Download English Colonization in the 19 Century

English Colonization in the 19th Century
Examples of Colonial disunity were not surprising – Reasons:
English Crown awarded colonial charters to:
1. Merchants
2. Religious idealists – different types of colonists
3. Adventurers
Decisions to Emigrate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rapid Population growth (1580-1650) in England created competition for food and jobs
New World was the land of opportunity
Institute a purer form of worship
Escape poverty, debt, jail terms, bad marriages
Religious and political persecution in Spain and England
Upon arriving the colonist brought ideas and subcultures of which some were changed by the
American environment.
The New England colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies all were distinct in
various ways
A. Economy
B. Religion
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
Post Roanoke, New World interest lessened
English interest reappeared with English rivalry with Spain
Jamestown
Colonization was very costly
Solution – Joint Stock Company, large amounts of cash available with a stock investment plan,
with hopes of high cash returns.
1st charter – London Company – John Smith
30 miles up the James River
Problem – wealth was the motivation, not permanent settlement. Wealth rather than farming
(planting corn)
Captain John Smith – Prevented a Roanoke repeat
A.
B.
C.
D.
Brought order and prevented anarchy
Traded with Native American tribes for food
Mapped the Chesapeake Bay
Instituted military rule
John Smith was rescued by Pocahontas
Reorganization in government allowed for joint stock investment to be opened to the general
public.
Difficulties continue, a supply ship headed to Jamestown crashed in Bermuda
John Smith suffered a gun powder injury and returned to England. The colonists face a terrible
winter with starvation and cannibalism.
Colonists vs. Powhattan (powerful tribes)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hoped to coexist, but found it impossible so war took place in 1622 and 1644
1644 led to the complete destruction of the Powhattans
Surviving settlers (1610) looked to abandon Jamestown
They encountered De La Warr and succeeding governors who lead by marshal law : Sir
Thomas Gates and Sir Thomas Dale
E. Saved the colony, but it did not succeed at this point – no profits to settlers
A Stinking Weed
Key to Virginia – John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) began to cultivate a Native American crop –
tobacco allowing Virginia to send tobacco to England for revenue
1. All vacant land to be planted with tobacco
2. King James who felt tobacco to be immoral changed his tune as he collected import
duties (tariffs)
Change in Virginia’s Government
-Sir Edwin Sandys ended marshal law and instituted an assembly The House of Burgesses
-Virginians who paid their transportation to Virginia were given 50 acres (headright)
-The more servants brought, the more land (indentured servants)
-Both men and women swept into Virginia
Morality in Virginia
1619-1622 – record numbers in Virginia – most settlers were single males in their teens-twenties
(indentured servants)
Servitude depended on age, men were preferred for agricultural labor making the man to woman
ratio uneven
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Indentured servants would lead to slavery
They were traded and gambled away
High mortality rates were caused by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disease
Salt in the Water
Native American Attacks (Powhatans)
Difficult Voyage
Scandal and Reform
Virginia governors sent servants to their private plantations for profit
Results:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Characteristics of a Boomtown
No Sense of Purpose
No Sense of Identity
Unrestrained Self-Advancement
King of England due to the problems made Virginia a Royal Colony
House of Burgesses was not democratic – instead it provided wealthy planters with a voice
Representatives met regularly without the king’s consent and wouldn’t surrender their control
over local affairs
1634: Virginia was divided into counties by the assembly – wealthy planters served as justices of
the peace
The County Court was the most important institution of local government
Virginia expanded as tobacco production increased and Native Americans were killed
1705-Jamestown was the only population center
Maryland: A Troubled Sanctuary
George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) – tobacco colony and refuge for Catholics
G. Calvert stated himself to be Catholic, then lost his Secretary of State position in England, his
son Cecilius was given the charter
Vague boundaries were established and true boundaries weren’t established until the mid 18th
Century by the surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon (Mason-Dixon Line)
Maryland named in honor of King Charles’ wife
Maryland was established as a colony for Catholics, but freedom of religion would exist so that
others wouldn’t be scared off, giving Maryland a chance to prosper.
Lord Baltimore became the proprietor with royal and absolute powers
Those members of the colonial ruling class who purchased 6,000 acres became “Lords of the
Manor”
Maryland never accepted the feudal system
The colony drew Protestants and Catholics
1. Lacked unity
2. Potential Civil War
Lord Baltimore drafted the Act Concerning Religion (Toleration Act)
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Still, disunity played a major role
Economic conditions poor, 2/3 of the planters lived in houses of only two rooms – comparable to
the lowest classes in England
Conquest of New England
Pilgrims – English farmers north of London – Left the Church of England (Separatists)
William Bradford (leader) petitioned for a land grant from the Virginia Company of London
Left on the Mayflower for Virginia, but navigation miscalculations sent the pilgrims to New
England.
To maintain the government they signed the Mayflower Compact
Economy:
1. Fur Trade
2. Commercial Fishing
3. Animal husbandry –grain-livestock
Eventually absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritan Commonwealth
Puritanism transformed England and America – believed in predestination – some were
guaranteed salvation, others guaranteed damnation.
They considered themselves the “elect”. The Goal:
1. Live according to scripture
2. Battle sin
3. End corruption
City on a Hill
The puritans wanted to only purify the Church of England – felt the English Kings appeased
Catholicism and until the 1630’s, separatism was not in the plan
1629: Puritans turn their attention to America and Massachusetts Bay Company obtains a
Charter from the king
The puritans felt that once in America the English government couldn’t interfere in their affairs
In the first year, 2,000 people arrived in Massachusetts Bay
By 1640- 16,000 men –women arrive
Unlike Maryland and Virginia, the puritans came in their nuclear families
Massachusetts settlers possessed strength and stability
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They felt they had a special covenant with God, Whom expected them to live life by the
scriptures
God would create for them a “City on a Hill” that would stand as a beacon of
righteousness
In England, John Cotton, a respected minister, urged Puritan emigrations instead of formally
separating from the Church of England
They accepted Congregationalism in which they would uphold God’s Law and make a
confession of faith
Women and Africans were considered church members, but could not vote for church ministers
Massachusetts Bay Company – government structure
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Charter stated investors in a joint stock company could create a business organization
Company leader John Winthrop had placed a government structure into action
Example: Freeman category was given to all male members in the Congregational
Church
1630’s – 40% of adult males were eligible to vote, much greater number than England
Governor
Magistrate
This government was not a democracy or a theocracy – could be a “tweener”
Congregational ministers had no formal political power in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Town became the center of public life
1. Church Services
2. Town Meetings
The Massachusetts Bay Colony remarkably worked together – were able to settle disputes
through the courts
Laws and Liberties were the alphabetized code of law printed in England
1. Explained colonial rights and responsibilities
2. Created public trust in government
3. Discouraged arbitrary exercise of authority
One Challenge to Authority was Roger Williams
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He preached separation
He opposed those with ties to the Church of England
Questioned the validity of the colonial charters
Massachusetts had no business punishing settlers for their religious beliefs
Roger Williams was banished and established Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson also posed a great challenge
1. All but two ministers had lost touch with the Holy Spirit
2. She questioned the basic core of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
3. Sent to Rhode Island by court interventions
New England Colonies
Massachusetts Bay Colony lead to 4 colonies
1. Massachusetts
2. Rhode Island
3. New Hampshire
a. Slow growth
b. Economically dependent on Massachusetts
4. Connecticut
Rhode Island was labeled as the colony of riff raff – untrue. In 1644 Parliament issues the
Providence Plantations, land division. Although constant arguing existed they received a royal
charter and established an economy based on agriculture and trade.
The Middle Colonies
1.
2.
3.
4.
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Settled for diverse reasons
Each colony developed a heterogeneous population (men-women)
Ethnic and religious differences
New York
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Dutch on the Hudson River
Settlement –New Netherlands
Henry Hudson (NW passage) sailed the Hudson River as he was sponsored by the Dutch
Company
Dutch West India Company sponsored two outposts
1. Fort Orange (Albany)
2. New Amsterdam (New York City) on Manhattan Island
a. Purpose – Fur Trade
b. Population remains small with a large amount of Nationalities
The English took New Netherlands (Colonel Richard Nicolls)
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Agreement – Articles of Capitulation
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A generous agreement to let the Dutch remain and keep property
Charles gave his brother, the Duke of York, the title to New York and surrounding
territory
Governor Nicolls created Duke’s Laws to maintain order
o Religious tolerance
o Local Government
New Jersey
Charter awarded to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
Located between the Hudson and the Delaware River
Economy – small farms with a wide variety of European colonists
Quakers in America
Grew out of the English Civil War
Society of Friends who spread “the Truth” and possessed the inner light
1. Practiced Humility
2. Wore simple clothes
3. Old-fashioned way – pacifists
Penn’s Holy Experiment
Pennsylvania – Penn’s Woods – awarded by the king to William Penn
His charter allowed any form of government
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Liberty of Conscience – freedom of worship
Freedom from persecution
No taxation without representation
Due process
Land
Planting the Carolinas
Great diversity and little cohesion
Court favorites in England demand compensation for loyalty
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Sir John Colleton – successful English planter 1663 – the king granted proprietors a
charter from Virginia to Florida
Plan of Settlement
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To save money for transporting colonists overseas, land deals were offered to colonists in
the north – proved difficult.
Carolinas divided into 3 distinct districts:
o Albemarle – bordered Virginia – attracted dissatisfied Virginians
o Cape Fear
o Port Royale – South Carolina
Many were dissatisfied and left
Barbados Connection
Ashley Cooper persuaded Carolinian proprietors to invest in the Carolinas. Once sufficient funds
were raised 300 Englishmen were dispatched under the leadership of Joseph West.
West brought additional colonists to the Carolinas by stopping in Barbados – they settled at
modern day Charleston – then called Charles Town
Those that purchased vast tracts of land served on the Council of Nobles (proved weak)
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Administer justice
Oversee civil affairs
Initiate legislation
Due to overpopulation in Barbados many arrived. Brought sugar, slaves, and wealth. Became
leaders
Because of violence 1792 the king created a separate royal government for North-South Carolina
Georgia
Established to carry out aggression with Spain
Proprietor – James Oglethorpe
1. Home of English Debtors
2. Military movements against Spain
3. Oglethorpe and a Board of Trustees maintained order
a. Inheritance through oldest son
b. No rum or slavery
c. Colonists upset
4. Due to popular unrest the rules change
a. Land restriction ended
b. Women can inherit
c. Slaves and rum allowed