Download Unit 08 Endocrine System Outline

UNIT 8 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
SUBOBJECTIVES
8.1 I can compare and contrast the function of the endocrine system with the nervous system
8.2 I can explain how steroid and nonsteroid hormones act on target cells
8.3 I can describe the 3 ways endocrine glands are regulated via negative feedback inhibition
8.4 I can explain how the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland and name the hormones the pituitary gland produces
8.5 I can state the actions of the hormones of the pituitary gland
8.6 I can describe the function of the thyroid gland and explain the effects of a malfunctioning thyroid gland
8.7 I can describe how the thyroid and parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium homeostasis
8.8 I can name and describe the functions of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
8.9 I can name and describe the functions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex
8.10 I can describe the structure of the pancreas
8.11 I can explain how blood glucose homeostasis is maintained
8.12 I can describe the symptoms, causes, and treatment of diabetes
Evolution Connection
8.13 I can explain how pheromones are used to communicate
Linking lust to cranial nerve and humans' sense of smell
May 15, 2007|By Carmen Russell, Columbia News Service
NEW YORK — Ted James and Lysa Grant hit it off immediately when they met at a study group for a psychology class. The two
students at New York University knew something was special, and four years later they are now engaged.
James, 24, vividly remembers the first thing he noticed about Grant. "I just loved her smile," he said.
For Grant, the connection was more cerebral. "I could see he was really smart," she said. "That was a turn-on."
But says R. Douglas Fields, neither intelligence nor charm had much to do with their mutual attraction. Rather, a little-known
cranial nerve brought them together, he believes. Few neuroscientists are even aware that this "nerve zero" exists, but Fields, an
adjunct professor of neuroscience at the University of Maryland, believes it may be the key to lust.
His theory is that nerve zero transmits sex pheromones to the brain. Pheromones are chemicals that one member of a species
emits that trigger an innate behavioral response in another member of the same species. They are generally detected by the
sense of smell. The notion that smell is important to the sexual drive of animals is well-established, but nerve zero may be the
"missing link" that confirms human beings rely on pheromones, Fields said.
Data exists
"Human behaviors are much more complex than other animals', but there are several studies showing that the sense of smell
does affect sexual behavior in people," Fields said. "And here is a nerve that connects the nose to the part of the brain involved
in sexual reproduction, which helps prove it."
Pheromones were discovered in insects in 1959, and later studies suggested that they also induced sexual reactions in people. In
1995, for example, Claus Wedekind, a researcher at the University of Bern in Switzerland, asked a group of women to smell Tshirts worn by men they did not know. The women preferred the smell of men who had different immune systems from their
own, which would enhance the likelihood that they would have healthy children.
Such theories are controversial in part because they lack hard scientific evidence.
Besides the debate over whether sex pheromones even exist, few people in the field know about nerve zero, which was
discovered in the human brain in 1913, well after the other 12 cranial nerves. Researchers called it nerve zero rather than
rename the others.
Being so thin, this obscure nerve usually is overlooked in medical research as it is often stripped away when the brain is exposed
for dissection. For this reason, nerve zero doesn't appear in most neuroscience textbooks or medical brain maps.
For those who know about nerve zero, its function has long been debated. Some scientists believe that it is a branch of the
olfactory nerves or that it has lost its purpose over time, much like the appendix.
For that reason, the jury is still out on Fields' theory, said Michael Meredith, co-director of the neuroscience program at Florida
State University.
"I don't know that there is good evidence of that," he said. "There are a lot of if's, and's and but's. It's prevalent in all vertebrates,
which suggests that it does have a function, but we don't know that it has an adult function."
A conduit
But Fields insists evidence is stacking up that the sense of smell affects one's choice of sexual partner and that nerve zero is the
conduit. He points to a 1987 study on hamsters by Celeste Wirsig, then a postdoctoral fellow at Baylor University. The rodents
failed to mate after their nerve zeros were severed. Because the nerve systems of hamsters and humans are similar, it stands to
reason, Fields said, that nerve zero has the same purpose.
Fields has supporters, among them James Kohl, co-author of "The Scent of Eros," a book on pheromones.
"He's right on," Kohl said. "We have known there is some physical link, but [nerve zero] really helps to define it. Maybe a lot of
neuroscientists don't know about it, but people who study the olfactory system and pheromones see that and say that's really
important."
The thought that they might be together because they "smell right" makes James and Grant a little uncomfortable, although they
accept that it's possible. Even if scent is what got them started, James believes love is much more complicated than a pleasing
aroma.
"She's my soul mate," he said about his fiance. "No whiff of sweat is going to make me feel the way I feel about her."
READINGS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
468-first paragraph of 470
472-Figure 13.7 on page 476
Control of Hormonal Secretions on page 477-Figure 13.13 on page 480
Table 13.6 on page 485 (Hormones and Actions only)
485-Clinical Application (Diabetes Mellitus) on page 499
MORPHEMES
http://quizlet.com/_et856
1)
2)
3)
Cortbark, rind
–crin
to secrete
Diuretto pass urine
4) Endowithin
5) Exooutside
6) Hormimpetus, impulse
7) Hyperabove
8) Hypobelow
9) LactMilk
10) Medmiddle
11) Parabeside
12) Tocbirth
13) –tropic
influencing
14) VasVessel
STRUCTURES TO MEMORIZE
http://quizlet.com/_ju729
Figure 13.3 on page 469 all
structures except pineal gland
Figure 13.7 on page 476 all structures
Figure 13.24 on page 489 all structures
Figure 13.5 on page 473 all structures
Figure 13.12 on page 480 anterior lobe of
pituitary gland, posterior lobe of pituitary
gland, and hypothalamus
Figure 13.28 on page 491 adrenal gland,
kidney, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla
Figure 13.34 on page 497 all structures
OTHER VOCABULARY
http://quizlet.com/_ju7hp
8.1
1)
Endocrine gland
a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream
2) Hormone
a molecule produced by cells, endocrine glands, and tissues that regulates body systems through cellular change
3) Interstitial fluid
fluid that fills the spaces between cells and tissues
4) Target cell
a cell with a receptor molecule that binds to a particular hormone
5) Exocrine gland
6) a gland that releases its product through a duct onto a surface or into a cavity
Receptor molecule
7) Neurotransmitter
a chemical signal used to transmit a signal from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft
8) Glycoprotein
a protein with a short chain of carbohydrates often involved in cell signaling and recognition
9) Metabolism
all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (both anabolic and catabolic)
10) Electrolyte
a compound that forms ions in water
8.2
11) Binding site
the portion of a molecule that docks with molecules that include chemical messengers
12) Steroid hormone
a lipid based hormone that typically causes cellular change by turning genes on
13) Soluble
a property of a chemical that allows it to dissolve in a solvent forming a solution
14) Lipid
a diverse group of molecules with diverse functions characterized by being insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes,
sterols, and the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
15) Hormone-receptor complex
a hormone bound to a target molecule
16) Gene
a portion of a DNA molecule that is a code for
17) mRNA
a copy of the information for making a protein from a gene. It is "read" by ribosomes.
18) Cytoplasm
everything within the cell except for the nucleus
19) Enzyme
a protein catalyst that speeds up reactions
20) G protein
a class of peripheral proteins involved in signal transduction that activate other molecules by phosphorylating them
21) Adenylate cyclase
the enzyme that removes 2 phosphate molecules from ATP forming cAMP, which is a secondary messenger that directs
a cellular
22) Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
a secondary messenger activated by adenylate cyclase in response to chemical signals
23) Protein kinase
a class of enzymes that modify the function of substrates by phosphorylating them
24) Phosphodiesterase
a class of enzymes that break a type of bond found in the secondary messenger cAMP, which deactivates the molecule
8.3
25) Negative feedback
a mechanism for maintaining homeostasis were the product inhibits its own production
26) Hypothalamus
an organ of the brain with many functions including regulation of body temperature, thirst, hunger, and the pituitary
gland
27) Tropic hormone
a hormone that regulates the hormone production of another endocrine gland
8.4
28) Anterior pituitary
the lobe of the pituitary gland that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, thyroid
stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and others
29) Posterior pituitary
the lobe of the pituitary gland that regulates blood volume and social attachment by producing antidiuretic hormone
and oxytocin
30) Growth hormone (GH)
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that has a variety of functions including muscle, and organ
development
31) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
a hormone of the anterior pituitary that regulates the hormones thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin production
32) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that primarily causes the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids
33) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that causes the maturation of eggs in females and the development
of sperm in males. It also helps regulate maturation and reproductive processes.
34) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that causes ovulation in females and production of testosterone in males.
It works synergistically with FSH to produce secondary sexual characteristics.
35) Prolactin (PRL)
a nonsteriod hormone of the anterior pituitary with many functions including immune system regulation and milk
production
36) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary. It causes water retention and
constricts
37) Oxytocin (OT)
a nonsteroid hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that cause uterine contraction and milk secretion in women.
It causes social attachment and trust in both males and females.
8.6
38) Thyroid gland
a gland that regulates metabolism by secreting thyroxin and triiodothyronine, and blood calcium by secreting calcitonin
39) Thyroxine
a hormone that regulates metabolism, increases body temperature, and increases long bone growth synergistically with
growth hormone
40) Triiodothyrodine
a hormone that regulates metabolism, increases body temperature, and increases, and increases long bone growth
synergistically with growth
41) Calcitonin
a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing
retention of calcium by the kidneys
42) Basal metabolic rate
the amount of energy required for an organism at rest
43) Osteoclast
a cell that increases blood calcium by breaking down bone
8.7
44) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
the nonsteroid hormone produced by the parathyroid that causes osteoclasts to reabsorb bone thus increasing blood
calcium levels
45) Osteoblast
a cell that produces osteocytes causing bone growth
46) Vitamin D
a fat soluble vitamin derived from cholesterol that is necessary for calcium absorption
8.8
47) Adrenal medulla
The interior of the _____ gland that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
48) Epinephrine
a neurotransmitter and nonsteroid hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that regulates heart rate, blood vessel
diameter, and metabolic shifts. It is released during times of acute stress (fight or flight response).
49) Norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter and nonsteroid hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that is necessary for concentration and is
involved in the fight or flight response
8.9
50) Adrenal cortex
the portion of an endocrine gland that produces the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
51) Corticosteroid
a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands that regulate stress, the immune system, inflammation, and
metabolism
52) Aldosterone
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates blood pressure primarily by causing the retention of ions and
therefore water by osmosis
53) Cortisol
a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress and low blood glucose levels that increases
glucose formation, suppresses the immune system, and decreases
54) Adrenal androgens
masculinizing hormones such as testosterone produced by the adrenal glands
8.10
55) Pancreas
an organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. It regulates blood glucose levels by producing the nonsteroid
hormones insulin and glucagon, and it secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine that break down proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and chyme
56) Islets of Langerhans
the hormone secreting cells of the pancreas
57) Alpha cells
glucagon producing cells of the pancreas
58) Glucagon
a hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that causes an increase in blood glucose levels
59) Beta cells
cells of the pancreas that produce insulin
60) Insulin
a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels
8.11
61) Glycogen
A polymer of glucose molecules used by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells
62) Hypoglycemia
unusually low blood glucose levels
63) Hyperglycemia
unusually high blood glucose
8.12
64) Type I diabetes
inability to regulate blood glucose levels because of a deficiency in insulin production
65) Adipose cell
a cell specialized for the storage of fat
66) Metabolic acidosis
over production of acids or failure of the kidneys to remove acids from the blood. One of the effects of type I diabetes.
Insulin prevents the breakdown of lipids and amino acids. The result of lipid and amino acid break down is ketoacids.
67) Type II diabetes
inability to regulate blood glucose levels because of failure of cells to respond to insulin