Download G.C.S.E - Energy Systems

Glossary of Terms
Aerobic Respiration
The process of obtaining energy using oxygen.
Aerobic Threshold
Minimum rate at which heart must work in order to improve aerobic fitness.
Anaerobic Respiration
The process of obtaining energy without using oxygen.
Anaerobic Threshold
Minimum rate at which heart must work in order to improve anaerobic fitness.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.
ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Chemical substance which provides all energy needs of the body. Must be reformed
constantly
Capillary
Tiny vessels which oxygen passes through
CP – Creatine Phosphate System
System which provides energy instantly but is used up quickly (immediate energy system)
Glycogen
Chemical substance we use to store glucose in the body
Lactic Acid System
The breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy, usually functioning during activities
which last between 1 – 3 minutes. Lactic acid is the waste product of this and is
transported by the blood and the liver for removal.
1
Energy for Exercise
Our bodies need energy for different reasons
Growth
Muscular contractions
Repair
We obtain this energy from food
Food broken down in gut into a liquid
Used for energy, growth & repair
Passes through gut wall into blood
Blood carries it to cells & muscles
TASK ONE
i) Which three forms of food do our bodies get energy from?
1) __________________
2) __________________
3) __________________
ii) What is the process called by which food is broken down?
________________________________________________________________
The cells get energy from glucose in a process called Respiration
There are two kinds of respiration that take place in our muscle fibres:
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
 Uses oxygen to produce energy
 Does not use oxygen to produce energy
Glucose + Oxygen  Energy + C02 + Water
 Some energy is used by muscles
 Most is produced as heat
Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid
 Less energy than aerobic respiration
 Lactic acid cause discomfort & fatigue
2
The Energy Systems
Our bodies store energy in a number of ways, but we can only use it when it is in the form
of a chemical compound called ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP). Only small amounts
of ATP can be stored in the muscles, so the body must keep making it. If muscles use up
energy faster than it is being made, we will get tired.
There are 3 energy systems
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Lactic Acid
Aerobic System
These systems work together to ensure muscles are getting energy in the form of ATP
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Immediate Energy System
 Provides energy the quickest
 Energy only lasts for a very short period of time (up to 10sec)
 Available instantly as some is stored in muscles
 Creates oxygen deficit
Important for short bursts of explosive speed
Example ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Lactic Acid
Short Term Energy System
 Used when ATP & CP supplies used up
 Uses glycogen to provide ATP
 Provides energy fast (cannot use for long)
 Tire as waste products build up in muscles
 Creates oxygen deficit
Important when all out effort is continued for up to approximately 1 minute
Example ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3
Aerobic System
Long Term Energy System
 Provides energy for long periods of time
 Requires oxygen to work
 Produces energy slowly (no good for intense activities)
Important for athletes who need to keep working over long periods of time
Example ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Training Thresholds/Training Zones
By calculating our Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) we can work out what level we need to
work at to improve certain aspects of our fitness (our threshold)
Above
95% MHR
= Speed
Training Zone
85% – 95% MHR
= Anaerobic Training
Zone
Anaerobic
Threshold
60% - 80% MHR
= Aerobic Training Zone
 Improves aerobic fitness
Aerobic
Threshold
Up to 60% MHR = Recovery Zone
 No aerobic training effects
 Helps recovery during training
4
TASK TWO
Work out your Maximum Heart Rate. Using the graph below, calculate your heart rate in
order to improve your Aerobic and Anaerobic fitness:
Our MHR can be calculated in the following way: 220 – age = MHR
My Maximum Heart Rate is: ________________________________________ bpm
To improve my Aerobic fitness I must exercise at:
_________________________________ bpm
To improve my Anaerobic fitness I must exercise at:
_______________________________ bpm
5
Past Paper Type Questions
1) Explain the term aerobic training threshold?
[1]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2) Muscles obtain energy from glucose in a process called aerobic respiration.
(i) What other substance is needed for this?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
(ii) Name the two waste substances produced & describe how they are excreted
[4]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3) Give a specific example in a sport of your choice of an anaerobic activity.
[2]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4) During the course of a GAME players use both the Aerobic & Anaerobic energy
systems.
Explain giving examples from a GAME of your choice where a player might have to call
on each of the energy systems to provide energy.
[3]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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6
5) “During maximum effort, such as sprinting, muscles need a lot of energy quickly but
oxygen (O2) cannot reach the muscles fast enough.”
(i) Which energy system is best used to provide the necessary fuel for such an
activity?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain the term ‘oxygen debt’ (O2)
[2]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6) (i) The table below shows a number of activities that are common to many games.
For each activity identify the main energy system that would be used.
ACTIVITY
[4]
MAIN ENERGY SYSTEM USED
Jogging back after an attack.
Kicking, throwing, hitting or serving.
Sprinting to take on a defender over 10
metres.
Counter attacking immediately after
sprinting back 50 metres to defend.
(ii) The energy system used for any sporting activity depends on which two factors?
[2]
I
_________________________________________________________
II
_________________________________________________________
(iii) How could an understanding of the energy systems help a teacher/coach of a sports
team train his/her players?
[2]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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7
7) The diagram below shows the thresholds of training & training zones for a twentyyear-old athlete.
Heart Rate
(bmp)
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
C
X
A
Y
B
Write down the letter that identifies each of the following:
(i) The anaerobic training zone
[1]
_________________________________________________________________
(ii) The aerobic training zone
[1]
_________________________________________________________________
(iii) Explain how the maximum heart rate has been estimated
[1]
_________________________________________________________________
(iv) Explain why it is important for an athlete to be aware of the thresholds.
[1]
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
8) Why is lactic acid produced during anaerobic activity?
[1]
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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8
9) The graph below shows the heart rate of an eighteen-year-old badminton player during
a game.
(i) Give two pieces of evidence to suggest that this player is a fit competitor.
[2]
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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(ii) What evidence is there to suggest that this player worked both aerobically &
anaerobically during the game?
Aerobically:
[1]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Anaerobically:
[1]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10) In the body, energy is obtained from glucose. In what form is glucose stored in the
body?
[2]
________________________________________________________________
9
11) “The three main energy systems used to fuel the body during sporting activity are
the: ATP-CP system, lactic acid system and the aerobic system.” Choose a team game
and give specific situations from this game to identify when each of the three energy
systems would be needed.
[4]
Team Game: __________________________________________
Energy System
When energy system would be needed
________________________________________________
ATP-CP system
________________________________________________
(CP - Creatine
________________________________________________
Phosphate)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Lactic acid system
________________________________________________
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________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Aerobic system
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
10
12) The diagram below shows how a sixteen-year-old sportsperson can use heart rate to
work out how hard to train.
Heart Rate (bmp)
Heart rate & training of a sixteen-year-old sportsperson
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
A
B
C
D
E
F
80
70
Resting HR
(i)
G
What heart rate is indicated at 204 bpm (A)?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
(ii)
What threshold is indicated at 163 bpm (C)?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
(iii)
What threshold is indicated at 122 bpm (E)?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
(iv)
In which training zone does lactic acid build up quickly? Is it B, D or F?
[1]
(iv)
How does lactic acid build up affect training time and recovery time?
[2]
Training time ___________________________________________________
Recovery time ___________________________________________________
(vi)
Which training zone is important for improving aerobic fitness? Is it B, D or F? [1]
________________________________________________________________
(vii)
Explain why training zone F has little effect on aerobic fitness?
[1]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
TOTAL = 45
2005/06
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