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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
English language is an international language used all over the world as a
means of communication. It plays an important role for the people all over the
world for political and commercial purposes and event tourism matters. Therefore
English is a compulsory subject school, as well as university. Mastering good
English is very important in communication. And the important thing in learning
English is Grammar: Grammar is the study of words and their functions; one of its
aspects in learning is adverbial. Adverbials in English are varied in terms of forms
and functions or meanings. In term of forms we have noun phrase, adverb phrase,
prepositional phrase and clause and those forms may state various meanings like
time, place, manner, and others. For example:
He lives in Denpasar;
The prepositional phrase “in Denpasar” above belongs to adverbial stating place.
This morning he moved to Denpasar
The noun phrase “this morning” also belongs to adverbial but it states time.
Prepositional phrase can also be used to state manner, how an action is done. Let’s
see the following example:
She sang the song in a good way.
“In a good way” above is a prepositional phrase as an adverbial that states how the
action of singing was done.
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Not only the forms and functions mentioned above, an adverb phrase and a clause
may also function as adverbial stating either time, place, manner and others.
For example:
When I came here as a child, he would always remove the bullets as soon
as soon he walked into the room (Twilight.35)
The underlined word above is adverbial of time initiated by a clause identified
with a subordinator when. And the translation of the adverbial above into
Indonesian is:
Waktu aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak, Dad selalu mengosongkan
pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Twilight.47)
Looking at the data above, we can see that there is a clause that states time.
The clause that expresses time in the data above is when I came as a child. As we
can see that this clause is formed by a subordinate when. This clause may mean
“at the time I came as a child”. Considering this meaning we can say that this
clause states time, namely period of time. And if we look at its Indonesian
translation we can say that waktu aku ke sini ketika masih kanak-anak is a clause
that states time. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause carry the same
meaning. The subordinator when is translated into ketika, I came into aku , here
into ke sini, and as a child is translated into masih kanak-kanak.
As explained above, we can see that adverbials can have various forms and
meanings. So if we talk about adverbial it seems wide and complex. Not only that,
if we compare it with the Indonesian language we can see that each language has
its forms of adverbial, and every form of adverbial expresses different meanings.
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Since the grammars, structures, as well as the lexical items of Indonesian and
English are different, according to my opinion, it is necessary to compare or to
contrast between English and Indonesian. More specifically, it is necessary to
compare the forms and meaning of adverbial stating time in English and in
Indonesian. This can be done through a translation (from English into
Indonesian.)
Discussing about translation we need a good understanding of the
grammar and structure of the two languages involved. Translation as we know is
known as a process of transferring meaning from one language into another.
Considering this condition, again, to me, writing about adverbial, namely English
time adverbials and their translations in Indonesian, is necessarily done.
1.2 Problem
In this opportunity, I would like to talk about adverbials that state time found
in a novel and their translation in Indonesian, the limitation can be formulated in
the following questions;
1. What are the forms of English and Indonesian adverbials stating time can
be found in the data?
2. What are the meanings of the English and Indonesian adverbials of time
found in the novel?
3. What are their translations in Indonesian and what procedures are used in
the process of translation?
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1.3 Aims of the study
Based on the background and problem above, the aims of the writing can be
determined as follows:
1. To find out the type of adverbials stating time occurring in the English
novel
2. To find out the meanings of the adverbials stating time in English
3. To describe how the adverbials time in the SL novel are translated into the
TL novel.
4. To find out the procedure used in the process of translating.
1.4 Scope of the study
As mentioned previously that this study talks about adverbials denoting time.
Since this topic is considered wide enough to discuss, so in this opportunity the
discussion about it is limited on the adverbials denoting time and their translation
in Indonesian with a specific reference to the novel Twilight written by Stephanie
Meyer and its Indonesian translation translated by Lily Devita Sari. And the
discussion of this study will cover:
1. The Identification of the forms of adverbials of time in English that exist in the
novel.
2. The Identification of the functions or meaning of adverbials of time in English.
3. The translation of adverbials of time in Indonesian.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, review of literature, concepts of adverbials stating time and
their translations will be discussed to give more understanding of the topic that
will be discussed in this study.
2.1 literatures Review
Research in adverbials stating time and their translations has been done by
some students in the previous years, Yuliana Marlina Lima (2000) In her work of
The Analysis of Adverbial Clauses Found in Novels discussed about kinds of
adverbial clause seen from the structural types found in Novels and the types of
adverbial clauses found in Novels. The theories used were taken from the theory A
Grammar of Contemporary English proposed by Quirk It was stated that
‘adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in the main
clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place, manner
(Quirk, 1972:743). From her analysis she concluded Adverbial clause is often
optional, except in SVA clause of type. It can be placed in initial, medial and final
position within the sentence.
Angela Yohana (2003) in her work kinds of Adverbial stating time and
their translation analyzed kinds or forms of adverbials of time found in some
novels and their translations in Indonesian. The theory used in her research is the
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theory of English Grammar proposed by Quirk It was stated that “adverbials is a
group words which does the same job as adverb, thus giving information about
when where, or in what circumstances something happens.” (1990: xviii). She
also used the translation theory for the research since the topic also discussed the
translation study. The theory itself is proposed by Larson in her book Meaning
based Translation (1984). Larson states that:
“Translation consists of studying lexicon grammatical structures
communication situation and cultural context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then reconstructing this same
meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in
the receptor language and its cultural context. (1983:3).
It is true that this is the same with the topic that I write, but the analysis is
different. This thesis talks about more specifically the form of adverbial and their
translation in Indonesian. It does not about the equivalent and the procedure used
by the translator in the process of translating the text. However, the thesis written
by Angela will give contribution to the analysis of the data in this writing as
findings of the form and function of the adverbial of time in the novel.
Oka Pertama Weda (2004) with his paper entitled Preposition Expressing
time and Their Translation into Indonesian state that there are many kinds of
prepositions expressing time such as at, on, in , before, after, since which are
variously translated into Indonesian. This paper has relation with the topic of the
research since it talks about adverbials.
NI Made Sukarini (2005) in her Paper entitled The Structural Shift of Noun
Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel “A Perfect
Stranger” talked about the structural shift in the process of English –Indonesian
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Translation. She also analyzes that structure shift mostly occurred in the process
of transferring Noun Phrase (NP) in the source language text into the target
language text . And she also found that the theory of loss and gain of information
proposed by Nida is also mostly applied in the process of transferring the meaning
of the noun phrase of the SL text in TL text. Considering that her paper talked
about The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian
Translation, it also contributes a great deal to my research, especially to give a
brief explanation of the adverbials are translated into the target language.
Putra Yadnya (2000) in his Paper entitled Transfer Makna Dalam
Penerjemahan Etnografik Cerita Luh Galuh ke Dalam Bahasa Inggris talked a lot
about Indonesian sociocultural aspect and their equivalence in English. He also
analyzes if there is any movement or shift of meaning in the translation. In this
paper it is found that the translator uses procedures of translation in transferring
the meaning of the source language into English. Considering that his paper
discusses transference of meaning in which there is movement in the translation, it
also contributes a great deal to my research, especially when we are talking about
the equivalence of meaning.
There is also an article written by Eli Hinkle about Adverbial markers and
tone in L1 and L2 from Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. He analyzes
large corpora of published written texts in English for new insights into meanings,
uses, and functions of adverbials of all types.
From the five of the thesis and one article above it is necessary to combine
ideas into one of the theories and problems applied in this study.
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This study discusses the English time adverbials and their translations in
Indonesian with reference to Stephanie Meyer’s Novel “Twilight” based on the
theory proposed by Larson’s (1998).
2.2 Concepts
2.2.1 Adverb and Adverbial
Adverb and adverbial are the two terms that in some cases they are alike
but actually different in term of form and function. In general, ad verb belongs to
word class that modifies adjective and another adverb, while an adverbial belongs
to sentence element that modifies the verb of the sentence or the sentence itself in
terms of time, place, reason, result or others. The differences of the two terms will
be analyzed in the following discussion.
Study about grammar fields is more frequently discussed. One aspect of
grammar is adverbial; it is to known that adverbial and adverb are different. There
are two types of syntactic functions that characterize adverb, but an adverb need
have only one of these adverbials and modifiers of adjective and adverb.
The differences between adverbs and adverbials may be one or several
words that offer information on circumstances connected to the state or activity
named by the verb. Adverbs are one-word items that modify verbs. An adverb
indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as
"how," "when," "where," "how much". While some adverbs can be identified by
their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the
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grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an
adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.
Adverbials may be single words or else phrases that provide information
about when, where, how, or why things happen. So adverbs fall into the category
of adverbials. Adverbs and the wider category of adverbials belong to the
predicate, and there they may be placed next to the verb or after the object. But
they may be found at the beginning of a sentence, provided they do not separate
the subject from the verb.
A general idea which may be useful is this: elements in a sentence
organize around the heart of the sentence, S + V, in a hierarchical manner: the
more important they are, the closer they are to the heart. For instance, an object
(O) is more important than an adverbial of time because it is closer to the verb, so
the adverbial of time can never interfere between the V and its O, and must be
placed after. An adverb describes a verb while an adjective describes a noun.
Many adverbs end in ly - slowly, quickly, smoothly to name a few and
they describe how someone might do something. Examples of adjectives are large,
red, four, etc. They desrcribe the size, shape, number of an object (noun). An
adverbial phrase uses more than one adverb in describing a verb.
There are many definitions of adverbials such as the theory of adverbials
by Quirk et al in their book entitled a comprehensive Grammar of the English
Language it is stated that:
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The adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or
adverbial clause, it may also be noun phrase, and in general, the adverbial is
capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause (1985:729)
He also states that:
Adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in the
main clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place,
manner (Quirk, 1972:743)
Adverbials is a group words which does the same job as adverb, thus
giving information about when where, or in what circumstances something
happens.” (1990: xviii)
And based on the book introducing English Grammar proposed by Leech,
it is stated that:
Adverbial clause is a clause which acts as an adverbial in the main clause
or sentence, most of them begin with conjunctions, signaling and their link with
the main clause. Examples of such conjunctions are when, since, before, after,
until, as, while, it, though, unless, because (1992:12)
According to Krohn an adverb is a word to modify a verb, an adjective or
another adverb. Adverb maybe classified from different point of view such as
function and meanings. Adverbials clause are divided into classes corresponding
to those of adverbial elements-clauses of place, time, manner, degree, cause,
condition, and exception, concession, purpose, ends or means.
And the Indonesian concept of adverbial according to Hasan (1998: 197) “
Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang menjelaskan verba, adjektiva,
atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran klausa, adverbial mewatasi atau
menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis”.
Keraf (1992:112) “kata keterangan atau adverbial adalah kata untuk
membatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan. Kebanyakan adverbial terdiri atas kata-kata
dasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan”.
2.2.2 Translation
Actually there are many definitions in terms of translation, commonly
referring to the same notion. The differences are in a sense quite understandable;
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the differences may depend on the text translated, the target readers, the translator
and the language itself. It is due to the fact that language constantly changes to
different style. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the
form which can be highly different in the target language. Thus a translation
acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a later time.
Nida and taber (1974:12) state that “translating consist of reproducing in
the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language
(SL)message, first in the term of meaning and secondly in terms of style” .
Savory (1968:37) believes that “translation is made possible by an
equivalent of the idea that lies behind its different verbal expressions”.”
Larson (1984:10) states “translation consists of studying lexicon,
grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source
language. Analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the
same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in
the receptor language and its cultural context”.
2.3
Theoretical Framework
Some theories adopted in this thesis will be used to analyze the problems
in this study, which includes the theory of translation and adverbial both in
English and Indonesian.
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2.3.1 Theory of Adverbial
Adverbial is a word (an adverb) or group of words (an adverbial phrase or
an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the
verb. The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, meaning “having the same
function as an adverb”.
An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes verbs. When
adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meanings of that verb. Word groups that
are also considered to be adverbials also modify verbs, for example, a
prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non finite clause
(Biber.2002)
In every sentence pattern the adverbial is a clause element that tells where,
when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In
addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence.
”According to Quirk (1972: 205) in his book entitled University English
Grammar “Units realizing adverbial function can be; phrases and clauses. Among
those adverb phrases in which adverb as the head or sole realization; noun
phrases; prepositional phrases; finite verb clauses; nonfinite verb clauses in
which the verb is infinitive, -ing participle; and –ed participle; and verb less
clause.”
2.3.1.1 Classes of Adverbial
Adverbial can be divided into two classes, distinguished by whether or not
they are integrated to some extent into the structure of the clause. Those that are
integrated to some extent are termed adjuncts, those that are peripheral to clause
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structure are subdivided into disjunct or conjuncts, the distinction between these
two being that conjuncts have primarily a connective function.
An adverbial is integrated to some extent in clause structure if it is affected
by clausal processes. Three criteria have been selected as diagnostic for adjuncts
that is as evidence that an adverbial is affected by clausal processes and is
therefore an adjunct. If an adverbial satisfies one or more of the criteria it is an
adjunct.
1. If an adverbial can not appear initially in a negative declarative clause, it is
an adjunct. For example, although quickly can appear initially in a positive
clause such as in:
a.Quickly they left for home. (Quirk, 1872:421)
b. The time went quickly (Murphy,1987:192)
It cannot do so if the clause is negative (with the negative particle not or –
n’t) *quickly they didn’t leave for home. Hence, quickly is an adjunct. On
the other hand, perhaps is uneffected by whether the clause is positive or
negative.
2. If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative
interrogation, it is an adjunct, alternative interrogative, showing that the
adverbial is the focus of clause interrogation. This can be exemplified by:
He writes to his parents because he wants to.
(Quirk, 1972:422)
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It is an adjunct because it can be contrasted with another adverbial in
alternative interrogation:
Does he write to his parents because he wants to or does he write
to them because he needs money ? On the other hand, we cannot contrast
two since clauses in this way when the since clauses express reason and
not time. Does he write to his parents since he wants to or does he write to
them since he needs to ?
3. If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative
negation, it is an adjunct, alternative negation showing that the adverbial is
the focus of the clause negation.
For example
On Monday is an adjunct in.
We went to Chicago on Monday
(Quirk, 1972:422)
Disjuncts and conjuncts satisfy none of the above three criteria. That is
to say, the following three statements can be made for both disjuncts and
conjuncts:
1. They can appear initially before a negative clause. Disjunct clauses that
are sequentially fixed in relation to superordinate clauses are an exception;
they cannot, of course, appear initially before even a positive clause.
2. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative
interrogation.
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3. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation.
(quirk, 1972:423)
Conjuncts are distinguished from disjuncts because they have primarily a
connective function. As an index of their connective function, conjuncts cannot
serve as a response to a question , whether a wh-question or yes-no question, even
when they are accompanied by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve
as response to a yes – no question, though usually they require to be accompanied
by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve as response to a yes – no
question, though usually they require to be accompanied by yes or no.
(Quirk, et.al., 1972:423)
For Example.
He will probably be there tommorow (Quirk, at.al., 1972:423)
I will probably not see you (Murphy, 1987:212)
It is an adjuncts, since it can be a response.
Will he be there?,
Yes, probably
Is contrast, therefore in: I sent him a personal invitation. He will therefore be
there tommorow, It is conjunct. We cannot use therefore as a response;
Will he be there tommorow?
Yes, therefore. (Quirk, at al., 1972:424)
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2.3.1.2 Types of Adverbials
A. Adverbials of time
Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduce by conjunction such as
“when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to say when
something happens by referring to a period of time or another event. The
adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb
phrase, or clause. For example:
1. Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al
1972744)
2. The next time , I come here, I’m going to be better
3. I bought in the year (that)I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179)
As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station is
adverbial of time filled by a clause. It explains that the event happen a very short
time after another. In example (2) the next time is adverbial of time whch is filled
by noun phrase; the next time is formed by the article the as determiner, next as
modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened
during one occurrence of an event. In the example (3) in the year (that) I was in
Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional phrase marked by in
B. Adverbial of Place
Adverbial of place tells us where something happens, which are introduced
by where or wherever. Adverbial of place usually appears in front or in the end of
sentence. Examples:
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1. Where the fire had been, we saw nothing, but blackened rain (quirk
et al, 1972:745)
2. Everywhere I went, people were angry or suspicious rain (quirk et
al, 1972:746)
Example (1) where the fire had been is adverbial clause indicating place. It is
introduced by where which occurs in front of the sentence. In example (2)
everywhere I went is adverbial clause, which explains that something happens in
every place where something else happens.
C. Adverbial of purpose
This kind of adverbial is marked by the use of words in order to…,so that,
to…,so…,in order that, so as to. These kinds of adverbial are used to add
information about purpose or aim of an action. Examples:
1. Rose rod with care in order not to spread the dirt (Quirk et al,
1972:735)
2. I left early to the train (Quirk et al, 1972:735)
In example (1) in order not to spread the dirt is to explain that rose does not want
to spread the dirt. In example (2) to catch the train is adverbial of purpose. It
describes the purpose of subject’s action.
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D. Conditional of Adverbial
Conditional of Adverbial is an adverbial that explains a possible situation and
its consequence or adverbial clause expressing a conditional. It is introduced by if
or unless. Example:
1. Nobody gets anything unless they ask for it
2. You can leave if you like
In example (1) unless they ask for it, is adverbial of conditional, it as the negative
condition, appears in last part of the sentence. In example (2) if you like is
adverbial of conditional. If is used to explain the situation when the subject offer
to do something.
E. Adverbial of Manner
Adverbial of manner is used to describe about someone’s behavior or the
way something is done. It is introduced by the words “like, just, as, as though, or
much as”. Example:
1. It swims above the sea floor, just as its ancestor did
2. I don’t understand why he behaves as he does
In example (1) just as its ancestor did is adverbial of manner. It occurs in the
last part of the sentence and is introducing by just as. It shows the comparison of
the way something is done with the way of something else does it. In example (2)
as he does is adverbial of manner marked by as he does: it is used to point out
someone’s behavior.
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F. Adverbial of Result
Adverbial of result is an adverbial specifying the result or outcome of the
happening described in the rest of the clause, it is introduced by so that, and so,
so, or, and. Example:
1. She was having great difficulty her car out , and so I had to move my
car to let her out
2. Her boyfriend was shoot in the chest and died
In example (1) and so I had to move my car to let her out, is adverbial of
result and appear in the last part of the sentence. It is marked by and so to indicate
the result of something which happened. In example (2) and died as adverbial of
result which is introduced by and it is used to indicate the result of something.
G. Adverbial of concession
Adverbial of concession is used to indicate supposition that is usually
marked by “although, even tough, while, even, it, much as, whereas. (Murthy,
2003: 216)
Example:
1. Though she is clever, she is not proud (Murthy 2003: 217)
2. Even though you are my brother, I can allow you to do such a cruel
act. (Murthy, 2003:217)
In example (a) Though she is clever is the adverbial clause of concession
which is marked by tough and in example (b) Even though you are my brother is
the adverbial of concession marked by even though.
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H. Adverbial of Reason
This kind of adverbial is marked by the conjunction because, as, or since.
It is used to indicate the reason for something. Examples:
1. As Cella had gone to school, it seemed good times for lady ravens
croft to invite her sister do say.
2. I didn’t know that she had been married, since she seldom talked
about herself.
In example (1) as Cella had gone to school, is adverbial of reason, it is
introduced by the conjunction as, it appears in front of the sentence. In example
(2) since she seldom talked herself, is adverbial of reason, which appears in the
middle of the sentence.
2.3.1.3 Adverbial Based on Position
In general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position
in sentence or clause. They are initial position, medial position and end or final
position. Initial position is preceding any other sentence or clause element. In
effect, this generally means the position is immediately before subject.
Examples :
1. Suddenly, the driver started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)
2. By then the book must have been placedon the shelf. (Quirk, 1985:490)
The adverbial suddenly in sentence number (1) above occurs before the subject
the driver, and the adverbial by then in sentence number (2) occurs before the
subject the book.
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But in direct questions, it is the position immediately before the operator or whelements.Examples:
1. Seriously, do you believe in ghosts? (Quirk, 1985:491)
2. Anyhow, since when has she been ill? (Quirk, 1985:491)
In the examples above we can find that seriously is adverbial that occurs before
the subject operator do. And anyhow is adverbial that occurs before the wh
element when. On the other hand, in subordinate or coordinate clauses it is in the
position following the conjunction. Example:
1. I had scarecely got into the taxi, when suddenly the driver started the
engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)
2. I know you are very charitable, but seriously how can he be innocent?
(Quirk, 1985:491)
In sentence number (1) above the adverbial suddenly occurs after the conjunction
when or follows the conjunction when. And in the sentence number (2) the
adverbial seriously occurs after the conjunction but or follows the conjunction
but.Medial position can be preliminarily described as that between subject and
verb.Examples:
1. The driver suddenly started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491)
2. The soprano really delighted her audience. (Quirk, 1985:492)
In sentence number (1) above the postion of adverbial suddenly is between subject
the driver and the verb started. And in sentence number (2) the adverbial really
occurs between subject the soprano and the verb delighted.
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And the end or final position is the position in the clause following all obligatory
elements; it is also the position of the obligatory adverbial when this follow the
other obligatory elements.
Examples:
1. The light was fading rapidly
2. Dr. Blackett is in Tokyo
3. She was digging a trench in the garden
(Quirk, 1985:498)
As we can see the entire sentence above have adverbial in the end position and
they follows the obligatory elements of the sentence.
2.3.2 Theory of Adverbials in Indonesian.
Alwi Hasan states “Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang
menjelaskan verba, adjektiva, atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran
klausa, adverbial mewatasi atau menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis”.
Keraf (1991: 112) implies that “Kata keterangan atau adverbial adalah
kata untuk membatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan, kebanyakan adverbial terdiri atas
kata-kata dasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan”. Accessed at:
(http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/
comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/
March28th2011;
03:50 PM)
2.3.2.1 Types of Adverbials
A. Adverbial of Time
Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that “Adverbia kewaktuan adalah
adverbial yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan saat
terjadinya peristiwa yang diterangkan oleh adverbial itu. Yang termasuk
adverbial kewaktuan ialah bentuk seperti baru dan segera”.
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Example :
1. SL: Ayah baru diberhentikan dari jabatannya. (Alwi: 205)
TL‘Father just fiffled from his position’.
2. SL:Kami berlima akan segera menyepakati masalah itu.’ (Alwi:205)
TL:We are five will soon agree on that problem’
(http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/
comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/March28th2011;
03:50 PM) They are:
1. The adverbs of time define/emphasize the progress of event. For
example: Dahulu, kemarin, hari ini, sekarang, dulu, besok, selamanya.
2. The adverbs of time explain the problems that happen and finish or
not. For example: Telah, akan, sudah, sedang, baru, lagi, belum.
B. Adverbial of Frequency
Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that : ‘Adverbia kuantitatif adalah
adverbial Yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan tingkat
kekerapan terjadinya sesuatu yang diterangkan adverbial itu. Kata yang
tergolong adverbial ini, misalnya : selalu, sering, jarang, dan kadang-kadang’.
From the statement, we can say that a quantitative adverb is an adverb
which describes the meaning that has a relationship. With the frequency of
something. Here are some examples:
1. Kami selalu makan malam bersama-sama. ‘We usually have dinner
together’.
23
2. Mereka sering mengabaikan tanggung jawabnya. ‘they often disregard
of their responsibility’.
C. Adverbial of Manner
Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that “Adverbia kecaraan adalah
adverbia yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan bagaimana
peristiwa yang diterangkan pleh adverbial itu berlangsung atau terjadi. Yang
termasuk adverbial kecaraan ini adalah bentuk=bentuk seperti diam-diam,
secepatnya,pelan-pelan, dengan gembira”
Adverbial of manner is the adverb that describes the meaning related to
how the event happened explained by the adverb of manner. Here are some
examples:
1. Ikuti dia diam-diam dari belakang. ‘follow him from the back slowly’
2. Kami akan menyelesaikan tugas itu secepatnya. ‘We will finish the duty is
as soon as possible’.
2.3.2.2 Function of Adverbials
Nasution (1979: 35) states that: “Berdasarkan fungsinya, adverbia dibagi
Lima” Based on its function, adverbial in Indonesian is divided into five, they are:
1. Adverbial of Time
For example: Kami ujian lusa’ ‘We will have an examination the day
after tommorow’
The word lusa, in English is day after tomorrow as an adverb of time. It
explains when we have the examination and the answer is lusa. It functions to
make the subject and predicate the adverb of time lusa is added clear.
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2. Adverbial of Situation
For example: Kami belajar didalam ruangan. ‘We are studying in the
room’
The word dalam or in English we can say in as adverb of situation. It
explains where we are learning and the answer didalam. The position of adverb of
situation can be put in front, in the middle and in the end of the sentence. It
depends on the sentence that we make.
3. Adverial of Manner
For example: Pemuda itu belajar dengan giat. “The young men learn
actively” In Indonesian, there are two adverbs of situation based on its function.
But actually it has different perceptions. From the first of adverb of situation, the
word “dalam” expresses the situation where we are studying. While the second
adverb of situation, the word “giat” express how the young man learns.
4. Adverbial of Degree
For example: Rumahnya sangat jauh dari kampusnya. ‘His house is very
far from his campus’.The word sangat or very in English expresses the adverb of
degree. It explains How far his house from his campus and the answer in very.
5. Adverbial of Modality
For example: Mereka mungkin akan terlambat datang kesini. ‘They will
probably come late here’. The word mungkin or probably in English express the
adverb of degree. It explains how far his house is from his campus and the answer
is very.
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2.3.2.3 Form of Adverbials
Kosasih (2008: 25) states that “Ada dua bentuk adverbia dalam Bahasa
Indonesia, yakni : Bentuk dasar dan Bentuk turunan”. In Indonesian there are two
forms of adverbs, they are: base form and generated form.
1. Base form (Bentuk dasar)
Examples:
a) Dia masih memiliki rumah yang sangat besar. ‘He has a very big
house’
b) Pemuda itu hanya memperhatikan wajah gadit itu. ‘The young
man only paying attention to that girl’s face’
c) Dia
segeramengembalikan
barang
yang
dipinjamnya
dari
seseorang. ‘She returns the thing that she has borrowed from
someone soon’
2. Derivative form (Bentuk turunan)
a) Diam-diam ia melarikan diri dari rumahnya. ‘He run away from
his house quietly’
b) Ia memiliki cita-cita yang setinggi-tingginya. ‘He has the goal as
high as possible’
c) Sebaiknya anda mempertimbangkan terlebih dahulu jawaban
anda. ‘It is better for you to consider before you answer
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2.3.2.4 Position of Adverbials
The position of adverbial in Indonesian is free. (http://one.indoskripsi.com
/category/ jurusan/ bahasa-inggris march 29th 2011; 07:15 PM). Meaning that it
can be put in front, in the middle, and in the end of the sentence depending on the
sentence that we make. For example:
1. SL: ”Kadang-kadang kami mendiskusikan masalah keuangan keluarga
kami bersama-sama.”
TL: ‘Sometimes we discuss about our family finance problems together’
The word kadang-kadang or sometimes in English is an adverb of frequency
which is put in front of the sentences.
2. SL: Ia pasti pergi ke kantor pos itu .
TL: ‘She certainly went to the post office’
The word pasti or certainly in English as a kind of an adverb of modality is put in
the middle of the sentence.
3. SL: Mereka bertemu dengan ayah saya di rumah sakit’
TL: They met my father in the hospital’
The word hospital in English as an adverb of place is put in the end of the
sentence.
2.3.3 Theory of Adverbial of Time
Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduced by conjunction such as
“when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to state when
something happens by referring to a period of time or another event..
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Next examples of Adverbial expressions of time answer the questions:
When? (1), (For) how long? (2), and How often? (3).
(1) A: When is the meeting?
B: In the evening.
(2) A: (For) how long did you stay there?
B: For a long time.
A: How long have you been here?
B: For two hours. or Since eight o'clock.
(3) A: How often do you visit your uncle?
B: Often.
A basic sentence has the pattern SUBJECT+VERB+ (OBJECT or
COMPLEMENT). An adverbial might take place either in the initial, middle or
final position. When it is at the initial position it occurs at the very beginning of
the sentence (4) when the adverb takes the final position, it occurs at the very end
of the sentence (5) when an adverbial is in the mid-position, it occurs between the
subject and the main verb (6).
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(4) Afterwards, they left for France.
(5) They left for France yesterday.
(6) They always go to France for the summers.
(7) I met him after I came to to Adana.
(8) My younger sister was born at 3:15 A.M.
on March 23.
in 1987.
b. .She was born at 3:15 A.M., March 23, 1987.
According to their use in a sentence, adverbs are divided into three
classes (Walsh & Walsh 1951) simple (1B), interrogative (1A, 2A, 3A), and
conjunctive (7). Most of the time expressions fall into the category of simple,
question words inquiring time which are placed in the interrogative class and
the conjunctions referring to time are used in subordinate clauses.
Expressions that answer the when question are generally called time
adverbials. Maclin (1987:39), in her mention of temporal expressions, states
that time adverbials can be a single word (5), a phrase (1B), or a dependent
clause (7). She suggests that these adverbials can be placed before or after the
main clause and asks the learners to place the more specific information
before the general information (8a). She also reminds the learners to "use `at'
before clock time, `on’ before a day or, `in' before a month used alone, a year, or
a century” (8a). She also warns the learners to separate the time adverbs if
prepositions are not used (8b).
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The adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb
phrase, or clause, as can be seen from the following example:
1.
Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al
1972:744)
2.
The next time, I come here; I’m going to be better (Quirk et al
1972:744)
3.
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days (Quirk
et al 1972:744)
4.
He was surprised when he saw this (Cum 1996:179)
5.
I bought in the Year (that) I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179)
6.
Since he hesitates we have him (Cum 1996:179)
7.
After having finished my work I went to bed (Cum 1996:179)
As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station as
adverbial of time filled by clause. It explains the event which happened a very
short time after another. In example (2) the next time as adverbial of time is filled
by noun phrase, the next time is formed by article the as determiner, next as
modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened
during one occurrence of an event. In example (3) the last time as adverbial filled
by noun phrase. The last time is formed by article the as determiner, last as
modifier, and time as noun. It is used to point out something happen during one
occurrence on event. In example (4) when he saw this is adverbial which is
marked by when and the idea of time here mingles with that of cause. And in
example (5) in the year (that) I was in Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional
30
phrase which is marked by in. In example (6) since he hesitates is adverbial which
is marked by since. And in example (7) after having finished my work is adverbial
and it is marked by after as the preposition of the sentence.
Biber and friends (2002: 208) state that “time adverbs express position in
time, frequently, duration, and relationship”.
Example:
1.
She doesn’t say go away very much now. (Time position)
2.
She always eats the onion. (Time frequency)
3.
She will remain a happy memory with us always in seven separate
pieces! (Time relationship)
Those examples show how the same adverb can have different time
meanings, depending on its context of use. For example, always in 2 refers to
frequency (i.e. how often she eats the onion); while in 3, always refers more to
duration. Semantically adverbial of time can express most time when adverbs can
serve as a response to a when question:
A: When did he arrive?
B: last night
While you were at the library
When in its various uses is in part pro-form for the time adjuncts. It can point of
time and denoted a boundary of time or in other words point of time but also
imply the point from which time is measured.
Time duration can be divided into two classes, they are those denoting
length of time and those denoting duration from some preceding point of time.
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Time duration are normally positioned finally, except for three adverbs normally
positioned at momentarily, permanently, and temporarily.
Time frequency can serve as a response to a how often question, and the
other time relationship. One group consist of adjuncts concerned with the
sequence within the clause of two time relationship, and they co-occur with time
when adjuncts. Many of the same items are also used as correlatives to denote
temporal sequence between clauses or between sentences.
2.3.4 Translation
The theory of translation is described in terms of its meaning, types,
process, and its procedure.
2.3.4.1 Meaning of Translation
Larson states that It is generally understood that the purpose of
translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target
language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of
a second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3).
In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to
find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the
target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in translating English text into
Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the source language and
Indonesian as the target language.
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Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
He also says that, in doing translation, meaning must be preserved as the most
essential issue, then, the translator must pay attention to the style of the author.
The result of translation must maintain the naturalness of the massage in the
source language.
Moreover Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a
representation of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent in
different degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of
presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis,
etc.) and at different ranks (woeds- dor woeds-, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for
sentence)
It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the
meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by
replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way
of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the
lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of
the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and
grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in
translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as
the source language and Indonesian as the target language.
2.3.4.2 Types of Translation
Every text has its own form and meaning in different types of language.
Therefore, there are two kinds of translation. One is form-based translation and
the other one is meaning-based. Form-based translations attempt to follow the
form of the source language and are known as literal translation. Meaning-based
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translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language
text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called
idiomatic translations.
1.
Literal Translation
An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. It is done
by reproducing the linguistic feature of the SL text, whether that is in
form of words, clauses, phrase, sentences, etc, into the TL text.
Although it may be very useful for purpose of the study of the source
language, they are little help to the speakers of the receptor language
who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal
translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value
(Larson, 1998: 17).
2.
Modified Literal Translation
Except for interlinear translation, a truly literal translation is
uncommon. Most translators who tend to translate literally actually
make a partially modified literal translation. They modify the order and
grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor
language. However, the lexical items are translated literally.
In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the
translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the
unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18).
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3.
Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL in the natural
form of the TL, both grammatical constructions and in the choice of
lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a
translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL.
Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is
his goal. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A
translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural
form and then in other parts fall back into a literal form. Translations
fall on a continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to
near idiomatic, and then may even move to be unduly free (Larson,
1998: 19).
4.
Unduly Free Translation
Unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation for
most purposes. Translations are unduly free if they add extraneous
information not in the source text, if they change the meaning of the
SL, or if they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of
the SL text. Sometimes unduly free translations are made for purpose
of humor or to bring about a special response from the receptor
language speakers. However, they are not acceptable as normal
translations. The emphasis is on the reaction of those reading or
hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that of the SL
(Larson, 1998: 19).
35
2.3.4.3 Process of Translation
The process of translation begins by reading the SL text as the first step.
Simply, this step is to get the meaning of the SL text which is going to be
translated into the TL text. This first step is done for two purposes: first, to
understand what the text is about; second, to analyze it from the translator point of
view. By doing so, the translator has to determine its intention and the way of
writing for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying
particular and recurrent problem. It has to be remembered that the intention of the
text represent the SL writer’s style towards the subject matter. All of these should
be done in the context of the SL text.
According to Larson’s, there are some steps that have to be attended in the
process of translating shown in the diagram below:
SOURCE LANGUAGE
RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Text to be translated
Translation
Discover the meaning
Re-express the meaning
Meaning
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It is clearly described above that when the translator is translating, the first
step that must be done is to discover and understand the meaning or the massage
of the SL text. After discovering the meaning of the SL, the translator then
analyzes it, in order to find the most natural form of the TL.
She also says that, the best translation is the one which: (1) uses the
normal language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicate, as much as
possible, to the receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood
by the speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the
original source language text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the original source
text means that the translation is presented in such way, that it will hopefully
evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (Larson, 1998: 6).
To be able to understand the meaning of the SL text totally and perfectly, a
translator must be able to understand the lexicon and the grammatical structure
of the SL and also able to understand the roles of non-linguistic factors. Since this
factors represent the communication situation and cultural context of the SL text.
This is in agreement with what Larson stated on translation:
“Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same
meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in
the receptor language and its cultural context (1998: 3).”
Since the process of translation is built up for any linguistic and cultural
differences, it should be able to cover those entire possible problems that might
37
occur in translation unless the process or procedure does not work in solving the
problem.
In general, Nida argues that the system of translation consists of a
procedure comparing three stages. They are (1) analysis in which the surface
structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and the meaning of the
words and combinations of words, (2) transfer in which the analyzed materials is
transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3)
reconstructing in which the transferred materials is reconstructed in order to make
the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language (1974: 34).
Although they are basically the same, the operational approach built up by
Bell who explains the process of translating in rather different way. The
transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of
processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one languagespecific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-languagespecific) semantic representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic
representation into a second language-specific text (the target language, the TLT)
(1991: 20).
2.3.4.4 Equivalence
Theory proposed by Nida will be applied to analyze the equivalence in the
data. According to Nida (2000:19) there are two kinds of equivalents, namely:
formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The first formal equivalence is
oriented to the form and content of the source language. In formal equivalence
38
translation, a translator intends to reproduce as closely and meaningfully as
possible the form and the content of the source language. In short, formal
equivalence translation is principally source-oriented. This means that a translator
reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message.
Meanwhile, dynamic equivalence is oriented to the complete naturalness of
translation. In this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the
receptor language message but with dynamic relationship. This means that in this
kind of translation the relationship between the receptor and the message should
be substantially the same as that which exists between the original receptor of the
message. In other words, dynamic equivalence is aimed at producing in the target
language the closest natural equivalent to the source language message.
Newmark says “communicative translation attempts to produce on its
readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the
original” and that “semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the
semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact
contextual meaning of the original” (1981:39)
New adjectives have been assigned to the notion of equivalence
(grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others) and made their
appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting
discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems
to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence
can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in
relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and
39
hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She
distinguishes between:
•
Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when
translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottomup approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be
taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts
analyzing the ST s/he looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct
‘equivalent’ term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it
should be remembered that a single word can sometime be assigned different
meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex
unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to number
factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense.
•
Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical
categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across
languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct
correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures
in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or
message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add
or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical
devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause
problems in translation, Baker focuses on number, tense and aspects, voice,
person, and gender.
40
•
Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text
and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important
feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and
analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a
cohesive and coherent text for the TT audience in a specific context. It is up to the
translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the
coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main factors,
that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.
Pragmatic equivalence refers to implicates and strategies of avoidance during the
translation process. Implicative is not about what is explicitly said but what is
implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in
translation in order to get the ST massage across. The role of the translator is to
recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TT
reader to understand it clearly.
2.3.4.5 Equivalence in Translation Studies
In the framework of systemic functional grammar, Matthiessen (1999)
discusses translation equivalence in the environments of translation, and identifies
the
environments
relevant
to
translation
in
different
dimensions
of
contextualization. He says “the wider the context, the more information is
available to guide the translation” and “the wider the environment, the more
congruent languages are likely to be; the narrower the environment, the more
incongruent languages are likely to be”. Form his perspective, equivalence is a
41
matter of degree rather than that of dichotomy, and so is the difference between
free and literal translation.
The concept of equivalence has been one of the key words in translation
studies. In earlier work on translation equivalence, Catford (1965:20) defines
translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. He distinguishes textual
equivalence from formal correspondence. The former is “any TL text or portion of
text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL
text or portion of text” and the latter is “any TL category (unit, class, structure,
element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible, the
same place in the structure of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the
SL”.
Wilss (1982a: 134) states that “the concepts of TE (translation
equivalence) has been an essential issue not only in translation theory over the last
2000 years, but also in modern translation studies” and that “there is hardly any
other concept in translation theory which has produced as many contradictory
statements and has set off as many attempts at an adequate, comprehensive
definition as the concept of TE between SLT (source language text) and TLT
(target language text)”. In his definition, “translation is a transfer process which
aims at the transformation of a written SL, text into an optimally equivalent TL
text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic
understanding and analytical processing of the SL text”(1982b : 3). I think his
42
phrase ‘optimally equivalent’ is reasonably appropriate, but in my view the
problem is that he fails to present what makes the optimality.
1.
The concepts of equivalence have been discussed in various dichotomous
ways such as ‘formal vs. dynamic equivalence’ (Nida). ‘Semantic vs
communicative translation’ (Newmark). ‘Semantic vs. functional equivalence’
(Bell), and so on. According to Nida and Taber (1969: 12), “translating consist in
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. The
‘closest natural equivalent’ is explained by Nida (1962:166) as follows;
equivalent, which points toward the source language message.
2.
Natural, which points toward the receptor language
3.
closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the
highest degree of approximation.
Nida cities his examples from bible translation, where the phrase ‘Lamb of
God’ would be rendered into ‘Seal of God’ for the Eskimos because the lamb does
not symbolize innocence in their culture. In this case, a literal translation (formal
equivalence) does not mean anything in a different culture so the dynamic
equivalence is necessary.
Newmark (1981:38) states that “opinion swung between literal and free,
faithful, and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the
bias was to be in favor of the author or the reader, the source or the target
43
language of the text.” He categorizes translation by a degree of depending on SL
emphasis or TL emphasis as follows (1988: 45):
SL emphasis – TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation-Adaptation
Literal translation-Free translation
Faithful translation – Idiomatic translation
According to Bell, “the translator has been the option of focusing on
finding formal equivalents which preserve the context-free semantic sense of the
text at the expense of its context-sensitive communicative value, or finding
functional equivalents which preserve the context-sensitive communicative value
of the text at the expense of its context-free semantic sense”(1991:7)
Apart from the dichotomy of equivalence, Baker (1992) discusses various
equivalence problems and their possible solutions at word, above word,
grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels. She takes a bottom-up approach for
pedagogical reasons. Baker proceeds with her equivalence discussion from word
to further upward levels. She claims “translators must not underestimate the
cumulative effect of thematic choices on the way we interpret text”
2.3.4.6 Thematic Equivalence
In the systemic functional model of the lexico grammar, language has
three multifunction – ideational, interpersonal and textual. These three are
44
simultaneous strands of meaning, but “while translation should give equal weight
to all three multifunctional contributions, there has been a strong tendency to give
more weight to the ideational multifunction” (matthiessen 1999: 47). It is
unfortunate that the traditional translation studies have paid little attention to the
textual equivalence.
The thematic analysis with functional grammar helps translator become
aware of how the text guides readers as it unfolds. Halliday uses a clause as a unit
for analysis and textually divides it into two parts; Theme and Rheme. He defines
the Theme as “the point of departure of the message” and the Rheme as “the
remainder of the message”, so “as a message structure, a clause consists of a
theme accompanied by a Rheme” (1994: 37). Baker clearly points out two
functions of the Theme (1992:121).
1.
It acts as appoint of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of
discourse and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view.
2.
It acts as a point of departure by connecting forward and contributing to
the development of later stretches
Baker’s discussion focus of the Theme-Rheme distinction related to translation is
text-based rather than the structure of individual clauses. She explains that
methods of organization and development in different types of text are reflected in
the overall choice of themes. Having noted the significances of the thematic
progression, we must still first shed light on individual clauses for the purpose of
investigating how the theme is realized in the ST and the TT.
45
2.3.4.7 Method of Translation
Translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) will be
applied to analyze the procedures applied in translating each data and then
analysis is made to know whether or not each application is appropriate. There are
seven procedures as described below:
a.
Literal Translation
Direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically
appropriate of the TL text. For example: mie goreng (I) - fried noodles
(E).
b.
Borrowing
Borrowing is considered the simplest of all the translation methods. In
translating a term from the SL into TL, foreign terms may be used.
They are usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts,
for example: animation (E) – animasi (I).
c.
Calque
A special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression from another and the form is translated literally in terms
each of its elements. The calque is divided into two parts namely
lexical calque and structural calque. Lexical calque happens at the
syntactic level, while structural calque happens at the level of
construction of language. For example: Jakarta Post (E) – Jakarta
Post (I).
46
d.
Transposition
The translating process which involves replacing one word class with
another without changing the massage, the transposition can also be
applied in a language. For example: melanggar aturan (I) –
committing a violation (E).
e.
Modulation
Varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of
view. For example: si perawan desa (I) – the single women in the
village (E).
f.
Equivalence
The same situation “which can be rendered by two texts using
completely different stylistic and structure methods, for example:
warna coklat susu (I) – cream colour (E).
g.
Adaptation
The extreme limit of translation, which is used in case where the type
of situation being transferred from SL message is unknown in the TL
culture. In such a case the translator has to create new situation that
can be considered equivalence. Adaptation can, therefore, be described
as a special kind of equivalent, a situational equivalent, for example:
om swastyastu (B) – welcome (E).
47
2.3.4.8 The Basic Principles of Translation
There are three basic principles of translation stated by Nida (1975:27).
Those principles mean that no translation in a receptor language can be the exact
equivalent of the model in source language. All types of translation involve:
1. Loss of information
Loss of information can occur in all linguistic levels. For example,
‘she is a teacher’ becoming ‘Dia guru’ The meaning of dia partly lies in its
opposition to she and it, in Indonesian dia is third person, singular system
has no opposition at that level because dia covers her and him but does not
cover it. This means that she has more meaning that the Indonesian dia
because she contains the idea of female, which is, absent in Indonesian dia,
thus loss of information occurs in translation
2. Addition of information
Addition means adding anything that is needed, such as a word, a
phrase, or even a clause, in order to make the translated text appear
natural, either grammatically or semantically, in the target language. This
is a strategy a translator frequently resorts to when following the original
pattern of information flow results in a tension between syntactic and
communicative functions in the TLT (Baker, 1992:167).
3. Skewing of information
48
The translation of items in the source language is not the exact
equivalence in the target language.
The principles of loss, addition, and skewing of information are related to
this study. Since there are some possibilities of loss, addition, and skewing of
information occur in translating the terms from SL into TL.
49
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Data Source
The data of this study are taken from an English novel entitled Twilight
written by Stephanie Mayer which is translated into Indonesian version Twilight
by Lily Devita Sari and published by Gramedia Company.
The reason for choosing this novel as the data source of this study is that
Stephanie Mayer is considered one of the greatest authors nowadays and her novel
has been translated in hundreds of different languages and has become one of the
bestselling novels through years. Besides, the novel contains many data that are
relevant with the problem discussed and analyzed in this paper.
The other reason to choose this novel is that the novel is a translation
product. It should be studied in order to get some advantages from other translator
is ability, especially the function of time adverbials and their translation.
This novel consists of 25 chapters and it has 420 pages in English version
and 518 pages in Indonesian. Therefore, it is enough to obtain the data of time
adverbials.
3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The data of this study were collected by identifying and note-taking the
English adverbials and their equivalents in Indonesian. The first step was a close
reading of both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Then
50
adverbials in the SL and their equivalents in the TL were identified. The collected
data were then systematically classified according to the purpose of analysis.
In the process of taking data, the sentences showing the occurrences of adverbials
of time were not quoted wholly; they were partly quoted.
3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The data classified were analyzed by comparing the English adverbials of
time with their translations into Indonesian, in order to find their various
translation equivalents. The analyses start from classifying the data according to
their types followed by the analysis of the functions of adverbials and the last
analysis was done based on their equivalents in Indonesia. Discussion, comment,
and explanation were also added.
In relation to the data analysis, the sentences carrying imperative sentences were
underlined in such a way that they were easily identified.
3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data
The analysis is presented informally. The analysis is grouped based on the
types and functions of the adverbials found. The adverbials of time and their
equivalents are underlined as showing in the following example:
SL : I’m not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax, breathe. I
love you. (page 18)
TL : Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali. Tenang,
tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (page 42)
51
Looking at the example above, we can say the underlined word is an
adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by every
five minutes in which its head or item is the noun minutes. This noun phrase states
time modifying the verb am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I is not
going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this belongs to adverbial
stating time.
But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun
phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima menit sekali. In this case we
can see that the English adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is
adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian setiap lima menit sekali is
also a noun phrase stating time.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the
source text every five minute is not formally reproduced in the target language.
There is the word sekali in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain
the same.
The procedure applied by the translator in translating the time adverbial in
the SL into TL is modulation translation procedure, because the translator varying
the formed of language. Since there is addition in Indonesian translation by the
word sekali.
52
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS ADVERBIALS OF TIME
AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN INDONESIAN
This chapter is concerned with the analysis of the adverbials of time and
their translations in Indonesian in the Novel as the main concern of the study. As
mentioned in the previous chapter that the purposes of the study are to identify the
types of English time adverbials in the novel and their Indonesian translations, to
find out the procedures applied to translating them into the target language.
After the data were observed, it was found that all adverbials stating time
in the English novel are translated into the same forms in Indonesian. This means
no significant shift was found. The adverbials stating time expressed by the noun
phrase is translated into the noun phrase in the target language, the adverb phrase
which states time is also translated into the adverb phrase in the target language,
the prepositional phrase into the prepositional phrase and the clause stating time is
also translated into a clause in the target language.
Seen from the translation viewpoint, it is found that the meaning carried
by the adverbial stating time is closely translated into the same meaning in the
target language. The meaning of time duration is also translated into duration in
the target language. The meaning of ‘when’ is also closely translated into
Indonesian. The other meanings of time are also translated into the same meaning
in the target language. For further analysis, let us see the following discussion.
53
In relation to translation equivalent, it is found that some data use formal
equivalent and other data use dynamic equivalent. In formal equivalent the
translator seems to apply formal equivalence translation, the translator intends to
reproduce as closely and meaningfully as possible the form and the content of the
source language. It seems that the translator reveals the form and content of the
original message. In some data it is found that dynamic equivalence is applied. In
this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the receptor
language message but with dynamic relationship.
4.1 Adverbial of Time Expressed by a Noun Phrase
It is also found that there are many noun phrases expressing time in the
data. The meaning carried by the noun phrase stating time also varies. They are
also accurately translated into Indonesian. Let us see the following data.
Data 1:
SL
: I did not sleep well that night, even after I was done crying.
(Page. 5)
TL
:Tidurku gelisah malam itu, bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis
(Page.23)
In this data, we can see that in data above, there is a noun phrase that states
time. The noun phrase in this data is formed by determiner that and the noun
night. This noun phrase expresses time, namely point of time. “That night” means
54
in the evening. In this case the time mentioned expresses past time. So it is a point
of time in the past.
If we look at its translation in Indonesian, we can see that that night is
translated into malam itu. Considering this translation we can also say that the
noun phrase stating time is accurately translated into Indonesian by the translator
because malam itu has the same meaning with ‘that night’.
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase
that night as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase malam itu
in the target language.
The procedure of translation used in this translation is a literal translation
since the SL text that night, even after I was done crying is directly translated or
transferred into the appropriate grammatical and idiomatical form of the TL
malam itu is the phrase bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis without changing the
message.
Data 2:
SL
: Every day I watched anxiously until the rest of the Cullen’s
entered the cafeteria without him (Page.37)
TL
: Setiap hari, dengan was was aku memperhatikan sampai seluruh
keluarga Cullen memasuki cafeteria tanpanya. (Page.49)
55
The same case happens in data 2. We can also see that there is a noun
phrase stating time. The noun phrase is formed by quantifier every - and the noun
day. Every day means each day Bella meets the Cullen’s minus Edward.
Meanwhile in the Indonesian translation is setiap hari is an adverbial of time
formed by an NP, because setiap hari in the TL means each day too. The adverbial
of time above shows frequency since both the TL and SL text mean how many
times the situation happens, that is, every day.
From the equivalent viewpoint, this data applied the formal equivalent.
This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely
reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase everyday as the adverbial
denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase setiap hari in the target language.
The procedure of translation s used to translate the SL phrase into the TL
text is the literal translation where there is a direct transfer of SL text into
grammatical and idiomatically form of the TL text.
Data 3:
SL
: I’m not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax,
breathe. I love you. (Page.18)
TL
: Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali.
Tenang, tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (Page.42)
Looking at the data 3 above, we can say the underlined words is an
adverbial stating time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by
56
the determiner every in which its head is the noun minutes. This noun phrase
states time modifying the verb I am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I
is not going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this is adverbial
stating time showing frequency since the word every is used to indicate something
happening at specified intervals. But if we look at its Indonesian translation we
can see that that the noun phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima
menit sekali. In this case we can see that the English adverbial stating time formed
by the noun phrase is adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian setiap
lima menit sekali is also a noun phrase stating time.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the
source text every five minute is not formally reproduced in the target language.
There is the word sekali in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain
the same.
The procedure applied by the translator in translating the time adverbial in
the SL into TL is modulation translation procedure, since the translator varying
the formed of language.
Data 4:
SL
: “When did that happen?” “Last september”. (Page.25)
TL
: kapan itu terjadi? September lalu. (Page.60)
The underlined word “last September” can be categorized as adverbial
stating time formed by Noun Phrase. The word Last functions to explain the point
of time which shows that something happened in a particular period. The word
57
last is usually used to explain that something come after the others in time or most
recent in time. The underlined words last September modifies the verb when that
happened?
The data above applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning
of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The
noun phrase last September as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun
phrase September lalu in the target language.
If we see the Indonesian translation, the phrase September lalu is also an
adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. The word lalu in Indonesian means
the past, that is, has the same meaning in the English word. Here the translator
uses the literal translation procedure in which the SL phrase is directly transferred
into the TL phrase using the appropriate grammar.
Data 5
SL
: A few months of this and I’d forget how to use sarcasm. (Page
345)
TL
: Beberapa bulan saja ditempat ini, aku pasti sudah lupa bagaimana
caranya bersikap sinis (Page 365)
From the above data we can see that the underlined phrase a few months is
an adverbial of time formed by a Noun Phrase. This Noun phrase modifies the
verb, forget how to use sarcasm. It tells us that the subject I in going to forget how
to use sarcasm in a few month. The adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase a
58
few month functions to explain the relationship in time between the past and the
present situation.
If we see the Indonesian translation the adverbial of time formed by a noun
phrase a few months is translated into beberapa bulan saja. The Indonesian
translation also shows that it is an adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the
source text a few months is not formally reproduced in the target language. There
is the word saja in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the
same.
The method used in this translation is modulation translation procedure,
because the translator varying the formed of language.
Data 6
SL
: I’m not going to Seattle that Saturday, I explained. (Page 38)
TL
: aku tak akan pergi ke Seattle sabtu nanti, aku menjelaskan (page
82)
An adverbial like a noun phrase can express past time and future time.
This quite depended upon the sentence itself. If the sentence is about past activity,
the noun phrase using “that” is possible to be used like the one in data 1. If the
sentence belongs to future activity the noun phrase using “that” is also possible to
use. To express such kind of meaning, in Indonesian, for the future activity the
word nanti is usually used like what is mentioned in data 6.
59
As we can see in data 6 above, the adverbial stating time formed by NP is
also found in the SL text identified by the underlined words that Saturday. The
word that is a pronoun in English and it is used to refer to a thing or person or
thing seen or heard or already mentioned and known. The word that in the data
above is used to express future time. This noun phrase states time modifying the
sentence I’m not going to Seattle. It tells us that the subject I is not going to
Seattle that Saturday, I explained. Again this is an adverbial stating time showing
point of time since the word of that Saturday is used to indicate when it happens,
that is, the day after Friday.
But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun
phrase that Saturday is translated into sabtu nanti. Nanti in Indonesian means
later (use the same day but may be later). In this case, we can see that the English
adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is adequately translated into
Indonesian. In Indonesian sabtu nanti also belongs to a noun phrase stating time.
This data applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning of the
source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The noun
phrase That Saturday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase
sabtu nanti in the target language.
Here we can see that the translator uses the literal translation method in
which the SL text is directly transferred into the TL text using the appropriate
grammatical form.
60
Data 7
SL
: She called the first Tuesday of March to ask my permission to
invite Mike to the girls choice spring dance in two weeks. (Page
37)
TL
: Ia menelfon hari selasa pertama di bulan maret untuk meminta
izin mengajak Mike ke pesta dansa musim semi 2 minggu lagi.
(Page 83)
In the data above, there is a noun phrase that states time. The noun phrase
in this example is formed by the determiner the and the noun first Tuesday. This
noun phrase expresses time, namely point of time. The noun phrase The first
Tuesday means the first Tuesday of March. If we look at its translation in
Indonesian, we can see that the first Tuesday is translated into hari selasa
pertama. From this translation we can also say that the noun phrase stating time
is accurately translated into Indonesian by the translator.
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase the
first Tuesday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase hari
selasa pertama. in the target language.
The procedure of translation used in this translation is literal translation
since the SL text the first Tuesday is directly translated or transferred into the
appropriate grammatical form in the TL hari selasa pertama without changing the
message.
61
4.2 Adverb Phrases Stating time and their translations in Indonesian
It is found that there are many adverb phrases stating time found in the
source language novel. The meaning carried by the adverb phrases stating time is
also vary. For further information, let’s see the following discussion.
Data 1:
SL
: “I’ll figure it out eventually,” I warned him (Page. 49)
TL
: “Nanti juga aku tahu,” kataku mengingatkan (Page.104)
If we look at the data number 1 above, we can see that there is an adverb
phrase stating time in the source language. It is expressed by the adverb of time
eventually. Eventually means “after a long time” or “in the end”. According to the
theory of adverbial, namely adverbial stating time, this adverb expresses “time
when”. And if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that the English
adverb “eventually” is translated into “nanti juga” in Indonesian. Nanti in
Indonesian means later (use the same day but may be later). And the word juga in
Indonesian means also, too, as well. We can see that the meaning of the source
language has the same meaning in the target language. I can be add that
“eventually” which belongs to a single adverb is translated into an adverb phrase
in Indonesian.
From the equivalent point of view this data used dynamic equivalent of
translation. The form of the source text “eventually” is not formally reproduced in
62
the target language. There is the word juga in the target language. This is to keep
the meaning remain the same.
And in the data above we can see that there is a shift namely the structure
shift. This structure shift occurred because it involves a change in grammatical
structure between source text and target text, from an adverb into an adverb
phrase. The methodology of translation used is the transposition, where the
translator replaces one word class with another without changing the message.
Data 2
SL
: Eventually we made it into Charlie’s (Page.3)
TL
: Akhirnya kami tiba dirumah Charlie (Page.20)
In data 2, we can also see the use of adverb eventually which states time
‘when’. But this is not translated into the same expression in Indonesian. We can
see eventually here is translated into “akhirnya” in Indonesian. According to
mizan dictionary akhirnya means in the end, finnaly, sooner or later, eventually, at
last, in the long run. Even though it is translated differently, In Indonesian the
word “akhirnya” and “nanti juga” have the same meaning in this context. From
the analysis above, we can state that the adverb stating time in the two examples
above is accurately translated into the target language by the translator.
From the equivalent point of view, this data applied dynamic equivalent
of translation. The form of the source text “eventually” is not formally reproduced
in the target language; there is the word akhirnya in the target language.
63
The method of translation use is the transposition, where the translator
replaces one word class with another without changing the message.
Data 3:
SL
: He’d already gotten me registered for high school and was going
to help me get a car. (Page 413)
TL
: Ia sudah mendaftarkan aku ke SMA dan akan membantuku
mendapatkan kendaraan pribadi (Page 433)
From the third data above, we can see that the word already can be
categorized into adverbial which is used in perfect tense. It used to emphasize that
an action has been done. It is also used to express something as surprisingly soon
or early as this. According to Longman dictionary already gives the meaning
before now or by this or that time. In this case the word already explains the
relationship in time. It tells us that the subject, in this case Charlie (He) had
already registered Bella for school. The word already itself can be used in any
kinds of situation, since it does not attach to the verb.
For the translation analysis we can see the word already is translated into
sudah. The word sudah in Indonesia according to mizan dictionary it means
completed, over, finished, done, accomplished, achieves, realize. Sudah used to
expressed before or action started in the past and continuous up to the present. The
word sudah is often used to translate the word “already” in English. In this case
the words sudah means that something has been done. In this data the translator
64
uses literal translation as the methodology of translations. The form of the source
language is directly transferred into the TL without changing the meaning.
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase
already as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase “sudah” in the
target language.
Data 4:
SL
: I didn’t want to be too early to school, but I couldn’t stay in the
house anymore. (Page. 5) adjective
TL
: Aku tidak mau terburu – buru ke sekolah, tapi aku tak bisa tinggal
di rumah lebih lama lagi. (Page. 24) verb
The data 4 above shows that the underlined words too early is an adverbial
of time formed by an adverb phrase. The adverb early in English is used to
express time meaning”at the beginning of a particular time, period or sequence.”
Here the word early is an adverbial of time which functions to state time. Early in
English according to oxford dictionary means “before usual time.” The sentence
in the source language text means that the subject I did not want to go to school
before the time arranged. In the Indonesian translation too early it is translated
into the word terburu-buru. The word terburu-buru in Indonesian belongs to verb.
And this verb does not express time. It expresses how the subject does the action.
65
So if we look at the Indonesian translation it can be said that there is a structure
shift; from an adverb into a verb. Terburu-buru means in a hurry. Here the
translator uses equivalence procedure that is translated by using two text with
completely different stylistic and structure method.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the
source text too early is not formally reproduced in the target language. There is
the word terburu – buru in the target language. This is to keep the meaning
remain the same.
Data 5
SL
: “but now you’re unhappy” he pointed out (Page 26)
TL
: “tapi sekarang kau tidak bahagia” ujarnya (page 60)
The data 6 above shows that the underlined word now is an adverbial of
time formed by an adverb. The word now in English is an adverb that means at the
present time. Here the adverb now functions as an adverbial that states time,
namely point of time. In this case it is used to state that the subject you in the
clause “but now you’re unhappy” is not happy at the present time. In the
Indonesian translation now it is translated into the word sekarang which, as we
know, has the same meaning with “at the present time” in Indonesia. The word
sekarang means now, at present, at this time, today and nowadays that also
belongs to an adverb in Indonesian.
66
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase
now as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverb phrase sekarang in
the target language.
Seeing the methodology used, we can see that the translator uses literal
translation in the process of translating the source language text. The form of the
source language text is grammatically transferred into the target language; the
meaning of the source language text is the same with the meaning of the target
language.
Data 6
SL
: Finally I closed my eyes and ignored him. He kept up a
remorseful mumbling (Page 132)
TL
: Akhirnya kupejamkan mataku dan mengabaikannya. Ia terus
menggumamkan penyesalan. (Page 173)
Data 6 above shows that the underlined word finally is an adverbial of
time formed by an adverb. The word finally in English is an adverb that means
coming at the end of something or last. Here the adverb finally is an adverbial of
time functions to state point of time. The adverbial finally modifies the whole
sentence. It tells us that the subject I closed his eyes and ignored the object him.
67
In the Indonesian translation the word finally is translated into the word
akhirnya which also means “last.” The translator uses the literal translation as the
method of translating the source language text into the target language. We can
see that the adverb finally is translated into an adverb in the target language. So in
this case it is applied literal procedure. The translator uses the same form as the
translation.
From the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase
finally as the adverbial denoting time, is replaced by an adverb phrase akhirnya in
the target language.
4.3 Prepositional Phrases Stating Time and Their Translation into
Indonesian
Based on the theory, adverbial of time can be expressed by a prepositional
phrase. The prepositional phrases may express point of time, duration, and others.
The prepositions used in the prepositional phrase vary. And I can see that there are
also many prepositional phrases that state time in the data. These can be seen in
the following data.
Data 1:
SL
: However, after a few second of silence , I decided that was the
only answer I was going to get (p. 326)
68
TL
: Bagaimanapun setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan, aku
memutuskan bahwa hanya itulah jawaban yang akan aku terima
(page. 386)
As we can see that there is a prepositional phrase that states time in the
data above. The prepositional phrase occurring in the data is formed by a
preposition after and the noun phrase a few second of silence. According to
oxford dictionary, the word after may mean following in time or later that. The
prepositional phrase after a few second of silence may mean later that a few
second of silence. In this case we can say that this prepositional phrase expresses
time namely point of time.
And if we look at its Indonesian translation, we can see that the
prepositional phrase after a few silence of silence which states time, namely point
of time, is translated into “setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan”. In Indonesian
the expression “setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan” also belongs to
prepositional phrase and it also expresses period of time.
From the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The prepositional
phrase after a few second of silence as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a
prepositional phrase setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan in the target
language.
69
So based on this, we can say that the prepositional phrase in the source
language is adequately translated into Indonesian by using literal translation, in
which the SL phrase is directly transferred into the TL phrase by using the
appropriate grammar and idioms.
Data 2
SL
: Most people go there during the hunting seasons. (Page 112)
TL
: Kebanyakan orang pergi kesana pada musim berburu (page 124)
From the data above it is found that during the hunting seasons is an
adverbial of time formed by prepositional phrase during. Preposition “during”
may mean “in the period of time” or it may mean “at some point in a period of
time.” Based on the context “during the hunting seasons” may mean “at some
point in the period of hunting seasons.” Based on this explanation we state that
“during the hunting seasons” expresses duration of time. Since the prepositional
phrase in the source language text carries the meaning of duration, so the
translation of this prepositional phrase must also have the same meaning with the
meaning of the source language text. If we look at its Indonesian translation, we
can see that the prepositional phrase in the source language is translated into
“pada musim berburu.” In this translation we can see that its meaning also carries
the meaning of period of time. The time duration of the target language text is
implicitly mention in the word “musim.”
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Formal equivalent is also applied in this data since the form and the
meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target
language. The prepositional phrase during the hunting seasons as the adverbial
denoting time is replaced by a prepositional phrase pada musim berburu in the
target language.
By looking at the meaning of both source language text and target
language text we can say that the prepositional phrase stating time duration is
adequately translated into the target language. And we can see here that the
translator uses literal translation because he uses the same form for translating the
prepositional phrase “during the hunting seasons.” We can see here that the
translation of the English prepositional phrase is also in the form of prepositional
phrase that is “pada musim berburu.”
Data 3
SL
: “well, no. I think it was new in the early sixties – or late fifties at
earliest,” he admitted sheepishly. (Page. 2)
TL
: “Kurasa mobil itu keluaran awal ‘60’an atau setidaknya 50-an.”
Dad mengaku malu – malu. (Page. 19)
In the data above we can identify that the adverbial stating time is a
prepositional phrase shown by preposition in and the noun phrase the early sixties.
The prepositional phrase in the early sixties expresses the meaning of “time
when.” If we look at the context of the sentence we can predict that the meaning
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of “in the early sixties” is “in the beginning of the year nineteen sixties.” So by
looking at the context, the meaning of the sentence will be “…. It was new at the
point of time in the year sixties.”
If we look at the Indonesian translation we can say that the prepositional
phrase of the source language text is translated into prepositional phrase in
Indonesian. “Awal 60-an” in Indonesia also belongs to adverbial of time formed
by a noun phrase. And if we pay attention on the meaning of both the English
prepositional phrase and the Indonesian prepositional phrase, we can see that both
of them have the same meaning. “Awal 60-an” has the same meaning with “in the
early sixties.”
This data applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source
language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The prepositional
phrase functioning as adverbial stating time is translated into a noun phrase in
Indonesian. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning
in the target language.
For the translation procedure, the translator uses the equivalence procedure
in the process of translating the text. In this case the translator translates it into the
same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different
stylistic and structure method.
Data 4
SL
: He seemed genuinely pleased that I was coming to live with him
for the first time with any degree of permanence. (Page 1)
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TL
: Perasaan senangnya sepertinya tulus , ketika untuk pertama kali
aku datang dan tinggal bersamanya entah selama beberapa lama
(Page 26).
In the data 5 above, we can see that the adverbial of time is shown by a
prepositional phrase “for the first time.” The prepositional phrase “for the first
time” also functions to explain when something happens. It modifies the sentence
related to time. The specific meaning of for the first time is “an occasion when
something happens.”
Moreover, in the Indonesian translation the
prepositional phrase “for the
first time” is also translated into “untuk pertama kalinya.” In the TL. Looking at
the Indonesian translation we can see that the form of its Indonesian translation is
also a prepositional phrase identified by prepositional “untuk.”
The word ketika in the target language may have the same meaning with
“when” or “at the time”. If we look at the source language text, the preposition
“for” may have the same meaning with the word ketika. It means that in this
context the word ketika has the same meaning with “when” or “at the time”. This
means that there is dynamic equivalent in this context because the form of the
source language text is not totally reproduced into the target language.
The methodology used in this translation is the literal translation in which
the SL text is directly transferred to the TL using the proper grammar and idioms.
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Data 5
SL
: I should be avoiding him entirely after my brainless and
embarrassing babbling yesterday. (Page 28)
TL
: aku seharusnya menghindari cowok itu setelah omonganku yang
tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam (Page 67)
In the data above we can identify that there is an adverbial stating time.
The adverbial is formed by a prepositional phrase with prepositional after.
Looking at the meaning, this adverbial expresses time ‘when’. It expresses when
the subject I of the sentence should be avoiding the object him. So the
prepositional phrase after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday
explains the point in time. The explanation in the SL is in accordance with the
translation in the TL. The prepositional phrase after my brainless and
embarrassing babbling yesterday is translated into setelah omonganku yang tidak
cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam in Indonesia. As we can see, this
translation also belongs to adverbial of time formed identified by preposition
setelah. In Indonesian setelah means “when someone has done something”.
We can see there is formal equivalent in this context. The form and the
meaning of the source language text are totally reproduced in the target language.
The prepositional phrase after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday
as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a prepositional phrase setelah
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omonganku yang tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam in the target
language.
For the translation procedure, the translator uses the equivalence procedure
in which the translator translate it into the same situation which can be rendered
by two texts using completely different style and structure method.
Data 6
SL
: It was five thirty in the morning (page 131)
TL
: sudah pukul 05.30 (page 144)
From the data above we can see that in the SL text there is an adverbial
identified by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase is formed by
preposition in noun phrase the morning. Seen from the meaning, this prepositional
phrase expresses time, namely point of time. In the morning means at the point of
morning time. That is the early part of the day, from when the sun rises until 12
o’clock in the middle of the day. This prepositional phrase expresses the time five
thirty.
If we look the target language text, we can see that the there is no meaning
of such kind like mentioned above. There is no meaning of “morning” explicitly
mentioned in the target language. However, as we know if we talk about time in
Indonesian, we don’t need to add the parts of the day. Five thirty must be in the
morning, fourteen thirty must be in the afternoon, etc. So we can see that there is
75
no explicit translation for the prepositional phrase in the morning, its meaning of
the morning as the part of the day is implicitly expressed by the time itself.
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied dynamic equivalent. The prepositional phrase in the morning as the
adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverbial sudah in the target language.
Although they are different if form, but still they are they have the same meaning.
If we compared both the English and Indonesian texts, we can state that
both of them carry the same meaning although it is expressed by different forms.
So we can say that the source language text is adequately translated into the target
language. The methodology used in the translation above is modulation since
there is a change in the point of view that is the English time is clearly stipulated
in the morning while the Indonesian is not.
5.2. Clause Stating Time and Their Translation in Indonesian
Clauses stating time found in the source data are formed by various
conjunctions. They can be formed by conjunction after, before, when, etc. The
meaning carried by the clauses also varies. To get clear information about this,
let’s see the following data.
5.2.6
Clause Stating Time by “When”
There are some data of clause stating time formed by subordinator when
found in the novel. In relation to their translation, this clause of time is adequately
76
translated into the target language. Its Indonesian translation also conveys the
same meaning. For the word ‘when’ itself, it is translated into ketika, and setelah.
Data 1:
SL
: When I came here as a child, he would always remove the bullets
as soon as soon he walked into the room (Page.35)
TL
: Waktu aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak, Dad selalu
mengosongkan pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Page.47)
Looking at the data above, we can see that there is a clause that states time.
The clause that expresses time in the data above is when I came as a child. As we
can see that this clause is formed by a subordinate when. This clause may mean
“at the time I came as a child”. Considering this meaning we can say that this
clause states time, namely period of time. And if we look at its Indonesian
translation we can say that waktu aku ke sini ketika masih kanak-anak is a clause
that states time. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause carry the same
meaning. The subordinator when is translated into ketika, I came into aku , here
into ke sini, and as a child is translated into masih kanak-kanak.
For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I
came here as a child as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause waktu
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aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak in the target language. The meaning of the
source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same.
Looking at its Indonesian translation, we can see that the source language
text is literally translated into the Indonesian. This methodology of translation
shows that the source language text is directly translated into the target language
through appropriate grammar and meaning of the TL text.
Data 2:
SL
: I would save that for bedtime, when I would have to think about
the coming morning. (Page 268)
TL
: Aku akan menyimpannya sampai saat tidur nanti, ketika aku
harus memikirkan esok pagi (Page 289)
It is clear that the underlined words in the source language text above
belong to a clause that states time. This clause gives information about the time
when the subject I would save something for bedtime. This clause is formed, as
we can see, by subordinator when. When in English states time as well.
Considering the form and the meaning carried by the clause then we can say that
the clause stated above does express time. In this case it states a boundary of time
since it shows the process of time.
If we look at the target language text, its Indonesian translation, we can see
that the clause in the source language text is translated into a clause in the target
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language. The clause ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi carries the same
meaning with the one in the source language text. It also expresses boundary of
time. From this explanation we can now state that the adverbial formed by a
clause is adequately translated into Indonesian.
In this context, we can see that for the equivalent view point it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I
would have to think about the coming morning as the adverbial denoting time is
replaced by a clause ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi in the target
language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target
language remain the same.
If we look at the procedure used, we can state that the translator uses is
literal because the SL text is directly translated into the appropriate grammar of
the TL text in this case.
Data 3:
SL
: But I couldn’t fall asleep until after midnight, when the rain
finally settled into a quieter drizzle. (Page.5)
TL
: Tapi lepas tengah malam barulah aku tertidur, ketika hujan
berubah jadi gerimis (Page.23)
The data above also has an adverbial clause that states time. The clause
that states time is shown by a clause that has when as its subordinator. Seen from
its context and the meaning of the subordinator when, we can also state that the
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clause when the rain finally settled into a quieter drizzle really expresses time. In
this case it states time of boundary of time.
If we analyze the form and meaning of the translation of the English clause
above, we can see that the Indonesian translation also belongs to a clause and its
meaning is the same with the meaning of the source language text. Both the
English clause and the Indonesian clause the same meaning, they both state a
boundary of time.
If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is
applied dynamic equivalent. The clause when the rain finnaly settled into a quieter
drizzle as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverbial time formed by
clause ketika hujan berubah jadi gerimis in the target language. Although they are
different if form, but still they are they have the same meaning.
The methodology used in the translation above is modulation since the
form of the SL text is changed in the point of view.
Data 4:
SL
: When I opened my eyes in the morning, something was different;
it was the light (Page.28)
TL
: Ketika paginya aku membuka mata ada sesuatu yang berbeda
(Page.65)
This data also shows the use of adverbial clause stating time, point of time.
The clause is also formed by a clause with the subordinator when. When I opened
80
my eyes in the morning means at the point of time I got up in the morning.
Considering the meaning of this clause we can say that this clause does have the
meaning of point of time.
Compared with the target language, we can also see that the meaning
conveyed is also the point of time. Ketika paginya aku membuka mata illustrates
the time, namely the point of time. In this case it is identified by the word ketika.
Ketika in English means at the time. If we compared both the English and
Indonesian texts, we can state that both of them carry the same meaning. So we
can say that the source language text is adequately translated into the target
language.
For the equivalent view point this data applied formal equivalent. This is
because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely
reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I opened my eyes in the
morning as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause Ketika paginya aku
membuka mata in the target language. The meaning of the source language and
the meaning of the target language remain the same.
The procedure of translation that is used in this translation is literal
translation. We can see that the meaning of the form is translated into the same
form and meaning.
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Data 5
SL
: When he finally spoke, he almost sounded mad (Page.40)
TL
: Ketika akhirnya dia berbicara, terdengar seperti marah (Page.87)
The underlined words above belong to an adverbial clause that states time.
The time conveyed by the clause is a point of time. Looking at its formed, the
clause is formed by subordinator when. It is true that the word when in certain
cases is used to state time. Looking at its context, the sentence above means that
the subject he sounded mad at the time he spoke. Considering to this meaning we
can then state that this clause states point of time. And in relation to its Indonesian
translation, we can also see that this English clause is translated into a clause in
Indonesian. The Indonesian clause is identified by the word ketika, in which in it
also states point of time.
If we look at the adverbial denoting time in the source language text and
its translation in the target language, we can see that they really have the same
form. So by this explanation we can say that for the equivalent viewpoint it is
applied formal equivalent.
The methodology that is used in the translation above is literal translation
because the SL text is directly translated into the appropriate grammar of the TL
text.
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5.2.6
Clause Stating Time by “Before”
Beside clause stating time by when, there are also some data of adverbial
clause stated by before found in the data. The clause stating time by before more
specifically states point of time. In Indonesia translation we can see that this kind
of clause is translated into various forms in Indonesian. The following
explanations will show us the uses of clause by before and its translation in
Indonesian.
Data 1
SL
: We were finished before anyone else was close (Page. 24)
TL
: Kami selesai duluan. (Page. 58)
Looking at the data above, especially the underlined words, we can see
that before anyone else was close belong to a clause with the word before as the
subordinator of the clause. Before in English means “previous”. Before anyone
was close means “during the time preceding anyone else was close”. By this
definition we can state that this clause states point of time.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the
source language text is translated into duluan in Indonesian. Duluan in Indonesian
has the same meaning with “previous” or “the preceding time”. But seen from its
form the word duluan does not belong to a clause. Duluan in Indonesian belongs
to an adverb that states time. It means that the clause in the source English text is
translated into an adverb in the target language. Although they are different in
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form, both the source language text and the target language text state the same
meaning. From this meaning then we can say that the source language text,
especially the clause stating time by before is adequately translated into
Indonesian used dynamic equivalent.
And the method of translation used in this case is idiomatic translation
because it is the meaning that is transferred into the target language.
Data 2
SL
: “I’ve done the lab before, tough, I added before he could get his
feeling hurt” (Page 27)
TL
: “aku pernah melakukan percobaan, itu saja” lanjutku sebelum
perasaannya terluka (Page 63)
In the data number 2 above we can also see the adverbial stating time
identified by the subordinator before. The clause occurring in the source language
is before he could get his feeling. The meaning of this clause is “previous to the
action of getting his feeling hurt.”
Indeed the meaning of the adverbial stating time in the source language
text is the same with its translation in the target language. But seen from its form,
it is differently reproduced in the target language. Seeing this condition, we can
say that it is applied formal equivalent in this context.
84
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the
source language text is translated into lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka in
Indonesian. Lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka also belongs to a clause
identified by a conjunction sebelum. Comparing the meaning of the clause of the
source language text and the meaning of the target language text, we can see that
they have the same meaning. Both of them carry the same meaning. They both
state time, point of time.
Based on the explanation above we can see that the adverbial clause in the
source language text is translated into the same meaning with the clause in the
target language text. This means that the source language text is adequately
translated into the target language. And the procedure used in such kind of
translation above is literal translation. The clause of the English text is translated
into a clause in the target language.
Data 3
SL
: Charlie had left for work before I went down stairs (Page 28)
TL
: Charlie sudah berangkat sebelum aku turun (Page 63)
The same case happens in the data above. The clause identified by the
conjunction before which also expresses point of time is translated into a clause in
the target language. We can see that the target language text is identified by a
conjunction sebelum which also states point of time meaning previous. The word
85
turun means to go down. So we can see both of the clauses carry the same
meaning. So by this condition we can predict that in this case it is applied the
literal procedure. The meaning of one form is translated into the same form and
meaning.
This data also shows formal equivalent. It can be seen from the form and
the meaning of both adverbials stating time in the source language text and in the
target language. The form and meaning of the source language text are reproduced
into the target language.
Data 4
SL
: Just before I had the shattering crunch of the van folding around
the truck bed, something hit me, hard, but not from the direction I
was expecting (Page 429)
TL
: Persis sebelum aku mendengar bunyi tabrakan keras van di badan
truk, sesuatu menerjangku keras, tapi bukan dari arah yang semula
kuduga. (Page 468)
The clause in the source language text belongs to an adverbial clause that
is preceded by the adverb phrase just before. It is true that this clause states time,
namely point of time because we can see that the words just before means
precisely previous to the time.
86
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the meaning of the
source language text is transferred into a clause in the target language. The words
persis sebelum aku mendengar bunyi tabrakan keras van di badan truk in the
Indonesian translation belong to a clause conveying an adverbial clause that states
time. This can be proved through the occurrence of the word sebelum which in
English means before or previous to a time.
The form of the adverbial stating time in the source language text is
slightly different from it translation. But as a whole we can see that they are the
same in meaning. Seeing this condition we can say that it is applied formal
equivalent in this context.
If we pay attention on the procedure used, we can see that the translator
uses literal procedure in this case. Both the source language text and the target
language text have the same form. The meaning of the source language text is
grammatically and idiomatically transferred into the target language and it is
appropriate to the target language.
This data also applied the formal equivalent since the form and meaning of
the source language text are reproduced into the target language.
Data 5
SL
: I wondered to myself why no one else had seen him standing so
far away, before he was suddenly impossibly saving my life. (Page
236)
87
TL
: Aku bertanya mengapa tak seorangpun melihatnya berdiri jauh
dariku,
sebelum
ia
tiba-tiba
dengan
tidak
mungkinnya
menyelamatkan hidupku. (Page 281)
The adverbial stating time which is formed by a clause is also found in the
data above. It is shown by the underlined words before he was suddenly
impossibly saving my life. The subordinator of the clause is before. And the
meaning of this subordinator, as mentioned previously, is “previous”. Before he
was suddenly impossibly saving my life means “during the time preceding he was
suddenly impossibly saving my life”. By this explanation we can state that this
clause also states point of time.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the
source language text is translated into sebelum ia tiba-tiba dengan tidak
mungkinnya menyelamatkan hidupku. Sebelum in Indonesian has the same
meaning with “previous” or “the preceding time” and belongs to an adverb that
states time. It means that the clause in the source English text is translated into a
clause in the target language. This means both the source language text and the
target language text state the same meaning and function. From this meaning then
we can say that the source language text, especially the clause stating time
identified by before is adequately translated into the target language. It can also be
seen that the translator uses literal procedure in this case. The source language text
is transferred into the same meaning through the same structure and this structure
is appropriate in the target language text.
88
The form of the adverbial stating time in the source language text is
slightly different from it translation. But as a whole we can see that they are the
same in meaning. Seeing this condition we can say that it is applied formal
equivalent in this context.
5.2.6
Clause Stating Time By “As”
Like other clauses functioning as adverbial stating time, there are also
some data of adverbial clause stating time using subordinator as found in the data.
In Indonesia translation we can see the translation of this kind of clause is
translated into various forms. The following explanations will show us the uses of
clause by as and its translation in Indonesian.
Data 1
SL
: He commented as we shrugged into our raincoats. (Page 327)
TL
: Ia berkomentar ketika kami mengenakan jas hujan. (Page 363)
In the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is
identified by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this
meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, period of
time since its happening at the same time as the others.. As we shrugged into our
rain coats as a clause stating time means “when we shrugged into our rain coats”.
This also proves that the clause above states period of time.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states
point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian.
89
The translation of the clause is ketika kami mengenakan jas hujan. The word
ketika in Indonesia means at a certain point in time or in other word at that
moment. This translation also belongs to adverbial stating time in Indonesia, and
it is formed by a clause.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source
language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The clause
functioning as adverbial stating time is translated into a clause in Indonesian.
However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target
language.
The method that is used in the translation is the modulation procedure this
is varying the form of language, obtained by a change of point of view.
Data 2
SL
: The rain was just a mist as I walked to the parking lot, but I was
happier when I was in dry cab. (Page 427)
TL
: Hujan hanya rintik-rintik ketika aku berjalan ke lapangan
arker,
tapi aku merasa lebih bergembira berada di trukku yang kering.
(Page 463)
From the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is
initiated by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this
meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, period of
90
time. As I walked to the parking lot mean “when I walked to the parking lot”. This
also proves that the clause above states period of time.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states
point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian.
The translation of the clause is ketika aku berjalan ke lapangan
arker. The word
ketika in English means as mentioned previously. This also carries the meaning of
point in time or in other word at that moment. This translation also belongs to
adverbial stating time formed by a clause.
This data applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning of the
source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause
as I walked to the parking lot as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a
clause ketika aku berjalan kelapangan
arker in the target language.
The
meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the
same.
The methodology that is used in the translation is literal translation in
which the SL is directly transferred into the TL using the appropriate grammar.
Data 3
SL
: I looked down at my book as soon as his eyes released me, trying
to find my place. (Page 39)
91
TL
: Aku menunduk kearah buku secepatnya ketika ia melihatku,
mencoba mencari tempatku (page 87)
In the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is
identified by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this
meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, point of
time. As soon as his eyes released me mean “when his eyes released me
immediately”. This also proves that the clause above states period of time.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states
point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian.
The translation of the clause is secepatnya ketika ia melihatku. The word
secepatnya in English means as soon as possible. This translation also belongs to
adverbial stating time formed by a clause.
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source
language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The Clause as soon
as his eyes released me as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause
secepatnya ketika ia melihatku, in the target language. However, the meaning of
the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target language.
The method that is used in the translation is modulation procedure in
which there is a change in the point of view because of different cultural
background of the language.
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Data 4
SL
: The shower didn’t last nearly as long as I hope it would though.
(Page 132)
TL
: Acara mandinya tidak selama yang kuharapkan. (Page 145)
There is also a clause that states time in the data above. The clause is
identified by the conjunction as long as. The adverbial clause of the sentence in
the source language text is as long as I hope. “As long as” can mean “to the extent
time.” From this meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time,
namely duration of time. As long as I hope it would though mean “to the extent
time that I hope”.
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states
point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian.
The translation of the clause is selama yang kuharapkan. This translation really
has the same meaning with the adverbial clause of the source language text. The
words selama yang kuharapkan in English mean “as long as I hope”.
For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The meaning of the
source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same.
93
The methodology that is used in the translation is literal procedure because
the translator transferred the form and the meaning of the source language through
the same structure.
5.2. 4 Clause stating time expressed by “Since”
Besides by other subordinators, an adverbial clause can also be expressed
by “since”. “Since” in this case conveys the meaning of “from a particular time in
the past until the present”. There are also some data of adverbial clause stated by
since found in the data. In Indonesia translation we can see the translation of this
kind of clause is translated into various forms. Its Indonesian translation also
conveys the same meaning. For the word ‘since’ itself, it is translated into “sejak”,
the following explanations will show us the uses of clause by since and its
translation in Indonesian.
SL
: They had fascinated me since I was a child; they were one of the
only things I ever looked forward to when I had to come to forks
(Page 116)
TL
: aku sudah menyukainya sejak kecil, kolam-kolam inilah yang
kunanti nantikan setiap kali aku dating ke forks (Page 128)
“Since I was a child” in the source language text above is an adverbial
clause with the word “since” as the subordinator. This clause may mean “from the
time when I was a child”.
94
In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source
language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The Clause since I
was a child as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause sejak kecil, in
the target language. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the
meaning in the target language.
Then if we look at the Indonesian translation, we can see that the English
clause stating time is translated into “sejak kecil”. This indeed conveys the same
meaning with “since I was a child” but seen from its form it is considered that it is
an adjective phrase. This is also an adequate translation but in this case the
translator uses idiomatic procedure in translating the text. It is the meaning that is
transferred into the target language by using the appropriate form of the target
language.
5.2.6
Clause Stating Time by “Until”
Besides by “since” an adverbial clause stating time can also be expressed
by “until”. “Until” in this case conveys the meaning of “up to the time or event
mentioned”. Next are the data that is found on the novel.
SL
: I listened to the cd again and again, until I was singing along with
all the songs until finally I fell asleep. (Page 130)
TL
:Cd’nya kuputar berulang–ulang sampai aku ikut menyanyikannya,
hingga akhirnya aku tertidur. (Page 143)
95
There is a clause as adverbial clause that states time in the data above. The
adverbial clause is “until finally I felt asleep”. The two clauses carry the meaning
that states time, namely point of time. “Until ………” means “up to a particular
time”. “Until finally I felt asleep” may mean “up to the time I felt asleep”. This
clause expresses point of time.
For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied
formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source
language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause until
finally I fell asleep as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause hingga
akhirnya aku tertidur in the target language. The meaning of the source language
and the meaning of the target language remain the same.
If we look at the Indonesian translation, we can see that “until finally I felt
asleep” is translated into “hingga akhirnya aku tertidur”. This Indonesian
translation indeed has the same meaning with the adverbial clause in the source
language text. Both of them convey the meaning of point of time. The Indonesian
translation also belongs to an adverbial clause of time preceded by subordinator
“hingga”. So by this explanation we can say that the translator here uses literal
procedure in translating the English adverbial clause in Indonesian.
5.2.6
Clause Stating Time by “after”
It is also found that an adverbial clause stating time proceed by
subordinator “after”. The subordinator after in this case conveys the meaning of
“when a particular time or event has happened”. In the target language text we can
96
see that Indonesia translation conveys the same meaning with the one in the
source language text. For the word ‘after’ itself, it is translated into “setelah”.
The following explanation will show us the use of the clause using subordinator
‘after”.
Data
SL
: A few minute after Angela left with the hikers, Jacob sauntered
over to take her place by my side. (Page 119)
TL
: Beberapa menit setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki, Jacob
pindah duduk disebelahku menggantikan Angela (Page 131)
Looking at the data above, we can see that there is an adverbial clause
stating time identified by subordinator “after”. The clause written in the source
language text is “after Angela left with the hikers”. This clause states time,
namely point of time. “After Angela left with the hikers” means “later than
Angela left with the hikers”.
Formal equivalent is also applied in this data. This is because the form and
the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target
language. The Clause When I came here as a child as the adverbial denoting time
is replaced by a clause setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki in the target
language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target
language remain the same.
97
If we look at the target language text, we can see that the adverbial clause
stating time in the source language text is translated into “setelah Angela pergi
bersama para pendaki”. This Indonesian translation really has the same meaning
with its source language text. Looking at its form it is also in the form of a clause.
So considering this explanation we can state that the procedure used by the
translator is literal procedure. The form and the meaning of the source language
text are directly transferred into the target language.
98
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the analysis provided in this thesis, some conclusions can be
drawn as follows:
The formed of adverbials time found in the novel entitled Twilight are: 1)
Adverbials of time formed by Noun Phrase, 2) Adverbials of time formed by
Adverb Phrase, 3) Adverbials of time formed by Prepositional Phrase and 4)
Adverbials of time formed by Clause.
The meanings of the Adverbials of time found in the novel entitled
Twilight: 1) Adverbials of time function to state point of time, 2) Adverbials of
time function to state frequency, 3) Adverbials of time function to state duration,
4) Adverbials of time function to state relationship in time
In terms of the translation, to translate the English adverbials of time into
Indonesian, mostly the translator uses the literal, modulation, transposition, and
equivalence procedures.
From the equivalent point of view there are found both of formal and
dynamic equivalent that is used in the translation.
99
5.2 Suggestion
English Adverbials of time have various formed and functions therefore
they have several of meanings. From the translation point of view, it is interesting
to see the various equivalences of adverbials of time from English to Indonesian.
By studying these various formed and functions and their equivalences one can
get better understanding about the English adverbials of time.
Since adverbials has its own formed and function in English grammar, it
would be better if there is a special study for adverbials of time especially for the
practical aspects. By giving exercise, it will explicitly bring the learners’ attention
to the application of adverbials is used; similarities and differences between each
formed and function carried by the adverbials itself.
In order to be able to translate adverbials of time from English into
Indonesian, one must first be able to grasp the meaning of the full sentence. The
knowledge of adverbial of time is just one of much basic knowledge which is
needed in learning English. There are still more to learn.
100
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwi , Hasan. Dkk. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indoneisa – Edisi Ketiga.
Jakarta : Balai Pustaka
Baker, Mona. 1992. In other words: a coursebook on translation. London and
New York: Routledge.
Bell, R.T. 1991. Translation and Translating Theory and Practice. New York:
Longman Inc.
Catford A.J. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford University Press.
Curms O George . 1966. English Grammar. New York: Barnes and Nobles Inc
Halliday M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar : University of
Sydney
Hornb, A.S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. London: Oxford
University Press.
Krohn Robert. 2001. English Sentence Structure. America : University press of
Michigan
Larson, Mildred. 1998. Meaning Based Translation. Maryland: University Press
of America. Inc.
Larson Mildred L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation. America : University Press
of America
101
Leech, G. 1992. English Grammar. London: Penguin English
Margono. 2006. Adverbia dan Adverbial Bahasa Inggris. Faculty of Letter
Udayana University
Newmark, Peter. 1998. A Text Book of Translation. London: Prentice-Hall.
Nida, Eugane A, and Charles R. Taber. 1974. The Theory and Practice of
Translation. Leiden, Netherlands: The United Bible Societies.
Quirk, R S Greenbaum. 1973. University Grammar of English. London:
University of London
Swan, M. 1980. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Thomson, A.J. and A.V Martinet.1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford:
Oxford University Press
Vinay and Darbalnet, 1958. Methodology of Translation in Venuty, Lawrence,
2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London Routledge.
Venuty Lawrance (ed). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New
York. Routledge.
102
APPENDIX
No
SL
TL
Form
Meaning
Page
1
I did not sleep well that
night, even after I was
done crying (Page 5)
Tidurku gelisah malam itu,
bahkan setelah aku selesai
menangis (page 23)
NP
Point of
time
54
2
Every day I watched
anxiously until the rest
of the Cullen’s entered
the cafeteria without him
(Page.37)
Setiap hari, dengan was
was aku memperhatikan
sampai seluruh keluarga
Cullen memasuki cafeteria
tanpanya. (Page.49)
NP
Frequency
of Time
55
3
I’m not going to check
my email every five
minutes. Relax, breathe.
I love you. (Page.18)
Tapi aku takkan mengecek
emailku setiap lima menit
sekali. Tenang, tarik nafas.
Aku sayang mom.
(Page.42)
NP
Frequency
of Time
56
4
“When did that happen?”
“Last september”.
(Page.25)
kapan itu terjadi?
September lalu. (Page.60)
NP
Point of
time
58
5
A few months of this and
I’d forget how to use
sarcasm. (Page 345)
Beberapa bulan saja
ditempat ini, aku pasti
sudah lupa bagaimana
caranya bersikap sinis
(Page 365)
NP
Time
relation
59
7
: I’m not going to Seattle
that Saturday, I
explained. (Page 38)
aku tak akan pergi ke
Seattle sabtu nanti, aku
menjelaskan (page 82)
NP
Point of
time
60
8
She called the first
Tuesday of March to ask
my permission to invite
Mike to the girls choice
spring dance in two
weeks. (Page 37)
Ia menelfon hari selasa
pertama di bulan maret
untuk meminta izin
mengajak Mike ke pesta
dansa musim semi 2
minggu lagi. (Page 83)
NP
Point of
time
61
9
“I’ll figure it out
eventually,” I warned
him (Page. 49)
“Nanti juga aku tahu,”
kataku mengingatkan
(Page.104)
AP
Point of
time
62
10
Eventually we made it
into Charlie’s (Page.3)
Akhirnya kami tiba
dirumah Charlie (Page.20)
AP
Point of
time
63
103
11
He’d already gotten me
registered for high
school and was going to
help me get a car. (Page
413)
Ia sudah mendaftarkan aku
ke SMA dan akan
membantuku mendapatkan
kendaraan pribadi(Page
433)
AP
Time
relation
64
12
I didn’t want to be too
early to school, but I
couldn’t stay in the
house anymore. (Page.
5)
Aku tidak mau terburu –
buru ke sekolah, tapi aku
tak bisa tinggal di rumah
lebih lama lagi. (Page. 24)
AP
Period of
time
65
13
“but now you’re
unhappy” he pointed out
(Page 26)
“tapi sekarang kau tidak
bahagia” ujarnya (page 60)
AP
Point of
time
66
14
Finally I closed my eyes
and ignored him. He
kept up a remorseful
mumbling (Page 132)
Akhirnya kupejamkan
mataku dan
mengabaikannya. Ia terus
menggumamkan
penyesalan. (Page 173)
AP
Point of
time
67
15
However, after a few
second of silence (NP), I
decided that was the only
answer I was going to
get (p. 326)
Bagaimanapun setelah
beberapa saat dalam
keheningan (prep phrase),
aku memutuskan bahwa
hanya itulah jawaban yang
akan aku terima (page.
386)
PP
Period of
time
69
16
Most people go there
during the hunting
seasons. (Page 112)
Kebanyakan orang pergi
kesana pada musim
berburu (page 124)
PP
Period of
time
70
17
“well, no. I think it was
new in the early sixties –
or late fifties at earliest,”
he admitted sheepishly.
(Page. 2)
“Kurasa mobil itu keluaran
awal ‘60’an atau
setidaknya 50-an.” Dad
mengaku malu – malu.
(Page. 19)
PP
Point of
time
71
18
He seemed genuinely
pleased that I was
coming to live with him
for the first time with
any degree of
permanence. (Page 1)
Perasaan senangnya
sepertinya tulus , ketika
untuk pertama kali aku
datang dan tinggal
bersamanya entah selama
beberapa lama (Page 26).
PP
Time
relation
72
104
19
I should be avoiding him
entirely after my
brainless and
embarrassing babbling
yesterday. (Page 28)
aku seharusnya
menghindari cowok itu
setelah omonganku yang
tidak cerdas dan
memalukan kemarin
malam (Page 67)
PP
Point of
time
73
20
It was five thirty in the
morning (page 131)
sudah pukul 05.30 (page
144)
PP
Point of
time
74
21
When I came here as a
child, he would always
remove the bullets as
soon as soon he walked
into the room (Page.35)
Waktu aku datang kesini
ketika masih kanak-anak,
Dad selalu mengosongkan
pelurunya begitu ia masuk
kerumah. (Page.47)
Clause
Period of
time
77
22
I would save that for
bedtime, when I would
have to think about the
coming morning. (Page
268)
Aku akan menyimpannya
sampai saat tidur nanti,
ketika aku harus
memikirkan esok pagi
(Page 289)
Clause
Time
relation
78
23
But I couldn’t fall asleep
until after midnight,
when the rain finally
settled into a quieter
drizzle. (Page.5)
Tapi lepas tengah malam
barulah aku tertidur, ketika
hujan berubah jadi gerimis
(Page.23)
Clause
Time
relation
79
24
When I opened my eyes
in the morning,
something was different;
it was the light (Page.28)
Ketika paginya aku
membuka mata ada sesuatu
yang berbeda (Page.65)
Clause
Period of
time
80
25
When he finally spoke,
he almost sounded mad
(Page.40)
Ketika akhirnya dia
berbicara, terdengar
seperti marah (Page.87)
Clause
Period of
time
81
26
We were finished before
anyone else was close
(Page. 24)
Kami selesai duluan.
(Page. 58)
Clause
Point of
time
83
27
“I’ve done the lab
before, tough, I added
before he could get his
feeling hurt” (Page 27)
“aku pernah melakukan
percobaan, itu saja”
lanjutku sebelum
perasaannya terluka (Page
63)
Clause
Period of
time
84
105
28
Charlie had left for work
before I went down stairs
(Page 28)
Charlie sudah berangkat
sebelum aku turun (Page
63)
Clause
Period of
time
85
29
Just before I had the
shattering crunch of the
van folding around the
truck bed, something hit
me, hard, but not from
the direction I was
expecting (Page 429)
Persis sebelum aku
mendengar bunyi tabrakan
keras van di badan truk,
sesuatu menerjangku keras,
tapi bukan dari arah yang
semula kuduga. (Page 468)
Clause
Period of
time
86
30
I wondered to myself
why no one else had
seen him standing so far
away, before he was
suddenly impossibly
saving my life. (Page
236)
Aku bertanya mengapa tak
seorangpun melihatnya
berdiri jauh dariku,
sebelum ia tiba-tiba
dengan tidak mungkinnya
menyelamatkan hidupku.
(Page 281)
Clause
Period of
time
87
31
He commented as we
shrugged into our
raincoats. (Page 327)
Ia berkomentar ketika kami
mengenakan jas hujan.
(Page 363)
Clause
Period of
time
89
32
The rain was just a mist
as I walked to the
parking lot, but I was
happier when I was in
dry cab. (Page 427)
Hujan hanya rintik-rintik
ketika aku berjalan ke
lapangan parkir, tapi aku
merasa lebih bergembira
berada di trukku yang
kering. (Page 463)
Clause
Period of
time
90
33
I looked down at my
book as soon as his eyes
released me, trying to
find my place. (Page 39)
Aku menunduk kearah
buku secepatnya ketika ia
melihatku, mencoba
mencari tempatku (page
87)
Clause
Point of
time
91
34
The shower didn’t last
nearly as long as I hope
it would though. (Page
132)
acara mandinya tidak
selama yang kuharapkan.
(Page 145)
Clause
Duration of
Time
92
106
35
They had fascinated me
since I was a child; they
were one of the only
things I ever looked
forward to when I had to
come to forks (Page 116)
aku sudah menyukainya
sejak kecil, kolam-kolam
inilah yang kunanti
nantikan setiap kali aku
dating ke forks (Page 128)
Clause
Point of
time
94
36
I listened to the cd again
and again, until I was
singing along with all the
songs until finally I fell
asleep. (Page 130)
Cd’nya kuputar berulang–
ulang sampai aku ikut
menyanyikannya, hingga
akhirnya aku tertidur.
(Page 143)
Clause
Point of
time
95
37
A few minute after
Angela left with the
hikers, Jacob sauntered
over to take her place by
my side. (Page 119)
Beberapa menit setelah
Angela pergi bersama para
pendaki, Jacob pindah
duduk disebelahku
menggantikan Angela
(Page 131)
Clause
Point of
time
97
107