. 70 - 97%
E. 90 - 97%
18. The actual exchange of gases between the air and the
blood occurs "first" across the:
A. Bronchi
22 The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the
respiratory center are similar because:
B. Respiratory membrane
A. Both cause a reduction in the oxygen concentration
C. Bronchioles
B. Both are positively charged.
Page 35 of 62 C. Hydrogen ions combine with water to form carbon dioxide
D. The center is almost equally responsive to both
substances
B. 500 cc
C. 420 cc
D. can't be determined
23. Which of the following is/are a false statement(s)?
A. Exhalation is stopped during coughing
27. Which of the following substances is greatest as a result of
cellular respiration?
B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract
A. Oxygen
C. Coughing prevents possible choking
B. Carbon dioxide
D. In coughing, one thrust of air serves to dislodge material
blocking the airway during exhaling
C. Glucose
D. nitrogen
E. All of the above
E. B and D only
24. You cannot inhale when you attempt to swallow because:
A. your tongue will protrude into your throat and block the
passage of air to your lungs
28. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with - ? -- to form --?--.
A. hydrogen; H2O
B. Breathing would impair your chance to get food into your
esophagus
C. the soft palate closes off air passage through the
nasopharynx to the throat
D. swallowing is more important than breathing
E. none of the above
25. The "hilum" of a lung contain(s):
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
C. barium (B); BO
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
E. water; carbonic acid
29. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. Common bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein
A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli
B. Bronchus, alveolar sac and alveoli
B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx
C. Pulmonary arteries & veins, plus the primary bronchus
C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura
D. Mediastinum and diaphragm
D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles
E. Trachea, larynx, and pharynx
E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs
26. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5150 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is his tidal volume?
A. 480 cc
30. The true vocal cords:
A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound
Page 36 of 62 B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them
slowly
C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is
desired
D. all of the above
34. If an individual has a vital capacity of 6150 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 4020cc, and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is their tidal volume?
A. 480 cc
B. 500 cc
31. Dust particles, entering the respiratory system at the nose,
may:
C. 680 cc
D. can't be determined
A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree
B. be covered with phlegm and gradually moved out
through the nose and Be exhaled
C be attacked by white blood cells in the trachea
35. Which one of the following structures listed would be
pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the
OUTSIDE?
D. initiate antibody formation in the pulmonary capillary bed
A. pleural cavity
E. cause the individual to sneeze
B. visceral pleura
C. parietal pleura
32. Breathing movements are important for:
D. alveoli
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to
the heart
E. chest wall
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side
of the heart to The diaphragm
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen
to the thorax
D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen
to the thorax
E. all of the above
36. The largest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the
form of buffers like NaHCO3, is found in the:
A. plasma
B. white blood cells
C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells
D. platelets
33. Following a stab wound to the chest, :lung collapse occurs
because air enter the pleural cavity and:
A. Intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
B. Intra pleural pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
37. Oxygen is carried in the blood
1. bound to hemoglobin.
2. bound to albumin.
3. as a solute dissolved in plasma.
C. Intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure
4. in combination with inorganic ions.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
Page 37 of 62 A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
A. ciliated columnar epithelium.
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
B. simple squamous epithelium.
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
C. stratified squamous epithelium.
D. if 4 only is correct
D. loose connective tissue.
E. if all of the choices are correct
RESPIRATION-4 ANSWERS
38. The rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory
membrane decreases because of an increased thickness of
the wall (relative or actual) in
1. Which one of the following pressures is the HIGHEST?
1. pulmonary edema
A. Intra pleural pressure to cause expiration
2. pneumonia
B. Intra pleural pressure to cause inspiration
3. pulmonary fibrosis(more connective tissue in alveolar
C. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause expiration
wall)
4. emphysema
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
D. if 4 only is correct
D. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause inspiration
2. Inhalation is brought about by
A. contraction of both the diaphragm and the external
intercostals
B. relaxation of both the diaphragm and the intercostal
muscles
C. contraction of the abdominal wall muscles, and the
latisimus dorsi
E. if all of the choices are correct
D. upward movement of the diaphragm and a shortening of
the three diameters of the chest cavity
39. A rise in the lactic acid content of the blood will have what
effect on breathing?
A. The respiratory rate increases and the breathing
becomes stronger.
B. The respiratory rate decreases and the breathing
becomes shallow and weaker.
C. The chemoreceptors are depressed.
D. The baroreceptors are depressed.
E. The individual gradually loses consciousness.
40. The walls of the alveoli are composed of
3. Intra pleural pressure is:
A. less than atmospheric pressure
B. less than pulmonary pressure
C. the same as intra thoracic pressure
D. all of the above
E. A and B only
Page 38 of 62 4. The reason one CANNOT hold their breath for an extended
period of time is
A. oxygen depletion causes excitation of the respiratory
center
B. CO2 build-up in the blood automatically forces them
to breathe
C. build-up of lactic acid causes the pneumotaxic center to
start action
D. stretch receptors stimulate the inspiratory center
E. decreases
8. The transfer of oxygen across cell membranes occurs
A. entirely by diffusion.
B. by diffusion and active transport.
C. entirely by active transport.
D. entirely by osmosis.
E. by surfactant action.
5. The normal stimulus for inspiration is the
A. stretch put on the vagus nerve by gas in the diaphragm
B. stretch put on the diaphragm by the contraction of the
lungs
C. lift of the intercostal muscles upon the diaphragm
D. increased level of arterial blood CO2
E. none of the above
9. Changes in which of the following affect breathing rate the
MOST?
A. Degree to which exercises being carried on
B. CO2 of atmospheric air
C. Heat produced in the body during respiration
D. pH of alveolar membranes
E. All affect respiration equally
6. All of these changes occur in inspiration; which change is
LAST in the sequence and occurs as a result of the others?
A. decrease in intra pleural pressure
B. enlargement of the thorax
C. decrease in intra pulmonic pressure
D. contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
E. movement of air through the respiratory tract to the
alveoli
10. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate by events
related to
A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls
B. relaxation of the chest muscle
C. contraction of the diaphragm and external
intercostals
D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen
E. none of the above
7. Increasing the volume in the chest cavity --?-- the pressure
in the cavity.
A. produces
B. increases
C. has no effect on
D. increases the temperature
11. Because the inspiratory center of the medulla is so --?-- to
hypoxia, it can
A. sensitive; respond to very low levels of oxygen in the
blood without being adversely affected
B. responsive; cause rapid breathing to the state of
hyperventilation with no trouble at all
Page 39 of 62 C. insensitive; withstand low oxygen levels for a long
period of time
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
D. none of the above
12. An object small enough to pass into a primary bronchus
would more likely become lodged in the right lung because the
right primary bronchus
A. is wider
B. is shorter
16. While you're reading this question, hold your breath. Go
ahead, hold your breath! Why can you NOT be expected to
hold your breath until the end of this test?
A. You would faint. And then your instructor would have to
hold you up to finish your exam.
B. You would start hyperventilating in which case your
instructor would have to call the college nurse to revive you.
C. is more vertical
D. branches from the trachea first
E. all except D
C. You would NOT get enough oxygen to ventilate your
brain, so you would go into a fit and yell for help.
D. You would accumulate a lot of carbon dioxide and
that would stimulate you to inhale.
E. all of the above could occur.
13. The space between the lungs, occupied by the trachea,
esophagus and great vessels, is called the
A. mediastinum
17. Boyle's law states that :
B. thoracic cavity
A. The pressure of a gas is inversely related to the
volume
C. neck
D. chest cavity
E. pericardial cavity
B. The pressure of a gas is directly related to the volume
C. The percent by volume of a gas is the same as the partial
pressure
D. That NONE of the above are TRUE
14. If a habitual smoker stops smoking,
A. The risk of dying from lung cancer may be reduced
18. The actual exchange of gases between the air and the
blood occurs "first" across the:
B. His risk of respiratory illness is somewhat reduced
A. Bronchi
C. Both A and B
B. Respiratory membrane
D. Neither A nor B
C. Bronchioles
D. Glottis and epiglottis
15. Hemoglobin:
E. None of the above
A. buffers both oxygen and hydrogen levels in the blood
B. attaches more strongly to oxygen than to carbon
monoxide
19. Which of the following is/are correct?
Page 40 of 62 A. In emphysema, blood meets more resistance in the
pulmonary circulation, thus the right side of the heart tends to
enlarge.
B. A loss of elasticity of the alveolar ducts and alveoli is a
common finding at autopsy in individuals who smoke cigarettes
and get emphysema
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
23. Which of the following is/are a false statement(s)?
A. Exhalation is stopped during coughing
B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract
C. Coughing prevents possible choking
D. In coughing, one thrust of air serves to dislodge
material blocking the airway during exhaling
E. All of the above
20. Which one of the following parts of a respiratory membrane
is passed thirdly by a molecule of oxygen leaving the lung and
entering the blood stream.
A. Endothelium
B. Alveolar epithelium
C. Endothelial basement membrane
D. Alveolar basement membrane
24. You cannot inhale when you attempt to swallow because:
A. your tongue will protrude into your throat and block the
passage of air to your lungs
B. Breathing would impair your chance to get food into your
esophagus
C. the soft palate closes off air passage through the
nasopharynx to the throat
D. swallowing is more important than breathing
21. Since the pO2 of arterial-type blood is about 100 mm hg
and the p02 if venous-type blood is about 40 mm hg, the
hemoglobin saturation is invariably around
A. 90 - 100%
B. 80 - 90%
C. 40 - 100%
D. 70 - 97%
E. 90 - 97%
E. none of the above
25. The "hilum" of a lung contain(s):
A. Common bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein
B. Bronchus, alveolar sac and alveoli
C. Pulmonary arteries & veins, plus the primary
bronchus
D. Mediastinum and diaphragm
22 The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the
respiratory center are similar because:
A. Both cause a reduction in the oxygen concentration
B. Both are positively charged.
C. Hydrogen ions combine with water to form carbon dioxide
D. The center is almost equally responsive to both
substances
E. Trachea, larynx, and pharynx
26. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5150 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is his tidal volume?
A. 480 cc
B. 500 cc
C. 420 cc
D. can't be determined
Page 41 of 62 D. all of the above
27. Which of the following substances is greatest as a result of
cellular respiration?
A. Oxygen
31. Dust particles, entering the respiratory system at the nose,
may:
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Glucose
A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree
B. be covered with phlegm and gradually moved out
through the nose and Be exhaled
D. nitrogen
C be attacked by white blood cells in the trachea
E. B and D only
D. initiate antibody formation in the pulmonary capillary
bed
28. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with - ? -- to form --?--.
E. cause the individual to sneeze
A. hydrogen; H2O
32. Breathing movements are important for:
B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
C. barium (B); BO
D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2
E. water; carbonic acid
29. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of
structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract?
A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli
A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head
to the heart
B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left
side of the heart to The diaphragm
C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the
abdomen to the thorax
D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the
abdomen to the thorax
E. all of the above
B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx
C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura
D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles
33. Following a stab wound to the chest, :lung collapse occurs
because air enter the pleural cavity and:
A. Intra pleural pressure becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure
E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs
B. Intra pleural pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
30. The true vocal cords:
C. Intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than
atmospheric pressure
A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound
B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them
D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure
slowly
C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is
desired
34. If an individual has a vital capacity of 6150 cc, an
inspiratory reserve of 4020cc, and an expiratory reserve of
1450 cc, what is their tidal volume?
Page 42 of 62 A. 480 cc
D. if 4 only is correct
B. 500 cc
E. if all of the choices are correct
C. 680 cc
D. can't be determined
38. The rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory
membrane decreases because of an increased thickness of
the wall (relative or actual) in
1. pulmonary edema
35. Which one of the following structures listed would be
pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the
OUTSIDE?
2. pneumonia
A. pleural cavity
3. pulmonary fibrosis(more connective tissue in alveolar
wall)
B. visceral pleura
4. emphysema
C. parietal pleura
D. alveoli
E. chest wall
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
36. The largest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the
form of buffers like NaHCO3, is found in the:
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
D. if 4 only is correct
A. plasma
E. if all of the choices are correct
B. white blood cells
C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells
D. platelets
39. A rise in the lactic acid content of the blood will have what
effect on breathing?
A. The respiratory rate increases and the breathing
becomes stronger.
37. Oxygen is carried in the blood
1. bound to hemoglobin.
2. bound to albumin.
3. as a solute dissolved in plasma.
4. in combination with inorganic ions.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
B. The respiratory rate decreases and the breathing
becomes shallow and weaker.
C. The chemoreceptors are depressed.
D. The baroreceptors are depressed.
E. The individual gradually loses consciousness.
40. The walls of the alveoli are composed of
A. ciliated columnar epithelium.
B. simple squamous epithelium.
C. stratified squamous epithelium.
Page 43 of 62 D. loose connective tissue.
1. The quantity of oxygen in solution in the plasma is:
A. about equal to that combined with hemoglobin.
C. medulla oblongata.
D. hypothalamus
E. carotid body.
B. a small fraction of that combined with hemoglobin.
C. greater than that combined with hemoglobin.
D. slightly less than that combined with hemoglobin.
5. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by
1. active transport mechanisms.
2. diffusion.
2. Rapid forced breathing
1. is called hyperventilation
2. causes a state of alkalosis
3. filtration.
4. osmosis.
===============================================
=
3. causes a state of acidosis
A. 1 only
===============================================
=====
B. 2 only
A. 1 only
C. 3 only
B. 2 only
D. 4 only
C. 3 only
E. 1 and 2
D. 1 and 2
E. 1 and 3
6. Intra thoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural space)
A. equals the atmospheric pressure in inspiration.
3. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in venous blood
A. as molecular CO2, dissolved in the plasma.
B. is more than atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
C. increases when the diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract.
B. combined with hemoglobin, as carbamino-hemoglobin.
C. combined with hemoglobin, as oxyhemoglobin.
D. As bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes.
D. is the difference between the pressure in the pleural
cavity and that within the lung alveoli.
E. none of the above
E. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
7. The presence of extra atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is
called:
4. The center for control of normal respiration is located in the
A. spinal cord.
B. cerebellum.
A. residual air.
B. pneumothorax.
C. pneumonia.
Page 44 of 62 D. pleurisy.
1. The external intercostal muscles relax in normal
inspiration
E. minimal air.
2. When the lungs expand, the pressure in the alveoli
has decreased
8. The factors influencing the diffusion of gas across the
respiratory membrane include the
1. membrane thickness.
2. diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the
membrane.
3. The diaphragm contracts and forces air out of the
lungs, on expiration
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. 1 only
3. surface area of the membrane.
B. 2 only
4. difference in partial pressures across the membrane.
C. 3 only
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
11. An individual has a respiratory rate of 18, a vital capacity of
5.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 900 cc, and a minute
respiratory volume of 9.4 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve?
A. 281 cc
B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc
C. 3500 c
9. Blood loses ALL of its oxygen during passage through
1. the systemic capillaries
D. 16.0 liters
E. 4.1 liters
2. the pulmonary capillaries
3. the alveoli
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
12. The walls of the alveoli
1. are composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium.
2. are very thin.
3. contain several layers of smooth muscle.
4. contain some secretory cells.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
10. Regarding the breathing process, which of the following
is/are true?
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
Page 45 of 62 D. if 4 only is correct
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
13. The alveoli tend to get reduced in size because of
1. their elasticity.
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. their compliance.
3. the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli.
16. Which "reflex" takes precedence as food and air move
toward the pharynx?
4. the negative Intra pleural pressure.
A. Swallowing reflex
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. Breathing reflex
C. They both occur simultaneously
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
17. The trachea
D. if 4 only is correct
1. is located in the mediastinum.
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. is reinforced by 15 to 20 circular cartilages.
3. is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
14. If someone was choking on a large piece of meat, she
could get
4. bifurcates at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra to
form the primary bronchi.
A. asphyxia.
B. hyperventilation.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
C. atelectasis.
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
D. a cough.
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
15, Constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles
1. occurs during asthma attacks.
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. restricts the exchange of air in the lungs.
3. can cause suffocation.
4. causes dyspnea.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
18. As CO2 passes from the plasma to the alveolar air, which
is the third structure it passes?
A. Surfactant layer
B. Alveolar epithelial cells
Page 46 of 62 C. Capillary basement membrane
C. are the openings of the nose to the outside.
D. Capillary endothelial cells
D. interrupt the air flow, causing it to swirl.
E. alveolar basement membrane
E. are the seat of olfaction.
19. During the "chloride shift" in the blood,
A. anions move into the red blood cell to replace the loss
of bicarbonate ions.
B. chloride ions combine with sodium hydroxide to form
free sodium ions in the red blood cell.
23. The volume of the sound produced by the vocal cords is
related to
A. the length of the vocal cords.
B. the frequency of the vibrations.
C. the amplitude of the vibrations.
C. both A and B
D. the thickness of the thyroid cartilage.
D. neither A nor B
E. the size of the glottis.
20. About one-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
24. In chronic smoking,
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
A. the lungs become clogged with mucus
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased
C. bicarbonate ions
C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is
persistent
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
D. cancer is a fairly common outcome
E. C6H12O6(glucose)
E. all of the above
21. The chloride shift refers to:
A. The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells
following loss of bicarbonate ions from these cells.
25. The least important influence on regulation of respiration is
the ? level of the arterial blood reaching the medulla oblongata.
A. hydrogen ion
B the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that
occurs between red blood cells and plasma at the pulmonary
capillary bed
C. both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
22. The nasal conchae
A. divide the nose into a right and left chamber.
B. form the floor of the nasal cavity.
B. carbon dioxide
C. oxygen
D. nitrogen
26. Rhythmicity of breathing involves the:
A. cyclic action of the inspiratory center
B. influence of the apneustic center
Page 47 of 62 C. influence of the pneumotaxic center
C. the entry of food materials into cells
D. hering-breuer reflex
D. the act of breathing itself
E. all of the above
E. all of the above
27. About two-thirds of the CO2 produced by the cells travels
in the blood a
31. Hyperventilation produces which one of the following
conditions in the blood?
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
A. increase in hydrogen ion concentration
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
B. increase in carbon dioxide concentration
C. bicarbonate ions
C. increase in alkalinity
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
D. decrease in acidity level
E. C6H1206
E. both C and D
28. Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are
influenced by:
32. The following 7 questions are in order:
Carbon dioxide is always highest in cells because
A. H+
A. that's where it is produced
B. CO2
B. that's where it is needed the most
C. acidity
C. it combines with water to form carbonic acid
D. all of the preceding
D. its least concentrated in the external atmosphere
E. none of the above
29. Most of the carbon dioxide transported through the
circulatory system is actually chemically attached to:
A. bicarbonate ion in either the red blood cell or in plasma
33. CO2 easily diffuse into the plasma of the blood because:
B. reduced hemoglobin within the red blood cell
A. it has a high co-efficient of diffusion in respiratory
membrane
C. the surface of the red blood cell
D. albumin and occasionally the alpha globulins of the
plasma
B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the
cells and the plasma
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
30. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular
respiration"?
A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli
B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of
energy
34. Once in the red blood cells, carbon dioxide combines with
? to form carbonic acid
A. carbonic anhydrase
Page 48 of 62 B. water
C. more CO2
cell. This then decomposes to ? , which then diffuse into the
plasma and ultimately across the respiratory membrane to the
alveoli.
D. oxygen
A. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
E. hydrogen ions
B. oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin
C. water and carbon dioxide
35. Upon ionization of carbonic acid ? diffuses into the plasma
where it combines with sodium to form ?
D. sodium and potassium chloride
A. hydrogen; sodium globinate
B. oxygen; sodium oxalate
39. Which one of the following items does not significantly
affect the oxygen saturation of arterial blood?
C. bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate
A. partial pressure of O2
D. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
B. partial pressure of CO2
E. potassium; sodium hypochloride
C. amount of hemoglobin in the blood
D. PH of blood
36. Next, the hydrogen ions from carbonic acid combine with
hemoglobin to form reduced hemoglobin; the latter thus
becomes:
A. dissociated
B. a hydrogen buffer
C a plasma salt
D. an oxygen carrier
E. all of the above
E. partial pressure of nitrogen
40. After hyperventilating for several seconds, a person
experiences a short period of apnea (lack of breathing)
because:
A. the level of oxygen has increased and inhibits the
inspiratory center
B. the oxygen in the lungs has not had time to diffuse into
the blood
C. the PH would drop and inhibit inspiration
37. Since sodium had to become detached from sodium
chloride to combine with HCO3)3, ? ions were left in the
plasma. These are then attracted to the inside of the red blood
cells by the ? that exists there
A. bicarbonate; positivity of ions
D. the level of carbon dioxide would drop below the level
necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center
E. the short, quick respirations would upset the timing of
the apneustic center, resulting in a temporary lack of
action potentials to the inspiratory center
B. chlorides; deficiency of negative ions
C. both A and B
RESPIRATION-5 ANSWERS
D. neither A nor B
1. The quantity of oxygen in solution in the plasma is:
38. As the red blood cells follow the flow of blood toward the
pulmonary circulation, carbonic acid is again reformed in the
A. about equal to that combined with hemoglobin.
Page 49 of 62 B. a small fraction of that combined with hemoglobin.
C. greater than that combined with hemoglobin.
D. slightly less than that combined with hemoglobin.
5. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by
1. active transport mechanisms.
2. diffusion.
2. Rapid forced breathing
1. is called hyperventilation
2. causes a state of alkalosis
3. filtration.
4. osmosis.
===============================================
=
3. causes a state of acidosis
A. 1 only
===============================================
=====
B. 2 only
A. 1 only
C. 3 only
B. 2 only
D. 4 only
C. 3 only
E. 1 and 2
D. 1 and 2
E. 1 and 3
6. Intra thoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural space)
A. equals the atmospheric pressure in inspiration.
3. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in venous blood
A. as molecular CO2, dissolved in the plasma.
B. is more than atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
C. increases when the diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract.
B. combined with hemoglobin, as carbamino-hemoglobin.
C. combined with hemoglobin, as oxyhemoglobin.
D. As bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes.
D. is the difference between the pressure in the pleural
cavity and that within the lung alveoli.
E. none of the above
E. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
7. The presence of extra atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is
called:
4. The center for control of normal respiration is located in the
A. spinal cord.
B. cerebellum.
C. medulla oblongata.
D. hypothalamus
E. carotid body.
A. residual air.
B. pneumothorax.
C. pneumonia.
D. pleurisy.
E. minimal air.
Page 50 of 62 8. The factors influencing the diffusion of gas across the
respiratory membrane include the
1. membrane thickness.
2. diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the
membrane.
3. The diaphragm contracts and forces air out of the
lungs, on expiration
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. 1 only
3. surface area of the membrane.
B. 2 only
4. difference in partial pressures across the membrane.
C. 3 only
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
11. An individual has a respiratory rate of 18, a vital capacity of
5.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 900 cc, and a minute
respiratory volume of 9.4 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve?
D. if 4 only is correct
A. 281 cc
E. if all of the choices are correct
B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc
C. 3500 c
9. Blood loses ALL of its oxygen during passage through
D. 16.0 liters
1. the systemic capillaries
E. 4.1 liters
2. the pulmonary capillaries
3. the alveoli
12. The walls of the alveoli
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. are composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium.
A. 1 only
2. are very thin.
B. 2 only
3. contain several layers of smooth muscle.
C. 3 only
4. contain some secretory cells.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
10. Regarding the breathing process, which of the following
is/are true?
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
1. The external intercostal muscles relax in normal
inspiration
2. When the lungs expand, the pressure in the alveoli
has decreased
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
Page 51 of 62 C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
13. The alveoli tend to get reduced in size because of
1. their elasticity.
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. their compliance.
3. the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli.
16. Which "reflex" takes precedence as food and air move
toward the pharynx?
4. the negative Intra pleural pressure.
A. Swallowing reflex
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
B. Breathing reflex
C. They both occur simultaneously
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
17. The trachea
D. if 4 only is correct
1. is located in the mediastinum.
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. is reinforced by 15 to 20 circular cartilages.
3. is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
14. If someone was choking on a large piece of meat, she
could get
4. bifurcates at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra to
form the primary bronchi.
A. asphyxia.
B. hyperventilation.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
C. atelectasis.
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
D. a cough.
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
C. if 2 and 4 only are correct
15, Constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles
1. occurs during asthma attacks.
D. if 4 only is correct
E. if all of the choices are correct
2. restricts the exchange of air in the lungs.
3. can cause suffocation.
4. causes dyspnea.
----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS-------------------------------
18. As CO2 passes from the plasma to the alveolar air, which
is the third structure it passes?
A. Surfactant layer
B. Alveolar epithelial cells
A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct
C. Capillary basement membrane
B. if 1, and 3 only are correct
D. Capillary endothelial cells
Page 52 of 62 E. alveolar basement membrane
19. During the "chloride shift" in the blood,
A. anions move into the red blood cell to replace the
loss of bicarbonate ions.
B. chloride ions combine with sodium hydroxide to form
free sodium ions in the red blood cell.
E. are the seat of olfaction.
23. The volume of the sound produced by the vocal cords is
related to
A. the length of the vocal cords.
B. the frequency of the vibrations.
C. the amplitude of the vibrations.
C. both A and B
D. the thickness of the thyroid cartilage.
D. neither A nor B
E. the size of the glottis.
20. About one-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood as
24. In chronic smoking,
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
A. the lungs become clogged with mucus
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased
C. bicarbonate ions
C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is
persistent
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
D. cancer is a fairly common outcome
E. C6H12O6(glucose)
E. all of the above
21. The chloride shift refers to:
A. The movement of chloride ions into red blood
cells following loss of bicarbonate ions from these cells.
B the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that
occurs between red blood cells and plasma at the pulmonary
capillary bed
25.The least important influence on regulation of respiration is
the ? level of the arterial blood reaching the medulla
oblongata.
A. hydrogen ion
B. carbon dioxide
C. both A and B
C. oxygen
D. Neither A nor B
D. nitrogen
22. The nasal conchae
26.Rhythmicity of breathing involves the:
A. divide the nose into a right and left chamber.
A. cyclic action of the inspiratory center
B. form the floor of the nasal cavity.
B. influence of the apneustic center
C. are the openings of the nose to the outside.
C. influence of the pneumotaxic center
D. interrupt the air flow, causing it to swirl.
D. hering-breuer reflex
Page 53 of 62 E. all of the above
27.About two-thirds of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in
the blood a
E. all of the above
31.Hyperventilation produces which one of the following
conditions in the blood?
A. CO2 dissolved in blood
A. increase in hydrogen ion concentration
B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin
B. increase in carbon dioxide concentration
C. bicarbonate ions
C. increase in alkalinity
D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins
D. decrease in acidity level
E. C6H1206
E. both C and D
28.Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are
influenced by:
32.The following 7 questions are in order:
Carbon dioxide is always highest in cells because
A. H+
A. that's where it is produced
B. CO2
B. that's where it is needed the most
C. acidity
C. it combines with water to form carbonic acid
D. all of the preceding
D. its least concentrated in the external atmosphere
E. none of the above
29.Most of the carbon dioxide transported through the
circulatory system is actually chemically attached to:
A. bicarbonate ion in either the red blood cell or in
plasma
B. reduced hemoglobin within the red blood cell
C. the surface of the red blood cell
D. albumin and occasionally the alpha globulins of the
plasma
33.CO2 easily diffuse into the plasma of the blood because:
A. it has a high co-efficient of diffusion in respiratory
membrane
B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the
cells and the plasma
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
30.Which of the following could best be termed "cellular
respiration"?
A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli
B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release
of energy
C. the entry of food materials into cells
D. the act of breathing itself
34.Once in the red blood cells, carbon dioxide combines with ?
to form carbonic acid
A. carbonic anhydrase
B. water
C. more CO2
Page 54 of 62 D. oxygen
A. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
E. hydrogen ions
B. oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin
C. water and carbon dioxide
35.Upon ionization of carbonic acid ? diffuses into the plasma
where it combines with sodium to form ?
D. sodium and potassium chloride
A. hydrogen; sodium globinate
B. oxygen; sodium oxalate
39.Which one of the following items does not significantly
affect the oxygen saturation of arterial blood?
C. bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate
A. partial pressure of O2
D. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin
B. partial pressure of CO2
E. potassium; sodium hypochloride
C. amount of hemoglobin in the blood
D. PH of blood
36.Next, the hydrogen ions from carbonic acid combine with
hemoglobin to form reduced hemoglobin; the latter thus
becomes:
A. dissociated
B. a hydrogen buffer
C a plasma salt
E. partial pressure of nitrogen
40.After hyperventilating for several seconds, a person
experiences a short period of apnea (lack of breathing)
because:
A. the level of oxygen has increased and inhibits the
inspiratory center
D. an oxygen carrier
E. all of the above
B. the oxygen in the lungs has not had time to diffuse into
the blood
C. the PH would drop and inhibit inspiration
37.Since sodium had to become detached from sodium
chloride to combine with HCO3)3, ? ions were left in the
plasma. These are then attracted to the inside of the red
blood cells by the ? that exists there
A. bicarbonate; positivity of ions
B. chlorides; deficiency of negative ions
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
D. the level of carbon dioxide would drop below the
level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory
center
E. the short, quick respirations would upset the timing of
the apneustic center, resulting in a temporary lack of
action potentials to the inspiratory center
1. One of the principal functions of the paranasal sinuses is to:
A. help relieve ocular pressure
B. store infectionary sinus drip
C. lighten the bones of the skull
38.As the red blood cells follow the flow of blood toward the
pulmonary circulation, carbonic acid is again reformed in
the cell. This then decomposes to ? , which then diffuse
into the plasma and ultimately across the respiratory
membrane to the alveoli.
D. help store clotting agents for broken vessels
E. immediately absorb blood from broken vessels
Page 55 of 62 2. The "pitch" of vocal sounds is controlled by changing the:
A. tidal volume
A. Force of air movement through the pharynx and mouth
B. residual volume
B. tension on the vocal cords
C. vital capacity
C. size of the laryngeal cartilages
D. inspiratory reserve
D. shape of the laryngeal cartilages
E. expiratory reserve
E. all of the above
7. It is now known that ? produces the "surface active agent"
in the alveoli of the lungs
3. If a person were to accidentally swallow a tiny, bee bee-size
bone and it traveled down his/her lower respiratory tract,
into which structure would it most likely enter?
A. the alveolar macrophage
B. dust cells in the alveolus
A. right lung
C. the type II cells in the alveolus
B. left lung
D. the plasma cell
C. mediastinal lung
E. oxygenated red blood cell
D. esophagus
8. If the volume of an area increases, then its:
4. The ? arteries are nutrient arteries and play no part in
oxygenization of the blood.
A space will decrease in size
A. pulmonary
B. pressure will decrease
B. coronary
C. velocity will increase
C. parenchymal
D. blood flow will be reduced
D. bronchial
E. none of the above
5. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are open in the back"
This really means that:
A. there is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea,
including the open part of the cartilages
B. the esophagus can bulge into the back of the trachea
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
6. Of the following, the largest pulmonary volume is the
9. Inspiration is accomplished by:
A. contraction of diaphragm
B. elastic recoil of chest
C. contraction of external intercostal muscles
D. contraction of lungs
E. A and C only
10. During normal, quiet expirations
Page 56 of 62 A. the internal intercostal pull the rib cage downward
D. neither A nor B
B. the inspiratory muscles are relaxed
C. the thoracic cavity volume gradually increases
14. The partial pressure of oxygen is:
D. A and B only
A. about 100 mm in venous blood
E. A and C only
B. about 40 mm in arterial blood
C. about 100 mm in the interstitial space
11. By chemically combining with available oxygen from the
lungs, hemoglobin
D. about 40 mm in the alveoli
E. slightly less than 100 mm in the pulmonary veins
A. causes the breakdown of carbaminohemoglobin
B. maximizes the acidifying effects of carbonic acid
15. The reaction—
C. causes oxygen to be moved at both greater speed and
greater volume through the tissues
D. greatly increases the carrying capacity of oxygen and
makes it readily available to the tissues
E. increases the partial pressure of oxygen while
decreasing it solubility
"Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, heat
and energy" is know as
A. breathing
B. external respiration
C. cellular respiration
12. Blood in the pulmonary artery is
A. bright red in color because it has a high oxygen
contraction
B. dark red in color because of its low oxygen
concentration
C. dark red in color because of its high carbon dioxide
concentration
D. internal respiration
E. all of the above
16. Respiration involves two phases: the first, ? , involves
exchange of gases between the blood and air. The second, ? ,
involves exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells
A. inhalation; exhalation
D. bright red because it has a low carbon dioxide
concentration
B. inspiration: expiration
E. the color is red for none of the above reasons
C. external; cellular
D. external; internal
13. The term "respiration" is best described as:
A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or
other organic molecules producing energy and
waste products
E. internal; external
17. What are the correct products when carbonic acid
dissociates in the red blood cells
B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism
and the external environment
A. carbonic acid and water
C. both A and B
B. reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate
Page 57 of 62 C. sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride
B. 755 mmHg
D. carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide
C. 253 mmHg
E. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
D. 114 mmHg
E. 3800 mmHg
18. Since atmospheric air is 20.9% oxygen, and since the
barometric pressure at 10,000 feet is 523 mm of hg, the partial
pressure of oxygen at the elevation in the inspired air is ? mm
of hg
A. 25
B. 159
C. 109
22. If the chest wall is perforated:
A. the lung will tend to be forced out through the wound.
B. the lung on that side will collapse.
C. breathing will be largely unaffected, because of the large
reserve capacity of the abdominal respiratory muscles.
D. 523
D. pleurisy results immediately.
E. 2502
E. the respiratory rate slows drastically.
19. In order for hypoxia to be a stimulus for respiration, its level
in the blood must reach a partial pressure of at least ? mm hg.
A. 150
B. 100
C. 90
D. 80
E. 40 to 50
20. The breathing rate is accelerated by:
23. The carotid chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
A. an increase in Po2.
B. an increase in Pco2.
C. an increase in blood Ph.
D. All of the above
E. a and c only
24. Restful (quiet) breathing involves active skeletal muscle
contraction in:
A. a small decrease in blood oxygen levels
A. expiration.
B. a decrease in blood CO2
B. inspiration.
C. an increase in blood CO2
C. Both
D. an increase in blood O2 and a decrease of CO2
D. Neither
21. Assume that alveolar air has an oxygen content of 15%
and a CO2 content of 5%. Total alveolar pressure is equivalent
to 760 mm Hg. What is the PCO2?
A. 38 mmHg
25. Hyperventilation leads to:
A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in
blood pH.
Page 58 of 62 B. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in
blood pH.
D. All of the above
C. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in
blood pH.
29. The blood concentration of oxygen would be:
D. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in
blood pH.
A. higher in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary
vein
B. higher in the pulmonary vein than in the pulmonary
artery
26. Respiratory acidosis can result from
+
1. too much H in the blood
C. the same in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
+
2. too little H in the blood
3. reduced breathing rate
4. increased breathing rate
==================================
30. A patient has a blood pH of 7.5 (normal is 7.4), a resting
respiratory rate of 10 (normal is 15), and an arterial Po2 of 92
(normal is 100). Name one possible cause which might yield
levels noted in this patient.
A. Respiratory acidosis
A. 1 and 3
B. Respiratory alkalosis
B. 2 and 4
C. Metabolic acidosis
C. 1 and 4
D. Metabolic alkalosis
D. 2 and 3
RESPIRATION-6 ANSWERS
27. The presence of atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is
called:
1. One of the principal functions of the paranasal sinuses is to:
A. residual air.
A. help relieve ocular pressure
B. pneumothorax.
B. store infectionary sinus drip
C. pneumonia.
C. lighten the bones of the skull
D. pleurisy.
D. help store clotting agents for broken vessels
E. minimal air.
E. immediately absorb blood from broken vessels
28. Respiratory disease frequently leads to:
2. The "pitch" of vocal sounds is controlled by changing the:
A. an increase in the vital capacity .
A. Force of air movement through the pharynx and mouth
B. a decrease in the residual volume.
B. tension on the vocal cords
C. a decrease in the alveolar/pulmonary capillary gas
exchange.
C. size of the laryngeal cartilages
Page 59 of 62 D. shape of the laryngeal cartilages
E. expiratory reserve
E. all of the above
7. It is now known that ? produces the "surface active agent"
in the alveoli of the lungs
3. If a person were to accidentally swallow a tiny, bee bee-size
bone and it traveled down his/her lower respiratory tract,
into which structure would it most likely enter?
A. the alveolar macrophage
B. dust cells in the alveolus
A. right lung
C. the type II cells in the alveolus
B. left lung
D. the plasma cell
C. mediastinal lung
E. oxygenated red blood cell
D. esophagus
8. If the volume of an area increases, then its:
4. The ? arteries are nutrient arteries and play no part in
oxygenization of the blood.
A space will decrease in size
A. pulmonary
B. pressure will decrease
B. coronary
C. velocity will increase
C. parenchymal
D. blood flow will be reduced
D. bronchial
E. none of the above
5. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are open in the back"
This really means that:
A. there is smooth muscle enveloping the entire
trachea, including the open part of the cartilages
B. the esophagus can bulge into the back of the trachea
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
6. Of the following, the largest pulmonary volume is the
A. tidal volume
B. residual volume
C. vital capacity
D. inspiratory reserve
9. Inspiration is accomplished by:
A. contraction of diaphragm
B. elastic recoil of chest
C. contraction of external intercostal muscles
D. contraction of lungs
E. A and C only
10.During normal, quiet expirations
A. the internal intercostal pull the rib cage downward
B. the inspiratory muscles are relaxed
C. the thoracic cavity volume gradually increases
D. A and B only
Page 60 of 62 E. A and C only
B. about 40 mm in arterial blood
C. about 100 mm in the interstitial space
11.By chemically combining with available oxygen from the
lungs, hemoglobin
D. about 40 mm in the alveoli
E. slightly less than 100 mm in the pulmonary veins
A. causes the breakdown of carbaminohemoglobin
B. maximizes the acidifying effects of carbonic acid
15.The reaction—
C. causes oxygen to be moved at both greater speed and
greater volume through the tissues
D. greatly increases the carrying capacity of oxygen
and makes it readily available to the tissues
E. increases the partial pressure of oxygen while
decreasing it solubility
"Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, heat and
energy" is know as
A. breathing
B. external respiration
C. cellular respiration
12.Blood in the pulmonary artery is
A. bright red in color because it has a high oxygen
contraction
B. dark red in color because of its low oxygen
concentration
C. dark red in color because of its high carbon dioxide
concentration
D. bright red because it has a low carbon dioxide
concentration
E. the color is red for none of the above reasons
D. internal respiration
E. all of the above
16.Respiration involves two phases: the first, ? , involves
exchange of gases between the blood and air. The
second, ? , involves exchange of gases between the
blood and tissue cells
A. inhalation; exhalation
B. inspiration: expiration
C. external; cellular
D. external; internal
13.The term "respiration" is best described as:
E. internal; external
A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate
or other organic molecules producing energy
and waste products
B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism
and the external environment
17.What are the correct products when carbonic acid
dissociates in the red blood cells
A. carbonic acid and water
C. both A and B
B. reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate
D. neither A nor B
C. sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride
D. carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide
14.The partial pressure of oxygen is:
E. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
A. about 100 mm in venous blood
Page 61 of 62 E. 3800 mmHg
18.Since atmospheric air is 20.9% oxygen, and since the
barometric pressure at 10,000 feet is 523 mm of hg, the
partial pressure of oxygen at the elevation in the inspired
air is ? mm of hg
A. 25
B. 159
C. 109
22. If the chest wall is perforated:
A. the lung will tend to be forced out through the wound.
B. the lung on that side will collapse.
C. breathing will be largely unaffected, because of the large
reserve capacity of the
abdominal respiratory muscles.
D. 523
D. pleurisy results immediately.
E. 2502
E. the respiratory rate slows drastically.
19.In order for hypoxia to be a stimulus for respiration, its level
in the blood must reach a partial pressure of at least mm
hg.
A. 150
B. 100
C. 90
D. 80
23.The carotid chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
A. an increase in Po2.
B. an increase in Pco2.
C. an increase in blood Ph.
D. All of the above
E. a and c only
E. 40 to 50
20.The breathing rate is accelerated by:
A. a small decrease in blood oxygen levels
B. a decrease in blood CO2
C. an increase in blood CO2
D. an increase in blood O2 and a decrease of CO2
21.Assume that alveolar air has an oxygen content of 15% and
alveolar pressure is equivalent
a CO2 content of 5%. Total
to 760 mm Hg. What is the PCO2?
A. 38 mmHg
B. 755 mmHg
C. 253 mmHg
D. 114 mmHg
24.Restful (quiet) breathing involves active skeletal muscle
contraction in:
A. expiration.
B. inspiration.
C. Both
D. Neither
25.Hyperventilation leads to:
A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in
blood pH.
B. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in
blood pH.
C. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in
blood pH.
Page 62 of 62 D. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in
blood pH.
B. higher in the pulmonary vein than in the pulmonary
artery
C. the same in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
26.Respiratory acidosis can result from
+
1. too much H in the blood
2. too little H+ in the blood
3. reduced breathing rate
4. increased breathing rate
==================================
A. 1 and 3
B. 2 and 4
C. 1 and 4
D. 2 and 3
27.The presence of atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is
called:
A. residual air.
B. pneumothorax.
C. pneumonia.
D. pleurisy.
E. minimal air.
28.Respiratory disease frequently leads to:
A. an increase in the vital capacity .
B. a decrease in the residual volume.
C. a decrease in the alveolar/pulmonary capillary gas
exchange.
D. All of the above
29.The blood concentration of oxygen would be:
A. higher in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary
vein
30.A patient has a blood pH of 7.5 (normal is 7.4), a resting
respiratory rate of 10 (normal is 15), and an arterial Po2 of
92 (normal is 100). Name one possible cause which
might yield levels noted in this patient.
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Metabolic acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis