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Sociology Ch. 5 S. 3: Agents of Socialization Obj: Identify the most important _____________ of socialization in the US; Explain why ___________ and ________________ are important social institutions. The views of Locke, Cooley, and Mead provide _______________ explanations of the socialization process. This section examines some specific forces and situations that shape socialization. Sociologists use the term agents of socialization to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that ______________ socialization to take place. In the US, the _______________ agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media. The Family The ______________ is the most important agent of socialization in almost every society. Its primary importance rests in its role as the principal __________________ of young children. Children first interact with others and first learn the _______________, norms, and beliefs of society through their families. Socialization in a family setting can be both deliberate and unintended. ___________________ - teaching about telling the truth. __________________ – (can have greater impact) teaches child to tell the truth, child sees parent lying. “Do what I say, not what I do!” Practice what you preach! Whether deliberate or unintended, the socialization process differs from family to family, for all families are not the same. Thus, socialization produces a society of individuals who share in the patterns of the larger _________________ but who retain certain unique personality and behavior characteristics. The Peer Group The family provides many, if not most, of the socialization experiences of early childhood. As children grow older, forces outside of the family increasingly influence them. In particular, children begin to relate more and more to their peer groups. A _______________ group is a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal ___________ and similar social _______________________. Peer groups are particularly influential during the ________-teenage and early teenage years. Without peer acceptance, they are labeled as misfits, __________________, or a similar disparaging term. To win this acceptance, young people willingly _____________ the values and standards of the peer group. In essence, they shape themselves into the kind of person they think the group wants them to be. Peer-group socialization is _________________ from socialization within the family. The norms and values imparted by the family usually focus on the larger culture. However, in peer groups the focus is the subculture of the group. Peer-group ______________ are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society. ________________ in particular become alarmed if they come to believe that the norms and values of the peer group are more important to their children then those of society as a whole. The School For most young people, _____________ occupies large amounts of time and attention. Between the ages of 5 and 18, young people spend some _______ weeks a year in school. Thus, the school plays a major ____________ in socializing individuals. Much of this socialization is ________________. Class activities are planned for the deliberate purpose of ______________ reading, etc. Extracurricular activities, such as school dances are intended to prepare the student for life in the larger society. Schools also attempt to transmit cultural values, such as patriotism, responsibility, and good citizenship. A large amount of unintentional socialization also occurs. Teachers may become ____________ in such areas as manners of speech or styles of dress. In addition, peer groups can influence the habits of their members. The Mass Media The other forms of socialization involved personal __________________. Mass media, however, involves no face-to-face interaction. The mass _______________ are instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it. The major forms are books, films, Internet, radio, and ________. Of these, TV probably has the most ______________________ on the socialization of children. Some 98% of the homes in the US have TV’s, with an average of more than 2 sets per home. Most importantly, research shows that most children watch an average of about ______ hours each week. Further, watching TV is the primary after-school activity for 6- to 17-year-olds. Indeed, most children spend almost _____________ as much time watching TV as they spend in school. The effect of TV on children is a topic of ongoing ______________. On the _________________ side, research indicates that by age 18, most children will have witnessed 200,000 fictional acts of violence, including 16,000 murders. Several studies have found a connection between TV violence and aggressive behavior among young people. These studies say that, among other things, because TV violence often appears painless or not harmful, it invites viewers to be less _______________ to the suffering of others. On the ________________ side, TV expands the viewers’ world. It can be a powerful educational tool. For example, TV brings far-off ___________ into viewers’ homes, makes world events immediate, and introduces viewers to ________________ they otherwise might never encounter. Resocialization The total institution is a rather unique agent of socialization. A __________ institution is a setting in which people are _______________ from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight ___________. Prisons, military boot camps, monasteries, and psychiatric hospitals are examples of total institutions. Socialization in a total institution differs from the process found in most other settings. Total institutions are primarily concerned with resocializing their members. ______________________ involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms. In the case of most total institutions, resocialization is directed toward changing an individual’s _______________ and social behavior. These modifications are accomplished by stripping away all semblance of ________________ identity and replacing it with an institutional identity-uniforms, standard haircuts, and so on. The individual is also denied the freedoms of the outside world. Once the person’s sense of self has been weakened, it is easier for those in power to convince that person to conform to new patterns of behavior.