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AP European History-Exam 1
Section 1 of this examination contains 80 multiple-choice questions. Therefore, please be careful to fill in only the ovals
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answers is best, COMPLETELY fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If
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1) The Black Death refers to: A) a virulent plague that struck 14th century Europe. B) the famine that occurred from 1315 to 1317. C) a disease transmitted through African slaves. D) the collapse of the European economy in the 14th century. E) a heretical sect of gnostic Christians. 2) All of the following are true of the bubonic plague EXCEPT: A) It was transmitted by rat‐ or human‐borne fleas. B) It was transmitted along trade routes. C) It was known as the Black Death. D) It struck only children and the elderly. E) It spread rapidly once it arrived in Europe. 3) Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a/an: A) decline in the price of luxury and manufactured goods. B) rise in agricultural prices. C) rise in value of the estates of the nobility. D) shrunken labor supply. E) increase in urban population. 4) Which social group suffered the greatest decline in power as a result of the plague? A) urban elites B) clergy C) noble landholders D) women E) peasants 5) What two groups were the traditional "containers" of monarchy? A) the laity and landed nobility B) the peasantry and laity C) the church and the laity D) landed nobility and the church E) the church and urban elites 6) All of the following are true of the Hundred Years' War EXCEPT: A) It ended with a decisive English victory. B) It was a struggle for national identity. C) It changed the political systems of both France and England. D) It was launched when England's Edward III claimed the French throne. E) It was caused by long‐standing rivalries and animosities between England and France. 7) At the outset of the Hundred Years' War: A) the English navy ruled the seas. B) France had a larger population than England. C) England was in a state of civil war. D) France was superior militarily. E) England was wealthier than France. 8) The French peasant uprising of 1358 is known as the: A) Ciompi. B) Jacquerie. C) Western rising. D) Taille. E) Pilgrimage of Grace. 9) The use of this medieval weapon proved to give the English the tactical advantage in the war: A) cannons. B) trebuchet. C) longbow. D) catapult. E) primitive firearms. 10) Joan of Arc was executed on May 30, 1431 under this charge: A) heresy. B) murder. C) kidnapping. D) fraud. E) treason. 11) The burden of the Hundred Years' War fell mostly on the: A) military. B) women. C) nobility. D) clergy. E) peasants. 12) Boniface VII found himself locked in a struggle over the limits of monarchial authority with: A) Henry V B) Philip the Fair C) Richard II D) Edward III E) Henry VI 13) The papal bull Unam Sanctum declared that: A) only strong monarchies could fulfill the Christian gospel. B) temporal authority was "subject" to the spiritual power of the Church. C) a new crusade was necessary in order to unify European spiritually. D) only men could be priests. E) the Holy Roman Emperor could establish national churches in his realm. 14) Which of the following was recognized by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges? A) the principle that religious rights and principals take precedent over national rights B) the right of all French clergy to develop their own doctrines C) the right of French clergy to conduct the Mass in French D) the obligation of the state to pay the annates to Rome E) the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference 15) Which of the following religious movements was most successful at assailing the late medieval church in England? A) Lollards B) Franciscans C) Waldensians D) Hussites E) Cathars 16) John Wycliffe: A) crafted works that initially served the anticlerical policies of the French government. B) was a major intellectual spokesman for the rights of royalty. C) was a Cambridge theologian and philosopher. D) believed that rank and office was the true basis of religious authority. E) was charged with the task of trying Lollards for heresy. 17) The Great Schism was supported by: A) Charles V. B) Philip of France. C) Pope Gregory XI. D) Martin V. E) Pope Boniface VIII. 18) England's allies in the Great Schism: A) included the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland. B) supported the popes who were no longer considered official by the church. C) included the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Scotland. D) supported the pope at Avignon. E) disagreed with each other over the issue of the Conciliar Theory of Church Government. 19) In 1409 the Council of Pisa: A) united the Catholic Church. B) deposed both the Roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope. C) was recognized by the entire Catholic Church as the ultimate authority. D) nullified the position of pope. E) dissolved in the face of deep divisions within its delegates. 20) The broadest social division in 11th century Russia was between: A) freemen and slaves. B) peasants and townspeople. C) government officials and clergy. D) clergy and principality. E) army officers and freemen. 21) Wealthy landowners in medieval Russia were known as: A) Cossacks. B) Serfs. C) Boyars. D) Junkers. E) Grossemensch. 22) This was the name for the segment of the Mongol Empire that included the steppe region of what is today southern Russia. A) Golden Flock B) Golden Crescent C) Golden Horde D) Golden Set E) Golden Faction 23) Which of the following statements best characterizes the Mongol treatment of Russian political and religious institutions? A) They totally dismantled them. B) They kept the institutions, but killed all existing office holders. C) They adopted Russian institutions as if they were of their own creation. D) They left them largely intact. E) They incorporated some facets of Russian ideology and institutions, but disregarded the rest. 24) Which of the following is most accurate? A) Medieval Europe was a feudal society with an agricultural economy and domination by the church whereas Renaissance Europe was characterized by a growing national consciousness and political centralization. B) The church played little or no role in Renaissance Europe. C) Medieval and Renaissance Europe were both feudal societies that focused on an urban economy and organized commerce. D) Renaissance Europe was a feudal society with an agricultural economy and domination by the church whereas Medieval Europe was characterized by an urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism. E) Renaissance Europe was a feudal society with an agricultural economy and domination by the church whereas Medieval Europe was characterized by a growing national consciousness and political centralization. 25) Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor: A) had little effect on Italy. B) was a boon for the landed nobility. C) assisted the growth of Italian city‐states. D) had all but ended by 1000. E) depopulated Italy's cities. 26) Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most evolved into: A) feudal states. B) democracies. C) despotisms. D) mini‐monarchies. E) oligarchies. 27) Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to this city after his rise to power in 1434. A) Naples B) Florence C) Milan D) Venice E) Rome 28) The first humanists were: A) politicians and their secretaries. B) farmers and blacksmiths. C) historians and musicians. D) orators and poets. E) clergy. 29) Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance? A) Roman law B) Spartan military strategies C) Roman studies D) Apostolic theology E) Greek studies 30) All of the following are true of Renaissance art except: A) works were given rational, even mathematical order. B) art often blended classical and Christian influences. C) art emphatically embraced the natural world and human emotions. D) art tended to be abstract and formulaic. E) artwork reflected symmetry and proportion reflected a belief in the harmony of the universe. 31) He was known as the "father of humanism": A) Cosimo de' Medici B) Francesco Petrarch. C) Dante Alighieri. D) Guarino da Verona. E) Giovanni Boccaccio. 32) All of the following were great masters of the High Renaissance EXCEPT: A) Michelangelo Buonarroti. B) Titian. C) Leonardo da Vinci. D) Vincent Van Gogh. E) Raphael. 33) Who is considered the "father of Renaissance painting?" A) Michelangelo B) Da Vinci C) Giotto D) Rapael E) Donatello 34) His most famous painting is the Mona Lisa. A) Donatello B) Masaccio C) Leonardo da Vinci D) Michelangelo E) Raphael 35) The Treaty of Lodi did all of the following except: A) include Venice despite the Papal States' anger. B) bring Milan and Naples into the alliance with Florence. C) maintain cooperation during the second half of the 15th century. D) prevent France from gaining a foothold in Italy. E) present a unified front of the five states to foreign enemies. 36) Ludovico of Milan's fatal mistake was that he: A) appealed to the French for help and invited them to reenter Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples. B) claimed Naples for himself, as king, and disregarded French dynastic claims to rule. C) disregarded the threat posed by Milan and supported by Florence, and denied French aid or assistance. D) spurned all attempts by the French to forge an alliance with Milan E) sold the city of Milan to the French without proper authority. 37) The Habsburg‐Valois wars were wars fought between France and: A) Spain; France won all four major battles. B) England; France won all four major battles C) Italy; France won all four major battles. D) Spain; Spain won all four major battles. E) Italy; Italy won all four major battles. 38) Which of the following is NOT true of Machiavelli? A) He did not believe that the Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means. B) He scolded the Italian people for the self‐destruction their own internal feuding had caused. C) He was a humanist. D) He held republican ideals. E) He wanted to drive out all foreign armies from Italy. 39) With the growing cost of warfare in the 15th and 16th centuries, monarchs needed new national sources of income and created them by taxing all of the following EXCEPT: A) basic food and clothing. B) the nobility. C) trade D) the feudal lords. E) the peasants. 40) Who protested the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon? A) England and France B) Spain and Italy C) France and Portugal D) Portugal and Italy E) Catalan and Navarre 41) Ferdinand and Isabella were able to do all of the following EXCEPT: A) conquer southern France. B) secure their borders. C) subdue their realms. D) venture abroad militarily. E) Christianize the whole of Spain. 42) All of the following characterized northern humanists EXCEPT: A) They took advantage of the power of the printing press B) They were more willing to write for lay audiences than their Italian counterparts. C) They were hostile to classical culture. D) They tended to come from more diverse social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts. E) They were more devoted to religious reforms than their Italian counterparts. 43) Erasmus had a profound effect and influence upon this individual: A) Christopher Columbus. B) Giotto. C) John Cabot. D) Martin Luther. E) Johann Gutenberg. 44) Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in all of the following countries EXCEPT: A) France. B) Spain. C) The Netherlands. D) England. E) Germany. 45) Over the second half of the 15th century, this nation delivered 150,000 slaves to Europe: B) Portugal. C) Italy. D) England E) Spain. A) France. 46) Columbus expected his first landfall to be: A) Indonesia. B) Japan. C) China. D) Siam. E) India. 47) Which of the following are the three major components of the colonial economy of Latin America? A) shipping, agriculture, and mining B) mining, fishing, and fur‐trading C) agriculture, mining, and fur‐trading D) fur‐trading, shipping, and agriculture E) slaves, agriculture, fur‐trading 48) The Reformation broke out first in the cities of: A) England and Switzerland. B) Germany and France. C) Italy and Spain. D) England and Germany. E) Switzerland and Germany. 49) 13th‐ through 15th‐century lay religious movements shared a common goal of: A) religious simplicity in the imitation of Jesus. B) overthrowing the institution of the church. C) a more complex understanding of God's true nature. D) establishing national churches throughout Europe. E) establishing a more authoritarian church to more efficiently suppress heretics. 50) Martin Luther: A) was the son of a successful miner. B) believed that marriage was un‐Christian. C) was pledged to the Church at an early age. D) was a diplomat in the court of Charles V. E) had no formal training in theology. 51) An indulgence was: A) a punishment meted out by the pope to heretics. B) a payment from a monarch to the Church. C) a remission of the temporal penalty imposed on penitents by priests as a work of satisfaction for their confessed mortal sins. D) a payment to obtain an office in the Church. E) forgiveness given by the pope exclusively to Protestants in order to entice them back to the Church. 52) Luther's 95 theses: A) focused on the issue of the buying and selling of Church offices. B) earned him a position teaching at Wittenburg University. C) sparked the Reformation in Germany. D) expressed his belief that salvation could be bought and sold. E) had little real impact. 53) The Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation: A) by faith alone. B) through pious actions. C) through prayer. D) as the unattainable goal. E) for men only. 54) When German peasants revolted in 1524‐1525, they won the support of: A) the pope. B) John Calvin. C) the merchant class. D) Martin Luther. E) none of these people or groups. 55) The Reformation in Zurich was led by: A) Martin Luther. B) Ulrich Zwingli. C) Blaise Pascal. D) Philip III. E) John Calvin. 56) What was the primary theological point of contention between Luther and Zwingli? A) power exercised by the Roman church B) the role of priests in salvation C) support for the existence of God D) the "presence" of Christ in the Eucharist E) support for infant baptism 57) Anabaptists are the 16th‐century ancestors of which of the following modern groups: A) Amish. B) Baptists. C) Lutherans. D) Mormons. E) Jesuits. 58) Anabaptism desired: A) the imposition of a strict social hierarchy based on gender. B) an immediate end to the practice of baptism for everyone, child or adult. C) an immediate end to the practice of adult baptism. D) the infusion of Gnostic principles into European Christianity. E) a rapid and thorough implementation of Apostolic Christianity. 59) The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice,: A) religious toleration would be the norm throughout Europe. B) the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor. C) Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices. D) the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land. E) Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe. 60) The Reformation Parliament met for seven years and determined that: A) religion was a private matter, not subject to state regulation. B) English citizens could determine their own religion. C) Henry VIII would rule the church in England "as far as Christ allows." D) the Catholic Church would remain the church of England. E) the clergy would be awarded more rights and power. 61) The Act of Succession: A) made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne. B) made James VI of Scotland Henry VIII's heir. C) gave Parliament the right to choose the next monarch of England. D) failed to pass Parliament. E) made the heir to the throne the first born child of a king regardless of gender. 62) The Book of Common Prayer, written by Thomas Cranmer, was imposed on all English churches by: A) the Act of Uniformity. B) the Act of Succession. C) the Act of Commonality. D) the Act of Compliance. E) the Act of Conformity. 63) The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned: A) the power structure of the church. B) religious tolerance. C) the role of women in the church. D) transubstantiation. E) internal church discipline. 64) The Treaty of Troyes in 1420 disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed this man the successor to the French king, Charles VI: A) Jean I. B) Charles VII. C) Henry VI. D) Richard II. E) Henry V. 65) In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms
B) Council of Augsburg
C) Diet of Wittenburg
D) Tribunal of the Holy Office
E) Court of the Holy Office 66) John Knox was influential in the Reformation in A) Ireland
B) Scotland
C) Switzerland
D) Sweden
E) Swabia 67) According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of the Genevan Consistory
B) The intellectual leaders of the Reformation
C) Those individuals chosen for salvation
D) All Protestants
E) The elected ministers of the church 68) The Catholic Reformation, begun before 1517 A) Sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic Church B) Sought to restore the conciliar movement
C) Sought to initiate institutional reform
D) Sought to stimulate a new spiritual fervor
E) Was ineffectual
69) Italian humanist stressed the A) Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
B) Study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God
C) Absolute authority of classical texts
D) Role of the church in the reform of society
E) Study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming
70) For ordinary women, the Renaissance A) had very little impact B) Improved the material conditions of their lives
C) worsened their status. D) allowed them access to education for the first time. E) Opened up access to new livelihoods
71) Castiglione’s manual on gentlemanly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin. B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman.
C) asserted that real men need not learn French.
D) insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden.
E) suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.
72) According to Machiavelli, the sole test of good government was whether it A) provided the necessary public services.
B) was based on Christian morality. C) protected the liberty of its citizens. D) was effective.
E) improved the economy.
73) The invention of movable type led to all of the following except A) increased literacy. B) the use of government propaganda.
C) the inculcation of national loyalties.
D) the use of French as the language of polite society.
E) the creation of invisible publics of silent readers.. 74) Thomas More’s Utopia placed the blame for society’s problems on A) human nature
B) God’s will
C) society itself
D) the individual. E) King Henry VIII
75) French Calvinists were known as A) Free Thinkers
B) Huguenots. C) Barholomews
D) Anabaptists
E) Frondese. 76) When Charles V abdicated, _______ inherited the seventeen provinces that made the Netherlands. A) Philip II
B) Henry VI
C) Ferdinand I
D) Otto III
E) Henry V. 77) The Oration of Dignity of Man which elevated the importance of the individual was written by A) Valla.
B) Mirandola.
C) Petrach.
D) Da Vinci
E) d’ Montaigne 78) In 1545 the Schmalkaldic League (alliance of Protestant leaders in Germany) lost a war to who? A) Philip II
B) Henry IV
C) Fredinand I
D) Charles V
E) Pope Leo X 79) This act separated England from the Roman Catholic Church A) Act of Despair
B) Act of Supremacy
C) Act of Defiance
D) Act of Abdication
E) Act of Succession 80) The Index of Prohibited Books also burned books from this revolution A) French
B) American
C) Scientific
D) Religious
E) Enlightenment