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Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Tissues Classification Connective Target Stephanie Dozler, Cheryl Beland, Krystal Haas, Stephanie Garza Notes / Description / Size Fibrous Loose Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular Irregular Elastic Supportive Cartilge Hyaline Elastic Fibro Bone Compact Spongy NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 These slides show loose (areolar) connective tissue, which is used extensively throughout the body for fastening down the skin, membranes, vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and other tissues together. The tissue consist of an extensive network of fibers secreted by cells called fibroblasts. The most numerous of these fibers are the thicker, lightly-staining collagenous fibers. Thinner, dark-staining elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. Human Mediastinum: tissue description pelvic wall tissue Areolar connective tissue 400X Areolar connective tissue 100x www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab sohoparenting.com Refers to tissue that contains interstitial space Refers to tissue that contains interstitial space legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu austincc.edu/ austincc.edu/ Adipose tissue is essentially loose connective tissue containing large numbers of adipocytes. The cells contain fat droplets that push the nuclei against the cell membrane. Slide 1: A= adipose cell & V= vein Slide 2: shows the cytoplasmic rims of the adipose tissue and the spaces occupied by the lipid droplets. Slide 5: The bar labeled "a" indicates the width of one adipose cell (adipocyte). The light purple dots you see inside the cells are an artifact of process used to make the images, and do not represent real structures. The arrow points to the nucleus of one adipocyte. The nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the outside of the cell by the large fat droplet. Thick Skin Adipose tissue surrounding a vein Multilocular Adipose Tissue Brown Adipose Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue 400x Adipose Connective Tissue 100x lab.anhb.uwa.edu. lab.anhb.uwa.edu. udel.edu udel.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu Liver supports wall of internal organs supports wall of internal organs Reticular Connective Tisse 40x Reticular Connective Tissue 100x Lymph Node Reticular Tissue 400x lab.anhb.uwa.edu legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu Reticular connective tissue is named for the reticular fibers which are the main structural part of the tissue.It forms a scaffolding for other cells in several organs, such as lymph nodes and bone marrow. You will never see reticular connective tissue alone--there will always be other cells scattered among the reticular cells and reticular fibers. The area in the box in slide 4 has been enlarged in the next image (slide 5), but the resolution of this image is so low that you can't see the reticular fibers very clearly. Slide 6: The red arrows point to individual reticular fibers. The dark-colored dots scattered among the fibers are mostly reticular cells and lymphocytes. legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu Slide 1: In dense regular connective tissue the bundles of collagen are all parallel to each other. The bar in this image shows you the width of this piece of dense regular connective tissue, which comes from a tendon. Slide 2: The collagen fibers are parallel to the arrow bar. Some of the dark spots you can see on this image are the nuclei of the fibroblasts that make the collagen fibers. Slide 3: a fibroblast nucleus (fb nuc) is labeled, but you can see other nuclei once you know what to look for. The collagen fibers (cf) are parallel to the arrow bar, even thoughi t's hard to see they do have a slight "wave". NA Dense irregular connective tissue (dict) is found in several places in the body. Slide 2: is from palmar skin (skin from the palm of the hand), and the dense irregular connective tissue is stained light brown. The very dark tissue on the top of the image is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Slide 3: Most of the tissue you see in this image is dense irregular connective tissue (dict). Slide 4: In this image you can see the collagen fibers (cf) that are the main component of dense irregular connective tissue. NA Dense Elastic Connective Tissue contains elastic fibers with collagenous fibers between them. Slide 1: Mammal Artery XS Elastic Tissue Stain 40x. The blue-black colour of the elastic fibers in this section is typical for elastic tissue stained specimens. Slide 2: The black stained squiggly lines are elastic fibers and the red ones are collagen and smooth muscle. 40x Slide 3: a portion of the wall of the aorta. 100x Slide 4: At this magnification you can see black wavy lines. Those are the elastin fibers. When an organ containing these fibers is stretched, the elastin fibers recoil (go back to their original length) and pull the organ back into shape. 400x Slide 5: The labels indicate individual elastin fibers (ef) in the aorta. NA Hyaline cartilage-homogenous matrix surrounding the small nests of chrondrocytes. Is semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in color. It is extremely Strong, but very Flexible and Elastic. Consists of living cells, chondrocytes, which are situated far apart in fluidfilled spaces, the lacunae. There is an extensive amount of rubbery matrix between the cells and the matrix contains a number of collagenous fibres. Hyaline cartilage occurs in trachea, the larynx, the tip of the nose, in the connection between the ribs and the breastbone and also the ends of bone where they form joints. Temporary cartilage in mammalian embryos also consists of hyaline cartilage. Functions- * Reduces friction at joints.* Movement* Support & * Growth The matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers, making hyaline cartilage tough but somewhat flexible. You can see the lacunae spread out, with no fibers visible in the matrix. Hyaline cartilage is distinguished by its homogenous matrix surrounding the small nests of chrondrocytes. Notice the perichondrium which surrounds hyaline cartilage. NA Elastic cartilage is found predominately in the highly bendable cartilage of the outer ear (pinna). The epiglottis, which bends down to cover the glottis (opening) of the larynx each time we swallow, is also made of elastic cartilage. Basically elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the collagenous fibres, the matrix of the elastic also contains an abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibres. They run through the matrix in all directions. This type of cartilage is found in the lobe of the ear, the epiglottis and in parts of the larynx. This cartilage is more elastic than hyaline cartilage and better able to tolerate repeated bending. Functions: * Maintain shape. In the ear, for example, elastic cartilage helps to maintain the shape and flexibility of the organ. * Support - Elastic cartilage also strengthens and supports these structures. Slide 4: Note the lacunae where the chondrocytes are located. A closer look shows the heterogeneity of the matrix. Again confirm elastic fibers by focusing through them on the actual microscope. NA Fibrocartilage tissue provides support and rigidity to attached/surrounding structures. It has little ground substance, and its matrix is dominated by collagen fibers. These fibers are densely interwoven, making this tissue extremely durable and tough. In the positions mentioned on the left , they resist compression, absorb shocks, and prevent damaging bone-to-bone contact. Pads of fibrous cartilage lie between the vertebrae of the spinal column, between the pubic bones of the pelvis, and around or within a few joints and tendons. Fibrocartilage ideally assumes a herring bone pattern. It has a linear orientation related to it's function. Always look for the isolated chondrocytes in their lacunae. Fibrocartilage is a sort of halfway state between "true" cartilage and the fibrous CT's. The fibers are collagenous and the very scanty matrix makes it difficult to see that the chondrocytes are, in fact, located in lacunae. Because of the paucity of matrix, lacunae may be incomplete, but the cells aren't located on the fibers themselves (as fibroblasts would be in a fibrous CT). They're embedded in the matrix material between the fibers. The presence of lacunae is the tip-off that this is, in reality, a cartilage and not dense fibrous CT. In fibrocartilage chondrocytes are far less numerous and much more widely separated than in other types, and as these images show, they tend to be arranged in somewhat regular rows rather than the obvious isogenous groups of hyaline or elastic cartilage. NA 1)Light micrograph of a cross-section through a femur, the long bone of the upper leg. The shaft of the femur is made of compact bone, a dense form of bone in which the bone units (lamellae) are tightly organised. 2)Very light micrograph of a long bone with compact and marrow showing. 3)Bone tissue. Light micrograph of a close-up of a longitudinal polished section through human bone. 4)Ground cross section of human Compact Bone stained with India ink. HC, Haversion Canal, canaliculus; dotted line, perimeter of Osteon. x700. 5) Bone lacuna. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of human femoral compact bone showing a bone lacuna. During bone formation osteoblasts become progressively trapped into the bone matrix as osteocytes at sites called lacunae. Round holes are seen along the wall of the lacuna. They give rise to channels, known as bone canaliculi, which are normally occupied by processes branching from the osteocyte. Magnification: x3760 6) Temperal bone slide, dyed with solution to determine density. NA 1) Spongy bone. Light micrograph of a section through stained and decalcified human spongy bone. The bone matrix is composed of collagen fibres with lacunae containing osteocytes, which maintain the bone structure. Spongy bone has trabeculae which act as a series of girders, which transfer the forces received at the end of the bone, to the stronger outer walls of compact bone. The cavities in the spongy bone and central bone marrow are the site of blood cell formation and full of blood vessels. 2)Cross-section through a gross specimen of a hip bone. Spongy bone is characterised by a honeycomb arrangement, comprising a network of trabeculae (lattice-like tissue). These structures provide support and strength to the bone, whilst being lightweight. 3)Long bone showing bothe spongy, inside and compact bone which surrounds the outter layer. 4)Spongy bone (LM) magnification 400. 5)(SEM) of cancellous bone of the human shin. Compact bone usually makes up the exterior of the bone, while cancellous bone is found in the interior. Cancellous bone is characterised by a honeycomb arrangement of trabeculae. 6)(SEM) of a section through developing cancellous (spongy) bone from the foot of a human foetus. This type of bone tissue is found deep inside bones. Magnification unkown. Tendon 40x Tendon 100x Tendon 400x dense regular connection tissue 400x highlights the fibroblasts and collagen fibers dense regular connective tissue austincc.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu stegen.k12.mo.us/ dense irregular connective tissue Palm of hand 40x Palm of hand 100x alm of hand 400x dense irregular connective tissue Pointer is on Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (DI CT) stegen.k12.mo.us/ austincc.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu dspace.udel.edu: faculty.une.edu Mammal Artery 40x Dense Elastic Connective Tissue Aorta Wall 40x Human Aorta 100x Human Aorta 400x Elastic Fibers in the Wall of the Aorta legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/ legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/ austincc.edu austincc.edu austincc.edu faculty.une.edu LM x190 x 75 hyaline cartilage X400 x50 LM x 150 SEM x8000 sciencephotlibrary.com lumen.com kumc.edu a-s.clayton.edu Sciencephotolibrary.com Scienphotolibrary.com LM SEM SEM LM Cross section LM Elastic Artery SEM x2000 Elastic artery cross-section Lumen.com lumen.com wps.aw.com a-s.clayton.edu SciencePhotolibrary.com Sciencyphotolibrary.com a-s.clayton.edu rainbowskill.com Micraspopic view SEM x25 Intervratebral Disc Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Compact Bone (LM) x23 Compact Bone and Marrow (LM) Bone Tissue (LM) x400 Compact Bone x700 Bone lacune (SEM) x3760 Temperal Bone Slide www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.bu.edu www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.visualhistology.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com http://otitismedia.hawkelibrary.com/Temp oral-Bone-Slides/Temporal_Bone_Slide_10 Spongy Bone x400 http://employee.lsc.edu/faculty/BrianBich/_ layouts/listform.aspx?PageType=4&ListId= %7BD7D60A60-0447-4359-81AE14ADFE262C8D%7D&ID=581 Spongy bone x36 Hip Bone Long Bone W/Spongy and Compact WWW.sciencephotolibrary.com http://solution-nine.com/spongy http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/bon e_lab/images/ SEM x450 a Tendon LM Lumen.com UTA.edu Shin Bone (SEM) Human Foetus http://solution-nine.com/spongy http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/histology/?q=no de/1087&size=_original 1 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3 Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological Areolar connective tissues are the structural portions of our body that essentially hold the cells of the body together. These tissues form a framework, or matrix, for the body. The connective tissues are composed of two major structural protein molecules, collagen and elastin. There are many different types of collagen protein that vary in amount in each of the body's tissues. Elastin has the capability of stretching and returning to its original length -- like a spring or rubber band. Elastin is the major component of ligaments (tissues that attach bone to bone) and skin. In patients with connective tissue diseases, it is common for collagen and elastin to become injured by inflammation.The specific causes of most connective tissue diseases are not known. However, there are genetic patterns that are considered to increase the risk for developing connective tissue diseases. It is likely that a combination of genetic risks and environmental factors are necessary for the development of connective tissue disease. scleroderma - posterior view areolar-gynecomastia A young woman with Marfan syndrome has extensively long arms. dermnet.com exploreplasticsurgery.com broadinstitute.org Subcutaneous normal fat is what our body uses to store extra energy and is heavily regulated by the hormones to maintain a normal calorie level. After a meal, the blood caloric level goes up, hormones are mobilized to push the extra calories into the storage. As a result, our blood sugar and fats levels stay within a normal and narrow range. Between meals, our body burns calories, our hormones will then gradually release the calories from storage into the blood to sustain our bodily energy needs. As a result, our blood sugar (and fats) level doesn't drop below certain level. So our hormones maintain our blood energy supply to support our daily activities. When one goes on a diet, the calorie intake drops significantly, this triggers the hormones to release calories from normal storage (subcutaneous fat), not the abnormal belly. Abnormal fat is usually found in the belly area, but also includes areas between muscles and other body areas. This fat is not part of our normal energy system, and therefore the hormones that control our energy system have no control over this type of fat. Pathology slide 2: Gross pathology of rheumatic heart disease. Left ventricle has been cut open to display characteristic severe thickening of mitral valve, thickened chordae tendineae, and hypertrophied left ventricular myocardium. Autopsy. Pathology Slide 3: Characteristic features of creeping fat in Crohn's disease. (A) Unaffected large bowel and affected small bowel seen during laparotomy of a patient suffering from Crohn's disease. (B) and (C) Resected small bowel affected by Crohn's disease with transmural inflammation and creeping fat. The attachment line of the adipose tissue to the bowel surface is not sharp and appears blurred (a). The bowel surface appears dull and granular compared with the normal bowel (b). The adipose tissue extends out over the serosal surface of the bowel (creeping fat). Cardiovascular disease Micrograph of a heart with fibrosis (yellow) and amyloidosis (brown). Rheumatic heart disease medicinenet.com medicinenet.com Normal and Arthritis Joints Ehler-Danlos type IV medicinenet.com rheumatology.org Scurvy - Piratical-Disease Lichin Planus 800x fibrocystic breast disease FBD thebluewaffles.com medicinenet.com altmd.com periosteal chondroma Periosteal tuberculosis Periosteal tuberculosis webpathology.com sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in industrial countries, is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, the molecular basis linking obesity with cardiovascular disturbances have not yet been fully clarified. Recent advances in the biology of adipose tissue indicate that it is not simply an energy storage organ, but also a secretory organ, producing a variety of bioactive substances, including leptin and adiponectin, that may influence the function as well as the structural integrity of the The more recently discovered protein, adiponectin, seems to play a protective role in experimental models of vascular injury, in probable relation to its cardiovascular system. Leptin, besides being a satiety signal for the central nervous system and to be related to insulin and glucose ability to suppress the attachment of monocytes to endothelial cells, which is an early event in the atherosclerotic process. There is already metabolism, may also play an important role in regulating vascular tone because of the widespread distribution of functional receptors in considerable evidence linking altered production of some adipocyte hormones with the cardiovascular complications of obesity. Therefore, the the vascular cells. On the other hand, the more recently discovered protein, adiponectin, seems to play a protective role in experimental knowledge of alterations in the endocrine function of adipose tissue may help to further understand the high cardiovascular risk associated with models of vascular injury, in probable relation to its ability to suppress the attachment of monocytes to endothelial cells, which is an obesity. early event in the atherosclerotic process. There is already considerable evidence linking altered production of some adipocyte hormones with the cardiovascular complications of obesity. Therefore, the knowledge of alterations in the endocrine function of adipose tissue may help to further understand the high cardiovascular risk associated with obesity. Mouse Adipose Ehler's Danlos Type IV: (Vascular) Is an autosomal dominant defect in the type-III collagen synthesis; affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 to 250,000 people. The vascular type is considered one of the more serious forms of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome because blood vessels and organs are fragile and prone to tearing (rupture). Many patients with EDS type 4 express a characteristic facial appearance (large eyes, small chin, sunken cheeks, thin nose and lips, lobeless ears), have a small stature with a slim build, and typically have thin, pale, translucent skin (veins can usually be seen on the chest and abdomen) with very easy bruising and propensity to develop ecchymoses. About one in four people with vascular type EDS develop a significant health problem by age 20 and more than 80 percent develop life-threatening complications by age 40. Researchers are hoping to come up with treatments for the various connective tissue disorders by utilizing adult stem cells for connective tissue regeneration. The work focuses on investigating factors that control mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and plasticity between lineages and establishing therapeutic and tissue engineering paradigms for the treatment of mesenchymal tissue defects. Dense regular connective tissue provides connection between different tissues. The collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue are bundled in a parallel fashion. Structures formed by dense regular tissue are tendons, which connect muscle to bone, derive their strength from the regular, longitudinal arrangement of bundles of elastic fibers, and ligaments, which bind bone to bone and are similar in structure to tendons. Aponeurosis is also formed from DRCT. the dermis of the skin, the walls of large tubular organs, such as the alimentary canal, in glandular tissue, and in organ capsules. Abnormalities in dense regular connective tissue may form fibrous cysts that may become inflammed causing sensitivitty and pain, as with fibrocystic breast disease and scurvy. Pathology 1:Dense connective tissue is affected by connective tissue diseases that stem from severe vitamin C deficiency. This disease is commonly known as scurvy. Scurvy affects the dense connective tissue by breaking down the tendons. Pathology 2: Lichin Planus:A chronic mucocutaneous disease that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. The disease presents itself in the form of papules, lesions, or rashes. The name refers to the dry and undulating, "lichen-like" appearance of affected skin. It is sometimes associated with oxidative stress, certain medications and diseases, however the underlying pathology is currently unknown. Pathology 3: Fibrocystic breast disease:characterized by lumpiness and usually discomfort in one or both breasts. The lumpiness is due to small breast masses or breast cysts. The condition is very common and benign, meaning that fibrocystic breasts are not malignant (cancerous). Fibrocystic breast disease (FBD), now referred to as fibrocystic changes or fibrocystic breast condition, is the most common cause of "lumpy breasts" in women and affects more than 60% of women. The condition primarily affects women between the ages of 30 and 50, and tends to become less of a problem after menopause Researchers are hoping to come up with treatments for the various connective tissue disorders by utilizing adult stem cells for connective tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. MSCs are multipotent and are easily derived from a variety of tissues, including fat, skin and bone marrow. These cells are fibroblastic in appearance and can be expanded for many passages. Most importantly, populations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are strongly adherent, therefore can be isolated by culturing marrow on an appropriate substrate and washing other cells off. Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to many kinds of connective tissue cells including those responsible for remodeling of cartilage, bone, fat, and vascular tissue. The elastic characteristics of the lungs are due to the elaborate framework of dense elastic tissue fibers. The elastic properties are essential to normal lung function. Slide 1: Chronic Obstructive Emphysema: 64 year old woman. Disrupted and disintegrated elastic fibers (arrow) are evident in an alveolar duct ring. Combined orcein elastic tissue and Gomori trichrome stains. X270. Slide 2: Typical eccentric atherosclerotic plaque. A central necrotic core shows dystrophic calcification. Note the fibrous cap and that the media is thinned throughout most of the circumference. Slide 3: Tuberculosis in lungs. Active bacterium corrosion of lung tissue. www.brown.edu Tissue Found in non-human There are a lot of complications that arise when dealing with diseases of loose connective tissue, because it involves most organ systems. The most common complications are with the connective tissue surrounding the aorta. Researchers are looking for ways to improve aortic health in adults with Marfan Syndrome wth the Losartan vs. Atenolol Study - The purpose of this trial is to compare the effects of the medications losartan and atenolol on the stiffness of the heart and aorta of adults with Marfan Syndrome. The trial is for adults who have never had an aortic dissection or aortic/cardiac surgery. The aortic wall is often stiff in adults with Marfan syndrome, even if aortic size is relatively normal. We are investigating Losartan's ability to correct this stiffness, and improve aortic health. The trial involves a non-invasive ultrasound of the heart and the aorta before and after 6 months of treatment with losartan or atenolol. The trial is being run out of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital in Boston. Reticular connective tissue is named for the reticular fibers which are the main structural part of the tissue. It has a network of reticular fibers, made of type III collagen. It is is found around the liver, the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow. Pathology1: Discoid Lupus: This man has extensive involvement of his scalp leading to scarring alopecia. Involvement of the conchal bowl of the ear is characteristic of this disease. Pathology 2: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks flexible (synovial) joints, which are surrounded by reticular fibers. Pathology 3: EhlerDanlos type IV, which is due to a deficiency in type III collagen. This disease can cause aneurysms and intestinal rupture. The angiogram on the left shows multiple renal aneurysms (arrows) and a fusiform aneurysm at the aortic birfucation in a 19-year-old man with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type IV. The left kidney is poorly visualized due to a thrombosed renal artery. The angiogram on the right shows multiple anuerysms in the iliac arteries. Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue.This tissue comprises a large portion of the dermis. This type of tissue is also in the protective white layer of the eyeball and in the deeper skin layers. It also makes up submucosa, fibrous capsules, and some types of fascia. Other examples include periosteum and perichondrium. eccentric atherosclerotic plaque Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research www.histology-world.com medicinenet.com www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Michael Phelps: His body has been described as a “freak of nature” and “transhuman.” It’s perfect for swimming, but if you look at Michael Phelps, you can't help but think “Marfan Syndrome.” Marfan Syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects the connective tissue in the the body. Some of the more obvious physical features seen in Phelps include: Wing span much greater than height; Long and slender fingers/toes; Protruding sternum (pectus carinatum); Hyperflexibility of joints; Long narrow face; Small jaw, Overcrowding of teeth. Unfortunately, Marfan Syndrome is also associated with a high risk for a fatal heart condition in which the major vessel leading from the heart can tear. Phelps writes about being evaluated for Marfan Syndrome in his autobiography Beneath the Surface.He never really comes out and says one way or the other, but, if in fact he does have Marfan Syndrome, we can expect a 50% chance that little Michael Phelps offspring will share their father’s unique physique and potential for swimming prowess. creeping fat in Crohn's disease Discoid Lupus Erythematosus: Scarring Alopecia, Scalp Chronic Obstructive Emphysema x270 Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence Pathology 1: Chondroma is a benign tumor of mature hyaline cartilage. They are called enchondromas when they occur within the medullary cavity of tubular bones. One of the most common locations is the metaphyseal region of short tubular bones of hands and feet. When they arise on the surface of the bone, they are referred to as juxtacortical or periosteal chondromas. Majority of the patients are between 2nd and 4th decades of life. Pathology 2: Periosteal tuberculosis is met within the ribs, sternum, vertebral column, skull, and less frequently in the long bones of the limbs. It may originate in the periosteum, or may spread thence from the marrow, or from synovial membrane. Imaging findings in 34-year-old man with TB osteomyelitis and arthritis of hip. (A) Plain radiograph shows narrowing of joint space, erosion of articular surfaces, bone destruction in femoral head and neck, and osteopenia of osseous structures. (B) Coronal T1-weighted MR image shows erosion and hypointense bone marrow edema. Pathology 3: Periosteal TB: (C) Coronal T2weighted image with fat suppression demonstrates increased bone marrow signal intensity and joint effusion. (D) Axial contrastenhanced T1-weighted image shows enhancement of both bone and synovium Chronic Obstructive Emphysema is characterized by alterations in the elastic properties of the lungs. The disease process of chronic obstructive emphysema is one of degeneration and destruction affecting various tissue components of the lung, particularly the elastic fibers. Tuberculosis, often called TBC, is chronic bacterial infection that can spread through lymph nodes and bloodstream to any human organ, but generally it catches lungs. Bacteria that causes Tuberculosis is air transmitted. Because of that, the disease can be very contagious. Used to be wide spread, Tuberculosis today is very rare, thanks to antibiotic therapy developed in the 50s. The treatment for periosteal tuberculosis lies between the injection of iodoform or removal of the infected tissues with the sharp spoon. In the ribs it is more satisfactory to remove the diseased portion of bone along with the wall of the associated abscess or sinus. If all the tubercle has been removed and there is no pyogenic infection, the wound is stitched up. Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in walls of blood vessels. Limits flow of blood throughout body. Leads to Coronary Heart Disease, the #1 Killer of both sexes in the U.S. This is mostly due to our high fat diets of fast food and processed foods and the "Couch Potato" phenomenon. Will continue to escalate in empic proportions if we do not teach our children to eat healthy and get more exercise, instead of sitting in from of the TV or computer eating a bag of potato chips. Progression of TB in lung tissue humanorgans.org Osteoarthritis. Coloured X-ray of the knee of a patient with osteoarthritis, seen from the side. This disease causes wasting of the cartilage which reduces friction between moving bones. The bones (purple) forming the knee joint are the femur and tibia (upper and lower frame respectively). The narrow fibula (red, lower left) and the patella (kneecap, red, centre right) are also seen. The loss of the lubricating joint cartilage is seen as a narrowing of the space in the joint. This causes pain and stiffness. Painkilling drugs can treat the pain, and weight loss reduces pressure on the joints. In serious cases the knee joints may be replaced surgically.Cartilage damage can occur as a result of a sudden, direct blow to the joint - for example, a bad fall directly onto your knees. This is why cartilage damage is often a problem for people who play sports that involve physical contact. The one disadvantage of cartilage is that unlike other types of tissue, it does not have a blood supply. Blood cells help repair tissue damage. This means that damaged cartilage will not heal quickly, in the same way that damaged skin or muscles can heal. The two most common sources of cartilage damage are sudden, acute trauma to the cartilage and through gradual degeneration over time. Cartilage in arthritis. Coloured Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the hip joint of a patient with arthritis. The cartilage in this image is showing a great deal of damage, threads are seen where it has worn away. Arthritis is a general term for many types of joint disease. For example, rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder causing inflammation and joint destruction. Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint cartilage, associated with secondary changes in underlying bone which may be painful and ultimately impair and deform the function of the affected joint. Magnification: x140 at 6x7cm size. Damaged cartilage. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the damaged head of a femur (thigh bone). The damage was caused by rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease that results in the progressive destruction of joints and soft tissuesAt present, there is no cure for osteoarthritis. The management of osteoarthritis is broadly divided into non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatments. Pharmacological management includes control of pain and improvement in function and quality of life while limiting drug toxicity. Surgical management is generally reserved for failed medical management where functional disability affects a patient's quality of life. Sarcoma cancer cell culture, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Cancer cells divide rapidly in a chaotic manner. The cells may clump to form tumours that invade and destroy surrounding tissues. Sarcomas are cancers of connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage. Large airways are damaged by chronic inflammation related to obstructing lesions, foreign bodies, or cystic fibrosis. The airway supporting structures--cartilage and smooth muscle are destroyed. Elastic forces of the surrounding normal lung cause airway dilation. Here, the lumen contains pus and the wall is chronically inflamed and fibrotic. This rare disease of the trachea and bronchi has nodules of bone and cartilage attached to, and projecting inward from, the tracheobronchial cartilages. The nodules are covered by intact epithelium. The membranous portion of the trachea is not involved. Patients are usually asymptomatic but may develop signs of airway obstruction. Rickets. Light micrograph of a section through bone of a patient with rickets, a softening of the bones. The light purple areas are unmineralised (unhardened) cartilage, while the darker areas show abnormal bone growth. The predominant cause of rickets is a deficiency in vitamin D, which is required for normal calcium absorption from the gut. Malabsorption leads to low levels of calcium in the blood. This not only prevents proper bone growth, but can also lead to calcium being released form the bones to increase blood calcium levels. Treatment is of the underlying cause and vitamin D and calcium supplements Large tumors have developed within the cartiliage. The large mass is very different from the normal histology because of the size. In the second picture rickets is explored and eventhough rickets effects bones, here is also degenerating the cartiliage and softning the texture and strench of such cartilage.MODEL RELEASED. Close-up of a red and scabbed nodule on the ear pinna in a 67 year old male patient, known as chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (CNH). It is a benign yet painful lesion caused by reduced blood flow to the cartilage of the ear The exact cause of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis is unknown, although most authorities believe it is caused by prolonged and excessive pressure. Several anatomic features of the ear predispose persons to the development of this condition. The ear has relatively little subcutaneous tissue for insulation and padding, and only small dermal blood vessels supply the epidermis, dermis, perichondrium, and cartilage. Dermal inflammation, edema, and necrosis from trauma, cold, actinic damage, or pressure probably initiate the disease. In most cases, focal pressure on the stiff cartilage most likely produces damage to the cartilage and overlying skin. Anatomic features of the ear, as listed above, prevent adequate healing and lead to secondary perichondritis. The right ear is more commonly involved. 1) 2)Types of Rickets -Nutritional Rickets, Vitamin D Resistant Rickets, Vitamin D Dependent Rickets,Type I, Type II, Congenital Rickets. The predominant cause of rickets is a deficiency in vitamin D, which is required for normal calcium absorption from the gut.3) Osteochondromas are 90% solitary lesions, Sessile/pedunculated, Bone covered by cartilage cap up to 3cm thick, 10% occur in the heritable form of multiple exostosis , 80% diagnosed in first decade of life. 1) Many tumors that are cancerous share common traits but because of the variety of types there are variying treatments that do noit cross from one type to another.There are a variety of chemotherapy treatment protocols for bone tumors. The protocol with the best reported survival in children and adults is an intra-arterial protocol where tumor response is tracked by serial arteriogram. When tumor response has reached >90% necrosis surgical intervention is planned. One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal bisphosphonates increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills. Metastron also known as strontium-89 chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three month intervals. 2)The treatment and prevention of rickets is known as antirachitic. The most common treatment of rickets is the use of Vitamin D.However, surgery may be required to remove severe bone abnormalities. Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (sunshine when the sun is highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all sources of vitamin D. Sufficient vitamin D levels can also be achieved through dietary supplementation and/or exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the preferred form since it is more readily absorbed than vitamin D2. 3)Osteochondromas are most often, upon diagnosis, simply monitored through periodic x-rays. Those tumors that grow large enough to irritate surrounding muscles, tendons, or tissues are usually removed by surgery. Only if the bone spur is growing inward, does it require surgical removal. Cartilage can also become damaged gradually, over a period of time, in a process of 'wear and tear'. Being overweight or having structural problems with your joint will increase the likelihood of this kind of type of damage, also known as osteoarthritis. osteoarthritis Artritis Cracked Damaged Cartilage Sciencephotolibrary.com Lumen.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sarcoma cancer cell culture (SEM) Airway Diseases Bronchiectasis Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica Sciencephotolibrary.com www.bing.com a-s.clayton.edu Chondrosarcoma Softened cartilage chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (CNH) Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com 1) (MRI) scan in sagittal section showing cancer tumours (dark) in the rectangular vertebral bones of the spine in a 72 year old male patient. This is secondary (metastatic) bone cancer spread from prostate cancer (carcinoma). 2) Rickets. Light micrograph of a section through bone of a patient with rickets, a softening of the bones. The light orange areas are unmineralised (unhardened) cartilage, while the darker areas show abnormal bone growth. 3)This slide shows an Osteochondroma which is the most common benign bone tumor. Bone Cancer (MRI) Rickets Osteochondroma http://sinoemedicalassociation.org michaeloellnisch.girlshopes.com surgicalpathologyatlas.com Deer antler. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a transverse section through cortical (compact) bone from the antler of a deer. The larger spaces seen here are Haversian canals, which contain blood and lymph vessels and nerves. The smaller spaces, known as lacunae, house the osteocytes, the boneforming cells. Antlers consist entirely of bone and are shed every year. Magnification: x200 when printed at 10 centimetres across. deer Antler x200 www.Sciencephotolibrary.com 1) Osteoporosis. False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the trabeculae in the cancellous bone tissue affected by osteoporosis. 2) Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign tumor derived from chondroblasts. It is found in the epiphysis of long bones, usually of the lower extremity. The most common site is the distal femur followed by the proximal femur, proximal humerus and proximal tibia.3)This MRI is a sagittal view through the knee joint showing the destuction of bone due to advanced osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is the medical term for an infection in a bone. 1)The cancellous tissue fills the interior of the bones and in osteoporosis its density decreases, increasing the brittleness of the bones and the probability of fractures. In this case, a spinal vertebra is affected and many small round dark areas on the bone are empty. Osteoporosis usually affects women, above all after the menopause, because their ovaries no longer produce oestrogen hormones which help to maintain bone mass.2)It originates from chondroblasts, hence the name. It occurs in about 1% of bone tumors in the United States. Typically, it causes muscle deterioration, decreased movement in joints and pain. Found in patients from the age of 373. Also known as codman's tumor. 3)Osteomyelitis is the medical term for an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Osteomyelitis can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs. 1) Teriparatide ( a recombinant parathyroid hormone ) has been shown to be effective in treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.There is also some evidence that strontium ranelate is effective in decreasing the risk of vertebral and non vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Hormone replacement therapy, while effective for osteoporosis, is only recommended in women who also have menopausal symptomsMost bisphosphonates are effective in preventing fracture of the vertebra, non-vertebral bones and hips when taken for three to four years.hey however have not been compared directly to each other therefore it is not known if one is better than the others. Fracture risk reduction is between 25 and 70% depending on the bone involved. 2) Chondroblastoma is usually treated by curettage and insertion of bone graft. Surgery is needed. Another treatment that is far less invasive and has less recovery time is radiofrequency ablation. 3)Because of the particulars of their blood supply, the tibia, femur, humerus, vertebra, the maxilla, and the mandibular bodies are especially susceptible to osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis often requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, with a course lasting a matter of weeks or months. A PICC line or central venous catheter is often placed for this purpose. Osteomyelitis also may require surgical debridement. Severe cases may lead to the loss of a limb. Deer antler is a common ingredient in Chinese tonic preparations. It may be surprising, especially to the practitioner of Chinese medicine, to learn that New Zealand is the world's largest producer of deer antler, followed closely by Australia and Canada (both increasing rapidly), and that Korea is probably the world's largest user of antlers, with an apparently insatiable appetite for antlers of all species. China is also a major producer and consumer of deer antler products and appears to have the longest history of medicinal use of deer antler as well as production via deer farming. Osteoporosis x30 Chondroblastoma Osteomyelitis Spongy Bone x-section in Deer Antler http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/bones.ht m sinoemedicalassociation.org www.sciencephotolibrary.com animaldiveristy.ummz.umich.edu 2 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. Tissues Classification Target TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Notes / Description / Size Fluid Blood Cells Erythrocytes Leukocytes NA 1) Blood cells. Light micrograph of human blood cells. The cells seen here are mainly red blood cells (erythrocytes) and a single leucocyte (a type of white blood cell, purple/red, lower centre). The smaller, purple areas, are platelets (thrombocytes), structures involved in clotting. Red and white blood cells are the two main cell components of blood. Erythrocytes are carriers of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Their biconcave surface provides maximum surface area for the exchange of gases. The lymphocyte is involved in the immune system's defence mechanisms, protecting the body against the invasion of foreign pathogens in the blood and lymph. MGG stain. Magnification: x1150 when printed 10cm wide. 2) Human red blood cells stained with Square 460 (K8-3010) Excitation: 470 nm 3) Light micrograph of human red blood cells stacked together like coins. This is the way they line up in blood vessels. Magnification: X 450 at 35mm size, X 900 at 6x7cm size. (Dark-field illuminat- ion). 4) Red blood cells. SEM of human erythrocytes in a blood vessel in skin from a foreskin. 5) Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of human red blood cells (erythrocytes). Magnification: x2700 when printed at 10 centimetres tall. 6) Erythrocytes. SEM of human red blood cells. Magnification: x7500 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Basophil 1) Image of a human blood smear at 100x with an oil immersion lens. The basophil is pictured in the center, surrounded by erythrocytes. 2) Two leucocytes, a basophil at left and an eosinophil at right, are shown here among red blood cells in a human blood smear. 3) Basophil white blood cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of a basophil, a type of white blood cell. Basophils have a bilobed nucleus (coloured orange) and densely stained granules in the cell cytoplasm (red). These granules contain the vasoactive substances heparin (a blood anticoagulant), histamine and the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Basophils are the least common of the white blood cells, and constitute less than 1% of all white blood cells circulating in the blood. 4) Basophil. The nucleus, which stores the cell's genetic information, is at centre (blue). Basophils are cells of the body's immune system, involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions. They secrete the chemicals heparin, histamine and serotonin, which are stored in granules (green) in the cell's cytoplasm. 5) Polynuclear basophil. This basophil has one bi-lobed nucleus (yellow, lower center) and a second nucleus at upper left, hence it is known as a polynuclear basophil. Purple granules in the cell cytoplasm (green) contain the vasoactive substances heparin (a blood anticoagulant), histamine and the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Basophils are the least common of the white blood cells, and their function is poorly understood. 6) Basophils are a type of granulocyte, which is a leukocyte with granules. Basophils are characterized by violet/purple granules that often obscure the nucleus. They are slightly larger than other granulocytes, and they are the least common granulocyte. Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Erythrocytes, light micrograph x1150 Erythrocytes stained with Square 460 Erythrocytes, light micrograph x900 Erythrocytes, SEM Erythrocytes SEM x2700 Erythrocytes SEM x7500 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/304884/enl arge http://setabiomedicals.com/gallery.php http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30457 8/enlarge http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x414 1014/red_blood_cells_coloured_scanning_ electron http://www.psmicrographs.co.uk/humanred-blood-cells/science-image/80019681 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/41432 8/enlarge Blood smear (Basophil), light micrograph x100 Basophil and eosinophil, Light Micrograph Coloured TEM of a basophil Basophil white blood cell, TEM Basophil, Coloured TEM x6,200 Basophil white blood cell, TEM x6125 http://wwwhttp://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/histology/?q=node/11 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30508 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30525 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30512 http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x754 personal.umich.edu/~akc/Bibliography/bas 96 4/enlarge 1/view 2/enlarge 8525/basophil_white_blood_cell_tem o-eosinophil.htm Eiosiniphil 1) This slide shows an Electron micrograph of an eosinophil. Eosinophils make up between 1 and 3% of the total white blood cells in the human blood, and are the largest of the granulocytes. 2) Eosinophils contain certain granules that are stained red with eosin dye , very charactarestic red color appears in the eosinophil’s cytoplasm when examined under the microscope. 3) Eosinophils (in green with red nucleus) catapult their mitochondrial DNA out of the cell, forming tangled traps (red) that ensnare foreign bacteria. 4) Eosinophil cell. Coloured Transmission Electron Micrograph of a human eosinophil cell, containing granules with crystal inclusions in its cytoplasm. Granules (red) are seen in the cell cytoplasm (orange); the large cell nucleus is yellow and purple. Eosinophils are white blood cells, known also as granulocytes for the granular cytoplasm they possess. These oval-shaped granules contain enzymes responsible for bacterial destruction. The function of the crystals is unknown. Eosinophil cells, produced in the bone marrow, play an important role in the immune response against allergic and parasitic diseases. 5) This slide shows an Eosinophil cell, the lobed nucleus is seen (red, at lower left). The cytoplasm is filled with oval-shaped granules which contain enzymes responsible for bacterial destruction. Dense crystals can also be seen in these granules. Eosinophil cells are produced in the bone marrow and they play an important role in the response against allergic and parasitic diseases. They are mobile and destroy cell debris and microorganisms by phagocytosis. 6) Eosinophil cell. Coloured Transmission Electron Micrograph of a human eosinophil cell, containing granules with crystal inclusions in its cytoplasm. etc 1) Image of a human blood smear at 100x with an oil immersion lens. The monocyte is pictured in the center, surrounded by erythrocytes. Monocytes are a type of agranulocyte, which are leukocytes without granules. Monocytes are the largest of the leukocytes with a large, dark, indented nucleus. There is also a fair amount of clear cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. 2) Monocytes are 12-15 um in diameter and are 2-10% of WBCs in a blood smear. 3) A human monocyte, the largest type of white blood cell. At centre is a large bilobed nucleus (purple outline) which is a characteristic feature of monocytes. Cytoplasmic projections occur on the cell surface, which enable the cell to be mobile. Monocytes have little function in blood, but by being mobile they migrate into tissues where they are known as histiocytes or macrophages. In tissues, they scavenge and engulf cellular debris and foreign micro-organisms. As such they play a part in the initial phase of the body's immune response. 4) Coloured transmission electron micrograph of monocyte cells (yellow). Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leucocyte), part of the body's immune system, that are found in the circulating blood. The kidney-shaped nucleus (green) is a typical feature of these cells. Monocytes protect against blood-borne pathogens by phagocytosing them and then presenting the digested parts on their cell surfaces. This presentation allows other immune system cells, such as T cells, to recognise the pathogens so that they can be killed quickly. 5) Monocyte white blood cell. Scanning electron micrograph of a monocyte white blood cell. Monocytes, like all white blood cells, are part of the human body's immune system. 6) Monocyte. Coloured Scanning Electron Micrograph of a human monocyte with red blood cells, in the lumen of a small blood vessel. The monocyte (yellow) is the largest type of white blood cell. It has little function in blood, but by being mobile it migrates into tissues where it is known as a histiocyte or macrophage. As seen here, it has protruberances on the cell surface which helps it to move. In tissues it scavenges and engulfs cellular debris and foreign micro-organisms. As a macrophage, a monocyte thus plays an important role in the initial phase of the body's immune response. etc 1) A lymphocyte is a type of agranular white blood cell. Microscopically a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little cytoplasm. Normally the nucleus is approximately the size of a red blood cel (about 7 micrometers in diameter). 2) Lymphocytes are 7-8 um or 12 um in diameter, and 10-45% of WBCs in a blood smear. They have a round, intensely stained nucleus and the cytoplasm may stain light blue and contains azurophilic granules. The arrows are platelets. 3) This slide shows a Lymphocyte, they lack granules, and have a large dark spherical nucleus. 4) B-lymphocyte. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of a section through a human B- lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell involved in the body's immune response. The nucleus is green. In the blue cytoplasm, red oval areas are mitochondria which provide the cell with energy. There are 2 main types of lymphocyte: B- cells and T-cells. B-cells are made in the bone marrow and provide an immune response by secreting antibodies. T-cells are derived from the thymus gland and give rise to a cell-mediated response, by physically destroying pathogens and by summoning killer macrophages. 5) Tissue macrophages (pink/purple), T lymphocytes (green), and human red blood cells from a leg wound. Lymphocytes are involved in the specific immune response and are composed mainly of precursor T cells and B cells (pre-T and B cells). Pre-T cells (also known as T lymphocytes) circulate in the blood before migrating to the thymus where they develop into specialized cells (helper T and killer T cells) that are able to identify antigens and infected tissue cells. 6) This slide shows a scanning electron micrograph of a human lymphocyte (pink) as it scans the surface of a dendritic cell (blue). Lymphocytes are white blood cells, of which there are three types: B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Dendritic cells are located in the tissue and are responsible for stimulating the adaptive immune response via the activation of T cells. etc 1) This slide shows a Neutrophil, which contains fine granules and have a 3-6 lobed nucleus. 2) Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear white blood cells or polymorphs, have U-shaped nuclei (red). Some cells seem to contain two nuclei due to their angle of sectioning. Neutrophils protect the body from infection by engulfing and digesting invading microorganisms by phagocytosis. These highly mobile cells migrate to areas of tissue damage. However, after a burst of activity they degenerate, as the enzymes they use quickly become depleted. Defunct neutrophils form the majority of pus. 3) Neutrophil cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph of a human neutrophil cell from a bone marrow culture. Neutrophils are involved in inflammatory responses to tissue damage, where they engulf and destroy microorganisms. Here, the cell's lobed nucleus (dark blue) containing chromatin (light blue) appears in two pieces due to sectioning. Within the cytoplasm (green) are numerous membrane-bound granules (brown). These contain enzymes responsible for bacterial destruction. A few mitochondria (long, green) can also be seen in the cell. Neutrophils are highly mobile and can squeeze through tiny spaces in an amoeboid manner. 4) Coloured scanning electron micrograph of neutrophil white blood cells (large, yellow-green) and Shigella bacteria (orange, upper right). The neutrophils, as part of the body's immune response, are extruding extracellular traps to engulf (phagocytose) and destroy the bacteria. Shigella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. It infects the large intestine and causes mild to severe forms of dysentery. 5) Coloured scanning electron micrograph of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell (leucocyte). These cells are phagocytic, in that they engulf and digest materials from their surroundings. These cells contain enzymes that are used to digest invading bacteria. They are highly mobile, migrating to areas of tissue damage within the body. 6) Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell making up fifty to seventy percent. Eosinophil, LM Eosinophil, LM Eosinophils Eosinophil Cell, TEM x6,800 Eosinophil, TEM Eosinophil cell with crystals, TEM http://medcell.med.yale.edu/systems_cell_biolo http://www.phartoonz.com/2010/11/10/imm http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes4. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30511 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30508 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30508 gy/haematopoiesis/eosinophils.php unity_leukocytes_phagocytic_cells/ htm 9/enlarge 0/view 2/enlarge Monocyte, LM x100 Monocyte, LM x1800 Monocyte, TEM Monocytes, TEM x6125 Monocyte white blood cell, SEM Monocyte & red blood cells, SEM x3,800 http://bcrc.bio.umass.edu/histology/?q=node/11 http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/me http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30578 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30593 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/44866 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30575 92 d/his_pic_blood3.htm 0/view 4/enlarge 0/enlarge 7/enlarge Lymphocyte, LM x100 Lymphocytes, LM x1800 http://www.anatomybox.com/lymphoctye/ http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/me d/his_pic_blood3.htm Neutrophil, LM x100 Neutrophil, TEM x4000 Lymphocyte, LM x100 B-lymphocyte, TEM x8000 T-Lymphocytes, SEM x1500 Lymphocyte, SEM x2500 http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan http://effyeahimmunology.tumblr.com/post http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30515 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrint /anat2/notes/APIINotes6%20Blood%20WBC. /23486944293/dendritic-cells-activating-a3/enlarge sIndex/GP2091.html htm lymphocyte Neutrophil from bone marrow, TEM x6125 Neutrophils and Shigella bacteria, SEM Neutrophil, SEM x2500 Active Neutrophils, SEM x3800 http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30515 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30513 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30594 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30584 http://humanphysiology2011.wikispaces.co 2/notes/APIINotes6%20Blood%20WBC.htm 0/enlarge 8/enlarge 8/view 8/enlarge. m/05.+Hematology 1) This slide shows a Macrophage, which is a type of white blood cell that ingests foreign material. Macrophages are key players in the immune response to foreign invaders of the body, such as infectious microorganisms. They are normally found in the liver, spleen, and connective tissues of the body. 2) Active macrophages. Immunofluorescent light micrograph of active macrophage white blood cells producing cytokine proteins. The central cell has multiple nuclei (blue). Vaults are red and TIA-1, a protein which stops cytokine overproduction, is yellow/green. Cytokines are released by one cell population in order to influence another. If too much cytokine has been made, TIA-1 stops its production by binding to the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) that codes for it, forming stress bodies (yellow). These macrophages have been activated by exposure to a mock bacterial infection. Macrophages help to kill invading organisms. 3) Macrophage cells, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). The cell nuclei are blue. Mitochondria Macrophage (dark pink ovals) in the cytoplasm produce energy for the cell. Lysosomes (black) contain enzymes for digesting foreign particles. Macrophages are a type of large white blood cell that recognise foreign particles and phagocytose (engulf and digest) them. Magnification: x150 when printed 10 centimetres wide. 4) Coloured transmission electronmicrograph (TEM) of a macrophage cell. The cell'snucleus is green. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER, brownstrands) in the cell's cytoplasm produce andmodify proteins and other macromolecules, such aslipids. Lysosomes (dark brown) contain enzymes fordigesting foreign particles. Macrophages are atype of large white blood cell that are found intissues rather than circulating in the blood. Theyrecognise foreign particles, including bacteria, pollen and dust, and phagocytose (engulf) anddigest them. 5) Colour enhanced scanning electron micrograph of a human macrophage. Found mainly in the liver and lymph nodes, macrophages are a part of the immune system. Their primary function is to ingest (phagocytosis) and destroy anything they do not recognize as healthy tissue.6) Macrophage engulfing bacteria as part of the immune system's response to infection. Macrophage, LM Ative macrophage, Immunofluorescent LM x200 Macrophage, TEM x150 Macrophage cell, TEM x3000 Human macrophage, SEM x7000 http://www.polconsultant.com/conteduc/immun http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30582 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/85686 http://www.sciencephotogallery.com/macr http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30588 ology/defenders.htm 3/enlarge /view ophage_cell_tem/print/1113911.html 1/enlarge Platelets Plasma Lymph Lymph Macrophage, SEM x9000 http://www.profimedia.si/picture/macroph age-engulfing-bacteria-as-part-ofthe/0039868300/ 1) Light micrograph of a blood smear, showing red blood cells (Pink) and platelets (Purple). 2) Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, clot the blood around a cut or wound. They stick to blood vessel walls to plug the break in the vascular wall. Another way that they clot the blood is by releasing a clotting chemical. this causes the blood to clot, blocking off smaller blood vessels. Platelets even send out proteins that destroy bacteria and other micro organisms that can cause infection. Platelets live for 9 or 10 days. Just like red and white blood cells, platelets are made in the bone marrow. 3) False color transmission electron micrograph of a section through activated blood platelets. 4) False-colour transmission electron micrograph of unactivated blood platelets & some red blood cells (bottom left). Platelets (thrombocytes) are small, non-nucleated cells formed in the bone marrow and found in circulating blood. Unactivated platelets are oval in shape and 2-3 micrometres in diameter. Activated platelets have dendritic processes or pseudopodia. Platelets function in 2 ways; they help plug small defects in the walls of small blood vessels and they are involved in clotting and the release of serotonin, a compound which reduces blood flow by constricting the damaged vessels. 5) Coloured Scanning Electron Micrograph of activated platelets in human blood. Platelets (yellow) are small non-nucleated cells found in large numbers in the blood. When inactive they are round or oval discs; activated they have dendritic processes, or pseudopodia, and are star-shaped. When activated they clump together and are involved in blood clotting. Leucocytes or white blood cells (light blue) play a role in the immune response of the body. At top is a red blood cell. The endothelial wall of a blood vessel is dark blue. 6) False-colour scanning electron micrograph of a mass of human blood platelets. Red Blood Cells and Platelets, LM Platelets, SEM Section through blood platelets, TEM x22000 http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14471 917/GA6777.html http://www.freewebs.com/soaring_sphinct er_travel_agency/circulatorysystem.htm http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/ 13066098/SL4085.html Unactivated blood platelets, TEM x12000 Activated platelets, SEM x4510 Mass of human blood platelets, SEM x2000 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30529 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30530 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30529 4/view 0/view 0/view 1) The blood’s basic composition is about 55 percent PLASMA (liquid) and 45 percent cells. The adult human body contains about five liters, or five and a half quarts, of blood accounting for 8 percent of total body weight. Plasma is 90 percent water. It contains a mix of proteins, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, minerals, GLUCOSE, and other dissolved substances, forming a solution in which the blood’s cells float. 2) Platelets (thrombocytes) : the cell was formed from part of the cells found in the bone marrow known as megakaryocytes. When platelets encounter injured blood vessels, these clumps along to completely block the opening in the vessel. 3) Test tubes containing whole blood (left) and plasma-separated blood (right), respectively. 4) Plasma serves a variety of functions, from maintaining satisfactory blood pressure and volume to supplying critical proteins for blood clotting and immunity. It also serves as the medium of exchange of vital minerals such as sodium and potassium, thus helping maintain a proper balance in the body, which is critical to cell function. 5) Coloured transmission electron micrograph of a plasma cell. Plasma cells are mature B lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce and secrete antibodies during an immune response. The cell's nucleus (brown) contains dense chromatin (red), a complex of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins. In the cell's cytoplasm (orange) is an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER, dark lines). RER manufactures, modifies and transports proteins, in this case antibodies. There are also a number of mitochondria (brown, oval) in the cytoplasm, which provide the cell with energy. 6) Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood. Blood - plasma and cells Blood cell production Blood Plasma Plasma cell, TEM x4000 Plasma, SEM http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/bloodplasma-blood-cells.html http://kabupatenklaten.com/bloodcomponents-pressure-and-cell-production http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/27437 5/enlarge http://rbcyte.com/about_blood http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30521 0/view http://arditobook.pbworks.com/w/page/113 48838/Circulatory%20System%20%20The%20Parts Lymphatic system Lymph tissue, Light micrograph Lymph-node microcirculation Light micrograph of human lymph node, Magnification x4 at 35mm size Light micrograph of a healthy human lymph node, Magnification: x400 at 35mm size. Lymph node, Light micrograph 1) Lymph is a clear fluid which contains lymphocytes, commonly known as white blood corpuscles. Lymph is found between the cells of the human body. The role of the lymphatic system is to supply food, warmth, and oxygen as well as to protect our body from some infections, gems and diseases. 2) Light micrograph of a section through lymphatic tissue. An arteriole, a very small artery, is seen at right (round) filled with red blood cells. Within the tissue are B and T lymphocytes (purple). These are cells of the body's immune system. They recognise foreign objects in the lymph fluid and eradicate them. 3) This slide shows the location of B (green) and T cells (red) in a lymph node, relative to the microcirculation. B cells are located in the distal B-cell follicles, whereas T cells remain in the paracortex. 4) Light micrograph of a human lymph node. Lymph nodes are packed with white blood cells that destroy disease- causing microorganisms within the body. Fluid from body tissues drains through lymphatic vessels into the nodes to be filtered. The granular appearance of the tissue is caused by thousands of lymphocyte white blood cells packed together. The rounded structures within the node are called lymphoid follicles. These contain germinal centres where B lymphocytes proliferate. 5) Light micrograph of a section through a healthy human lymph node. The follicles (oval, purple) are the regions in which B-lymphocyte proliferate. Surrounding the lymph node is a collagenous capsule (pink, at left). This supportive tissue extends into the node as a trabecula (pink). Lymph nodes are kidney-shaped organs into which the fluid from body tissues drains and is filtered. The granular appearance of the tissue is caused by the presence of thousands of lymphocyte white blood cells. 6) The lymph follicles (circular, dark purple) are structures inside the node that filter pathogens from the lymph fluid while producing and storing B lymphocyte cells and T lymphocyte cells. B and T cells are white blood cells that are involved in the immune system. A labyrinth of cells and cell processes in the inner medullary sinuses (white and purple, centre right) serves to slow the flow of fluid through the node and encourage the actions of these B and T cells against the pathogens. http://ic.steadyhealth.com/herbs_for_lymphatic_ http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30598 http://labs.idi.harvard.edu/vonandrian/Pag http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30596 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30597 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30598 system.html 5/view es/nrivideospage_new.html 1/enlarge 0/view 8/enlarge 3 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3 Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological 1) Malaria infected red blood cell. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a human red blood cell infected with a Plasmodium parasite protozoan, the causative agent of malaria. 2) Sickle cell anemia is a autosomal recessive genetic disorder. A type of anemia resulting from the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, causing numerous health complications. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells. The red blood cells become shaped like crescents or sickles. The fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues. They can also get stuck more easily in small blood vessels, as well as break into pieces that can interrupt healthy blood flow. These problems decrease the amount of oxygen flowing to body tissues even more. 3) Platelets and red blood cells clump together to form a blood clot, one dangerous consequence of sepsis. One of the most deadly consequences of an infection is sepsis—a drastic, full-body response characterized by inflammation and blood clotting. Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research Tissue Found in non-human 1) Malaria is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. It enters the body and moves to the liver where it reproduces asexually to form the merozoite stage of its life cycle. The merozoites leave the liver cells and enter the bloodstream where they infect 1) The types of drugs and the length of treatment will vary, depending on: Which type of malaria parasite you have, severity of your symptoms, your red blood cells, feeding on their haemoglobin. The parasites again reproduce asexually and periodically break free from the cells to age, or whether you're pregnant. Some medications for treatment include: Chloroquine, Quinine sulfate, Hydroxychloroquine and Mefloquine. 2) The infect fresh cells. Infection causes the red blood cells to become mis-shapen and more likely to stick to blood vessel walls and cause a goal of treatment is to manage and control symptoms, and to limit the number of crises. Patients with sickle cell disease need ongoing treatment, clot. 2) Sickle cell anemia is inherited from both parents. If you inherit the sickle cell gene from only one parent, you will have sickle cell even when they are not having a painful crisis. It is best to receive care from health care providers and clinics that take care of many patients with trait. People with sickle cell trait do not have the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease is much more common in people sickle cell anemia. Folic acid supplements should be taken. Folic acid is needed to make new red blood cells. Treatment for a sickle cell crisis of African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. 3) includes: Blood transfusions (may be given regularly to prevent stroke), pain medicines and plenty of fluids 3) If you have sepsis, you will be admitted The symptoms of sepsis are not caused by the germs themselves. Instead, chemicals the body releases cause the response. A to a hospital, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). Antibiotics are usually given intravenously. Oxygen and large amounts of fluids are given through bacterial infection anywhere in the body may set off the response that leads to sepsis. Common places where an infection might start a vein. Other medical treatments include: Medications that increase blood pressure, Dialysis if there is kidney failure and a breathing machine if there include: The bloodstream, bones (common in children), the kidneys (upper urinary tract infection), the lining of the brain, the liver or is lung failure. gallbladder, lungs and the skin. Frog blood, light micrograph. Unlike mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) mature frog erythrocytes retain their nuclei (black dots). Also seen are a few white blood cells (brown dots). Magnification: x800 when printed at 10 centimeters wide. Malaria infected red blood cell, SEM x23,000 Sickle cell anemia Sepsis http://em edicine.m edscape.com /article/205114-overview http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25970 3/enlarge http://virtualmedic.wordpress.com/2011/02/ 18/pathology-of-sickle-cell-anemiapathology-4/ http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/aug2008/chro nicle/sepsis.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001554/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/malaria/DS00475/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs 1) Basophilia is an uncommon cause of leukocytosis. Basophils are inflammatorymediators of substances such as histamine. These cells, along with similar tissue-based cells (mast cells), have receptors for IgE and participate in the degranulation of white blood cellsthat occurs during allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. 2) Blood film at 400X magnification demonstrates leukocytosis with the presence of precursor cells of the myeloid lineage. In addition, basophilia, eosinophilia, and thrombocytosis can be seen. 3) Chronic myeloproliferative disorders is a term used to describe a group of diseases that cause the body to produce unusually high levels of unhealthy or nonfunctional white blood cells, red blood cells or platelets. 1) A decrease in the number of basophils (basopenia) can occur as a response to thyrotoxicosis, acute hypersensitivity reactions, and infections. An increase in the number of basophils (basophilia) can occur in people with hypothyroidism. In the myeloproliferative disorders (for example, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis), a marked increase in the number of basophils can occur. 2) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) is a rare type of cancer of the blood cells. The term “chronic” indicates that this cancer tends to progress more slowly than acute forms of leukemia. The term “myelogenous” refers to the type of cells affected by this cancer. Chronic myelogenous leukemia occurs when something goes awry in the genes of your blood cells. It’s not clear what initially sets off this process, but doctors have discovered how it progresses into chronic myelogenous leukemia. 3) These rare Chronic Myeloproliferative disorders most commonly affect patients between the ages of 60 and 70. http://w w w .livestrong.com /article/141519-chronic-m yeloproliferative-disorder-sym ptom s/ http://w w w .m edindia.net/education/fam ilym edicine/Leukocytosis-Basophilia.htm http://brokenblood.w ordpress.com /w hat-is-cm l/ 1) Eosinophilic granuloma, also known as pulmonary histiocytosis X, this disease causes granulomas associated with eosinophil cells, a subgroup of the white blood cells. It sometimes also causes lesions in bone. Eosinophilic granuloma is a lung condition that may spontaneously “burn out,” leaving the lung with some permanent cystic changes. 2) The histopathology of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. A section from a lung biopsy showing a pulmonary granuloma. Microfilariae are not identified, but there is an intense eosinophilic inflammatory reaction. Tropical eosinophilia is an immune hyperresponse to filarial infection. The syndrome includes a high eosinophil count, pulmonary symptoms and radiological changes, fever, dyspnea, and loss of weight. 3) Hypereosinophilic syndrome–chronic eosinophilic leukemia. This bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome demonstrates marked eosinophilia with mainly mature features. An increase in blasts (arrow) should prompt consideration of a neoplastic process. Numerous eosinophil granules from degranulated cells result in a “dirty” background in this illustration 1) Eosinophilic granulomas cause is not known; however, the incidence is greatly increased in cigarette smokers. 2) Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is reported from southern India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Southeast Asia, but also occurs in the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and Polynesia. It is most common in India and Southeast Asia. 3) Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a group of rare blood disorders characterized by increased levels of eosinophils persisting for more than six months. The signs and symptoms are due to involvement of several internal organs and there is usually no evidence of parasites, allergy, or other known causes of an elevated eosinophil count. 1) Useful adjunctive therapies for Eosinophilic granuloma include the following: Supplemental oxygen therapy for those with clinically significant hypoxemia at rest or with exertion, aggressive treatment for pulmonary infections with prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy, and Bronchodilator therapy in the presence of an obstructive ventilatory defect. 2) Early recognition and treatment of Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia with the antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine, is important, as delay before treatment may lead to progressive interstitial fibrosis and irreversible impairment. 3) Hyperosinophilic syndrom largely occurs in males, typically at middle age. It usually presents with fever, weight loss, fatigue, and rash. An enlarged liver and spleen and liver is often present. The lungs, kidneys, heart, and nervous system can also be affected. http://w w w .britannica.com /EBchecked/topic/499555/respiratory-disease/66189/Eosinophilic-granulom a http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/Condition/2804/Hypereosinophilic_syndrom es.aspx http://em edicine.m edscape.com /article/298601-treatm ent 1) Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): Peripheral blood smear showing monocytosis. The monocytes are abnormal in appearance with bizarre nuclei. The presence of>1 109 per liter, with a percentage of monocytes>10% of the white blood cells count is required for this diagnosis. 2) Bone cancer. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of bone cancer precursor cells on the surface of a bone. They will develop into an osteoclastoma or giant cell tumour, a type of bone cancer that usually affects the ends of the long bones. These cells are monocytes, which circulate in the blood prior to entering tissues where they differentiate into macrophage cells. In time, these will join together into a large, multi- nucleated cell called an osteoclast. Osteoclasts are normally present in bones to absorb and remove unwanted bone tissue during normal bone regeneration but they can become cancerous. 3) Hairy cell leukemia is a rare, low-grade neoplasm of mature B-cells affecting predominantly older adult males. Blood, marrow, and spleen are involved. Patients usually present with an enlarged spleen and pancytopenia with notable absolute neutropenia and monocytopenia. Typically, only a few circulating hairy cells are found. As shown in the image, they are medium-sized with an oval or "peanut-shaped" nucleus, and a moderate amount of cytoplasm which has a fringed edge (hairy projections). 1) Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a type of cancer that starts in blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and invades the blood. 2) No one knows the exact causes of bone cancer, and doctors can seldom explain why one person will get bone cancer and another person will not. However, it is clear that this disease is not contagious and no one can "catch" bone cancer from another person. Bone cancer research has shown that people with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop the condition. 3) Hairy cell leukemia affects more men than women, and it occurs most commonly in middle-aged or older adults. 1) In CMML, patients have an elevated number of monocytes in the blood, with a monocyte count of at least 1,000. Often, the monocyte count is much higher, causing the total white blood cell count to become very high as well. Usually there are abnormal cells in the bone marrow, but the amount of blasts (immature cells) is below 20%. Many patients have enlarged spleens (an organ that lies just below the left rib cage). About 15% to 30% of patients go on to develop acute myeloid leukemia. 2) The treatment options for your bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments. 3) Treatment isn't always necessary for people with hairy cell leukemia. Because this cancer progresses very slowly and sometimes doesn't progress at all, some people prefer to wait to treat their cancer only if it causes signs and symptoms. The majority of people with hairy cell leukemia eventually need treatment. Doctors consider chemotherapy drugs the first line of treatment for hairy cell leukemia. The great majority of people will experience complete or partial remission through the use of chemotherapy. Two chemotherapy drugs are used in hairy cell leukemia: Cladribine (Leustatin) and Pentostatin (Nipent). http://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-chronicmyelomonocyticcmml/detailedguide/leukemia-chronic-myelomonocytic-what-is-chronic-myelomonocytic http://bone-cancer.emedtv.com/bone-cancer/causes-of-bone-cancer.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-cancer/DS00520/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Flamingo Monocyte, LM http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hairy-cell-leukemia/DS00673/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all http://vethematology.wordpress.com/page/2/ Basophilia, LM x100 Myelogenous Leukemia, LM x400 Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder, LM http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/ Health_Sciences/English/Departments/Pat hology/Haematological_Pathology/Haemat ology%20Atlas/white%20blood%20cell%20 morphology http://brokenblood.wordpress.com/what-iscml/ http://trialx.com/curetalk/wpcontent/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/C hronic_Myeloproliferative_Disorders-1.jpg Eosinophilic Granuloma, LM www.humpath.com Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia, LM Hypereosinophilic syndrome, LM Bone cancer, SEM x3570 Hairy cell leukemia, LM http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v22/n7/f ig_tab/leu2008119f3.html http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25426 9/view http://tulane.edu/som/departments/patholo gy/training/hematopathology_images_35.c fm Lymphocyte infected with HIV viruses, SEM x10000 Epstein-Barr virus, TEM x96,800 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/24848 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/24806 5/enlarge 7/enlarge Chronic Leukopenia, SEM Chronic neutrophilic leukemia, LM x100 Neutropenia, LM http://www.buzzle.com/articles/chronicleukopenia.html http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/me dicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hematolog y-oncology/chronic-leukemias/ http://neutropeniasymptoms.com/neutrope nia-definition/ Crohn’s disease Wolman disease, LM http://images.rheumatology.org/viewphoto http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immu http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article .php?albumId=75693&imageId=52311 nology/Students/spring2006/Fiser/disease.h 4566&id_document=11013#documents_port 88 tml folio http://tulane.edu/som/departments/pathology/training/hematopathology_images_35.cfm http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/treatment/Pages/Default.aspx http://www.localhealth.com/article/epstein-barr-virus http://www.buzzle.com/articles/chronic-leukopenia.html http://www.immunopaedia.org.za/index.php?id=474 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1380671-treatment 1) Pancytopenia occurs in two forms: idiopathic, in which the cause is not known, but is often autoimmune, meaning that the body attacks its own tissues as foreign substances; and secondary, often caused by environmental factors. Approximately half of all pancytopenia cases are idiopathic. In other cases, viral infections, radiation or chemotherapy treatments, drug reactions, and exposure to toxins may precipitate the development of pancytopenia. 2) Aplastic anemia has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. 3) Von Willebrand disease is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder. http://www.unm.edu/~mpachman/Blood/anemias.htm http://www.aplasticanemiatreatment.com/ Hodgkin's disease in lymph tissue, LM x400 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-myeloma/DS00415 http://www.ehow.com/way_5527691_plasma-cell-leukemia-treatment.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lupusanticoagulant-syndrome.html http://www.livestrong.com/article/78779-list-lymphatic-diseases/ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/199313-treatment Canine platelets are moderately variable in size; platelet granules are well-stained. This field is a good representation of the "red cell area" of the smear. It is in this area that the estimate of platelet numbers should be made. Canine platelets, LM x100 1) Health problems caused by myeloma can affect your bones, immune system, kidneys and red blood cell count. If you have myeloma but don't have symptoms, your doctor may just monitor your condition. If you're experiencing symptoms, a number of treatments are available to help control myeloma. 2) According to a clinical oncology article titled "Successful Treatment of Primary Plasma Cell Leukaemia by Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation from Haploidentical Sibling", conventional chemotherapy treatment and the use of steroids are not effective in treating this condition. Instead, studies have shown that aggressive chemotherapy combined with a procedure called "allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation" has improved the survival rates of several patients. 3) The treatment for lupus anticoagulant disorder will consist of giving low dose aspirin. Low dose aspirin prevents intra-vessel clotting by inhibiting platelet activation. Even warfarin can be given, as it also acts as an anticoagulant. This is mostly given as prophylactic treatment so as to maintain the patients INR between 2.0 - 3.0. However this treatment is not opted for in patients that do not have a history of thrombotic symptoms. In pregnant ladies, low molecular weight heparin and low dose aspirin are used rather than warfarin, due to warfarin's teratogenic nature. In severe refractory cases, plasmapheresis is used. Monkey Plasma cells close to a venole. Monkey Plasma Cell, LM http://www.buzzle.com/articles/lupus-anticoagulant-syndrome.html Lymphatic Filariasis, LM Mouse Macrophage, LM http://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/plta.htm 1) Myeloma is a cancer of your plasma cells, a type of white blood cell present in your bone marrow. Plasma cells normally make proteins called antibodies to help you fight infections. In myeloma, a group of plasma cells (myeloma cells) becomes cancerous and multiplies, raising the number of plasma cells to a higher than normal level. Since these cells normally make proteins (antibodies), the level of abnormal proteins in your blood also may go up. 2) Plasma cell leukemia is an extremely aggressive condition characterized by rapid reproduction of plasma cells in the peripheral blood system. Symptoms include enlarged liver and kidney, kidney failure, fever, bone pain, and mental confusion. Due to its aggressive nature, it is very difficult to treat. 3) It is not exactly clear as to what causes lupus anticoagulant disease. The name itself is actually misleading as this disease may or may not be seen in conjunction with systemic lupus erythematosus. Other autoimmune or rheumatoid diseases may also show this syndrome. It is rightly called antiphospholipid syndrome. This is because the antibodies act against phospholipid, a cell membrane substance. It is not exactly understood as to what instigates the complement activation. However, the complement system activation eventually leads to hypercoagulability and recurrent thrombosis, which can affect almost any organ. http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/phil/html/ly mphatic-filariasis/914.html Low magnification view of mouse macrophages with engulfed yeast cells. http://bioweb.wku.edu/faculty/andersland/macrophage/macrophage.html 1) Light micrograph of a bone marrow cancer, Myeloma. Cancerous cells (purple, darker staining) have replaced most of the healthy tissue, leaving a patch of dying normal cells (pink). Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells (antibody-producing cells found in bone marrow). The cells may spread throughout the body, causing multiple tumours. As well as damaging bones, myeloma can cause anaemia and reduce the ability of the body to fight infection. The myeloma cells replace normal cells needed for immune response and blood clotting. They may also make an abnormal antibody which interferes with normal antibody production. 2) Low-oil magnification view of the blood in a patient with acute plasma cell leukemia. Five neoplastic plasma cells (one of which is binucleate) are seen in this field. There is some anisocytosis and hypochromia. 3) Lupus anticoagulant disorder is a condition where there are antibodies that are generated which attack plasma proteins in the blood. Thus, it is an autoimmune disorder, as these antibodies are not supposed to attack body's own cells. These antibodies fail to differentiate between foreign cells and the body's own cells, causing destruction of plasma proteins. The destruction of plasma proteins leads to high risk of clotting. This condition is more commonly seen in women as compared to men. 1) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a cancer of blood and bone marrow. This type of cancer develops slowly because the growth of the abnormal cells is slow. The term lymphocytic refers to the white blood cells affected by the disease, i.e. a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes that help the body to fight against the infections. 2) Hodgkin's disease. Coloured light micrograph of a section through lymphoid tissue of the lymph node showing Hodgkin's disease, a type of cancer. Characteristic of this condition are the cancerous Reed-Sternberg cells (brown) which contain two nuclei. In Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma, unchecked cell growth within the germinal centre of the follicle leads to lymph node enlargement, fever and loss of appetite. Lymph nodes filter harmful organisms from tissue fluid. CD30 stained cells. Magnification: x400 at 35mm size. 3) Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease in which parasitic worms infiltrate the lymph system via the bite of a mosquito. Some people may develop swelling of the breasts, legs or genitals because the lymph fluid begins to collect if the worms obstruct the vessels. Lymphatic Filariasis sufferers are prone to frequent infections. The skin may become thick and hard, called elephantiasis. In some cases, Lymphatic Filariasis can lead to pulmonary tropical eosinophilia syndrome, a condition characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath and a cough. Feline Neutrophil, LM x100 http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/VAn308/neutroph.htm 1) In very mild cases of pancytopenia, treatment may not be necessary. In moderate cases, blood transfusions may help restore blood cell counts; however, transfusions may become less effective over time. In severe cases, treatments such as bone marrow transplant and stem cell therapy may be required to restore the ability of bone marrow to produce blood cells. 2) Aplastic Anemia is a rare blood disease that disables your stem cells from producing blood. There are very few substantial treatments for this disease. The treatments that are used have high relapse rates and death rates. High-Dose Cyclophosphamide has an 80 percent success rate and very minimal chance of relapse if used as primary treatment. It has also shown to be successful in patients who have had ATG treatments. 3) Treatment may include DDAVP (desamino-8-arginine vasopressin), a medicine to raise von Willebrand factor level and reduce the chances for bleeding. However, DDAVP does not work for all types of von Willebrand disease. Tests should be done to determine what type of von Willebrand you have. Blood plasma or certain factor VIII preparations may also be used to decrease bleeding. http://www.localhealth.com/article/pancytopenia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, LM http://www.chinesemedicinecure.com/blood-deficiency-low-white-blood-cell-count Neutrophils are the primary circulating leukocyte in dogs, cats and horses. They respond most rapidly to the site of an infection. 1) The treatment of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is traditionally based on the parenteral administration of high doses of corticosteroids. However, some fatalities have been reported, even among patients treated with massive doses of corticosteroids. The administration of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, and etoposide has provided conflicting results. 2) The inheritance patterns of Crohn’s disease suggest a complex genetic component of pathogenesis that may consist of several combined genetic mutations. Currently no specific diagnostic test exists for Crohn’s disease, but as understanding of pathogenesis is improved so will testing methods. Treatment of Crohn’s disease consists of inducing remission by anti-inflammatories followed by general immunosuppressants. Emergent therapeutic options focus on specific inflammatory pathways which will halt inflammation and induce remission in patients with Crohn’s disease. 3) There is at present no cure for Wolman disease, so treatment focuses on management of the symptoms. If the adrenal glands are not functioning well, medications can be given to replace the hormones the glands usually make. Nutrition can be given intravenously rather than through the digestive system. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology/Students/spring2006/Fiser/disease.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000544.htm http://www.typesofeverything.com/types-of- http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25402 leukemia/ 7/enlarge http://www.medicalrise.com/hemic-and-lymphatic-diseases/chronic-leukopenia http://rarediseases.about.com/od/lysosomalstoragediseases/a/wolman.htm Von Willebrand’s disease Common lymphocyte from a 5 year old zoo-born female Sable antilope. Antilope Lymphocyte, LM http://vethematology.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/paard1.jpg 1) Pancytopenic smear showing gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum (arrows). Pancytopenia is a deficiency of all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It occurs when your body cannot produce enough blood cells because the bone marrow stem cells that form blood cells do not function normally. Pancytopenia has widespread effects on the entire body by leading to oxygen shortage as well as problems with immune function. 2) Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A reduced number of red blood cells causes hemoglobin to drop. A reduced number of white blood cells makes the patient susceptible to infection. And, a reduced number of platelets causes the blood not to clot as easily. 3) Von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor. Von Willebrand factor helps blood platelets clump together and stick to the blood vessel wall, which is necessary for normal blood clotting. There are several types of Von Willebrand disease. http://familymedicinehelp.com/tag/pediatri cs http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25420 http://serpins.med.unc.edu/~fcc/Biology134 5/view _Folder/hem_cd/Hemesets/intro/3796.htm http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/DS00558/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/tc/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-cause http://www.utoronto.ca/kids/Neutropenia.htm Aplastic Anemia, LM A monocyte from a healthy Greater Flamingo. 1) Chronic Leukopenia causes: Low count of white blood cells can be due to any bone marrow disease, heavy drugs can destroy white 1) Leukopenia needs to be taken very seriously. A definitive diagnosis will consist of having a blood test and possibly bone marrow test to confirm blood cells present in the body, if a person has HIV/AIDS they can suffer from leukopenia, and identify which white blood cells are deficient. Western medicine treatment for this condition is generally a form of growth factors called cytokines Myelofibrosis, the disease in which the fibers of the bone marrow is disrupted manufactures less white blood cells, and if a person is which help the bone marrow produce white blood cells. Along with the treatment of growth factors to treat the leukopenia antibiotics or other suffering from leukemia, occurrence of leukopenia is certain. 2) Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia is a very rare neoplasm that has medications may be administered to treat current infections in the body. In mild conditions, chinese herbal medicine has been given with good recently been recognised as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haemopoietic malignancies. It is results. 2) Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia (CNL) is a very rare disease. In 2002, there had only been 129 cases of CNL reported. Chronic neutrophilic characterised by sustained peripheral blood neutrophilia (excess white blood cells) and is distinct because there is no evidence of leukemia is a disease of the elderly with the mean age of diagnosis being 62 years and there seems to be a 2:1 male:female ratio. CNL is treated by dysplasia (abnormality) in any of the cell lineages and there is no associated bone marrow fibrosis. 3) Neutropenia: Neutrophils serve as traditional chemotherapies show varying success: hydroxyurea and interferon may be useful. Allogenic (non-self donor) bone marrow transplantation the major defense of the body against acute bacterial and certain fungal infections. Neutrophils usually constitute about 45 to 75% of all represents the most promising treatment in the management of this disorder. 3)The treatment of neutropenia depends on its cause and severity. white blood cells in the bloodstream. When the neutrophil count falls below 1,000 cells per microliter of blood, the risk of infection Drugs that may cause neutropenia are discontinued whenever possible, and exposures to suspected toxins are avoided. Sometimes the bone marrow increases somewhat; when it falls below 500 cells per microliter, the risk of infection increases greatly. Without the key defense recovers by itself without treatment. The neutropenia accompanying viral infections (such as influenza) may be transient and resolve after the infection provided by neutrophils, a person has problems controlling infections and is at risk of dying from an infection. has cleared. People who have mild neutropenia generally have no symptoms and may not need treatment. 1) Inherited genetic mutations affecting the cytolytic ability of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes can also promote MAS. It is thought that increased levels of lymphocyte and macrophage derived cytokines, lead to the excessive activation of macrophages and systemic inflammation. Increased recruitment and activation of tissue macrophages in organs and other tissues occurs with abnormal phagocytic activity such as destruction of bone marrow haematopoeitic cells. 2) At present the exact cause of Crohn’s disese is unknown. The disease seems to be related to an exaggerated mucosal immune response to infection of the intestinal epithelium because of an imbalance of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory molecules. 3) Wolman disease is an inherited fat storage disorder of chromosome 10 caused by deficiency of the enzyme lysosomal acid lipase in the body. Without the enzyme, fats, including cholesterol, build up in the body tissues and become toxic. Wolman disease is very rare, with only 50 reports of the disease published in the worldwide medical literature. It affects both males and females and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the disorder. http://trialx.com/curebyte/2011/05/26/whatis-aplastic-anemia/ Lupus Anticoagulant Syndrome http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/DS00558/DSECTION=causes http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/diseases/chronic-neutrophilic-leukaemia-cnl/702 Pancytopenia, LM x400 Plasma Cell Leukemia, LM An eosinophil and two neutrophils from a healthy female Amur leopard. Leopard Eosinophil, LM x800 1) It's not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to lymphocytic leukemia. But doctors have found that most cases of 1) In general, treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia falls into separate phases: Induction therapy, Consolidation therapy, Maintenance therapy lymphocytic leukemia aren't inherited. 2) HIV is spread when blood, semen, or vaginal fluids from an infected person enter another and Preventive treatment to the spinal cord. Depending on your situation, the phases of treatment for lymphocytic leukemia can span two to three person's body, usually through sexual contact, from sharing needles when injecting drugs, or from mother to baby during birth. HIV is years. Treatments may include: Chemotherapy, Targeted drug therapy, Radiation therapy, Stem cell transplant, and/or Clinical trials. 2) Today, there rarely spread by blood transfusions or organ transplants in the United States because of improved screening procedures. 3) The Epstein- are 31 antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat HIV infection. These treatments do not cure people of HIV or Barr virus (EBV) is 1 of 5 herpes viruses that attacks humans. In Europe & US infection may produce glandular fever; in Central Africa AIDS. Rather, they suppress the virus, even to undetectable levels, but they do not completely eliminate HIV from the body. By suppressing the EBV infection may lead to Burkitt's lymphoma (a facial cancer affecting children). In both infections, the virus infects one type of white amount of virus in the body, people infected with HIV can now lead longer and healthier lives. However, they can still transmit the virus and must blood cell, the B lymphocytes. Infection with EBV is common & usually harmless; additional factors potentiate the development of more continuously take antiretroviral drugs in order to maintain their health quality. 3) There is currently no specific cure for an Epstein-Barr virus infection. serious diseases. In the case of Burkitt's lymphoma malaria is a likely cofactor. Treatment includes measures to help relieve symptoms and keep the body as strong as possible until the disease runs its course. This includes rest, medications to ease body aches and fever, and drinking plenty of fluids. People who are in good health can generally recover from an Epstein-Barr virus infection at home with supportive care, such as rest, fluids and pain relievers. 1) Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) also known as haemophagocytic syndrome is a macrophage-related disorder of the immune system characterised by excessive activation of tissue macrophages (histiocytes). Although the cause of MAS is unknown, a number of triggers such as infection or certain types of medication have been identified. 2) This slide shows superficial inflammation of the intestinal tissues. The proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways of the mucosal immune system. The proinflammatory cytokines cause inflammation by upregulating expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The increased expression of adhesion molecules recruit more lymphocytes to the infected tissue, resulting in tissue inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease the constant infiltration of large numbers of macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells causes acute inflammation and tissue damage. 3) This slide shows Wolman disease in the liver. http://www.jlponline.org/article.asp?issn=0 9742727;year=2011;volume=3;issue=1;spage=1 5;epage=20;aulast=Gayathri Myeloma, LM A basophil from a female hooded vulture. Vulture Basophil, LM http://vethematology.wordpress.com/page/3/ 1) Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, where a lack of neutrophil granulocytes are evident. Neutrophil granulocytes are the most highly occurring kind of white blood cells in the body and protects the body against microorganisms. When these defense elements deplete, the body becomes a nesting ground for bacteria and other infectious bodies. It decreases the ability of the body to fight infections and diseases. 2) Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. The peripheral blood smear shows an absolute neutrophilia without the significant left shift, vacuolization, or toxic granulation usually associated with a reactive process. Döhle bodies (arrows) are often present in the cytoplasm of neutrophils (Wright-Giemsa stain, ×100). 3) Neutropenia is a syndrome of dangerously or abnormally low count of neutrophils in the blood. Macrophage Activation Syndrome, LM Frog Erythrocytes, LM x800 http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/SN8354.html http://vethematology.wordpress.com/category/blood-cells/white-bloodcells/basophil/ 1) Lymphocytic leukemia is a neoplastic diseases that affects lymphocytes, which in a healthy individual comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total white blood cell count. Normally, lymphocytes and other mature white blood cells form from stem cells in the bone marrow. The source cells of lymphocytes, however, which are known as lymphoblasts, multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, interfering with the production of normal blood cells. 2) Coloured scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a T-lymphocyte white blood cell (brown) infected with HIV viruses (purple). HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). The infected T-cell has a typical lumpy appearance with irregular surface protrusions. Small spherical virus particles (purple) seen on the surface are budding away from the cell membrane. They then enter the bloodstream and infect more T- lymphocytes. This viral infection causes the death of Tlymphocyte immune cells and is the main reason for the destruction of the immune system in AIDS. 3) False-colour transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a field of Epstein-Barr virus particles (small, red & gold circular objects). Magnification: X 96,800 at 6x7cm size. http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/ pathology/all40x04.html http://w w w .hhm i.org/bulletin/aug2008/chronicle/sepsis.htm l http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/sickle-cell-anemia/overview.html 1) Causes of basophilia, some of uncertain origin, are: Infections: viral infections (varicella), chronic sinusitis Inflammatory conditions: inflammatory bowel disease, chronic airway inflammation, chronic dermatitis Myeloproliferative disorders: chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis Alteration of marrow and reticuloendothelial compartments: chronic hemolytic anemia, Hodgkin’s disease, splenectomy Endocrinologic causes: hypothyroidism, ovulation, estrogens. 2) According to the National Cancer Institute, about 4,800 people are diagnosed with CML each year. 3) Patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders often develop flu-like symptoms as a result of this condition. These flu-like symptoms can include fatigue, fever, sweating, bone or joint pain, headache, decreased appetite or weight loss. These symptoms can be mild to severe and may emerge sporadically. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/me http://www.isradiology.org/tropical_deseas dicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hematolog es/tmcr/chapter26/clinical13.htm y-oncology/chronic-leukemias/ Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, LM Lymphocytic Leukemia, LM x40 http://w w w .ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pubm edhealth/PMH0001687/ http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMPlasmaZE.html 1) It's not clear what causes Hodgkin's lymphoma. Doctors know that most Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when an infection-fighting cell called a B cell develops a mutation in its DNA. The mutation tells the cells to divide rapidly and to continue living when a healthy cell would die. The mutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate in the lymphatic system, where they 1) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is most common in older adults. There are treatments available that help control the disease. Patients with chronic crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Various types of Hodgkin's lymphoma exist. The lymphocytic leukemia (chronic lymphoid leukemia, CLL) do not need to be treated with chemotherapy until they become symptomatic or display type is based on the types of cells involved in your disease and their behavior. 2) The risk factors for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia evidence of rapid progression of disease. 2) Hodgkin's disease treatment is by radiotherapy or anti-cancer drugs. Treatment depends on your age and (CLL) are largely unknown. Some studies have indicated that exposure to certain pesticides or herbicides may increase the risk. stage of the cancer. People with Hodgkin's lymphoma that returns after treatment or does not respond to the first treatment may receive high-dose Typically, people over 50 are affected. Because chronic leukemia generally progresses more slowly than acute forms of the disease and chemotherapy. That is followed by an autologous stem cell transplant (using stem cells from yourself). 3) Treatment for Lymphatic Filariasis includes may not even cause symptoms for years, some people are able to live healthy lives without treatment for some time even after taking a medication called diethylcarbamazine. This medication will eliminate the parasitic worms. diagnosis. 3) Lymphatic Filariasis affects 120 million people worldwide. People who develop Lymphatic Filariasis usually do not exhibit any symptoms. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-disease/DS00186/DSECTION=causes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001606/ This is a specimen of Rabbit lymph node. The lymph nodes consists of numerous different types of cells and are an important part of the immune system. Rabbit Lymph Node, LM x400 http://www.3dham.com/animal/rabbitlymphnode.html 4 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. Tissues Classification Muscle Target TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Notes / Description / Size Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Smooth 1)Endoscope image of the internal urethral sphincter. This is the group of muscles that surround the opening from the bladder to the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. This is the view from the urethra. The sphincter is made up of smooth (involuntary muscle), which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system rather than being under conscious control. 2) Light micrograph of visceral muscle cells, commonly known as smooth or involuntary muscle. This type of muscle is found in structures such as blood vessels, the gastro-intestinal tract, the uterus & the bladder. 3) This slide shows smooth muscles in teased form. Included you are able to view the cytoplasm and nucleai. 4)(TEM) of smooth muscle in the outer wall of the human uterus (or womb). These cells make up the myometrium, part of the uterus which encloses the inner wall or endometrium. 5)Smooth muscle. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of smooth muscle from the trachea (windpipe). Smooth muscle is not under voluntary control, unlike skeletal (striated) muscle. Smooth muscle comprises bundles of muscle fibres (brown). These contain the contractile proteins actin and myosin, which slide over each other to contract the muscle. 6)Tunica media (smooth muscle and indicated by a black bracket) in an artery. Unknown (LM) Cardiac 1)Cardiac muscle, light micrograph. The heart largely consists of fibres (red) of cardiac muscle (the myocardium) that contract to pump blood around the heart. This is a longitudinal section through the myofibrils, with the round areas being the cell nuclei, and the dark bands being intercalated discs. 2) Artwork of cardiac muscle. Showing clearly the striations and intercalated discs. 3) (LM) x500 of logitudinal section of cardiac muscle and nucli. 4)Heart muscle cell. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a heart muscle cell (cardiac myocyte). Cardiac muscle is a specialised type of striated muscle found in the heart. It is the constant contraction of cells like this that pump blood around the body with each beat of the heart. This cell has been grown in a cell culture. Magnification: x600. 5) Heart tissue. Fluorescence deconvolution micrograph of a section through heart tissue. The heart largely consists of fibres (green) of cardiac muscle (the myocardium) that contract to pump blood around the heart. This high-power magnification shows intercalated discs (orange) and muscle striations. Cellular proteins are highlighted with fluorescent markers: g-actin (red), f-actin (green) and cell nuclei (blue). 6) Cardiac muscle at (SEM) x4000. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fractured section through healthy heart (cardiac) muscle fibres. The muscle fibres run from left to right, and are made up of numerous myofibrils (not clearly seen). Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Transverse, Skeletal muscle, connective tissue investments, Skeletal Muscle- Neuromuscular junction Skeletal Muscle x400 Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle x600 (SEM) Skeletal Muscle (TEM) Skeletal muscle and extracellular http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/03601oba.htm http://histologyworld.com/photoalbum/displayimage.php ?album=27&pid=2961 http://www.napavalley.edu/people/dcleme ns/Documents/Histology%20Slides www.anatomybox.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com Smooth Muscle (LM) x160 Teased Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle of Uteran Wall x 1880 Smooth Muscle Bundels (SEM) Smooth Muscle in Artery www.anatomybox.com http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/billd.snyd er/sharedfiles/135lab/Tissues/MuscleNerve. html www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/03601oba.ht http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histo m lab3.htm Mycardium (LM) Cardiac Muscle Artwork Cardiac x500 Cardiac Muscle Cell (SEM) x 600 Heart Tissue, Fuorescence Micrograph Cardiac Muscle(SEM) x4000 http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/03601oba.htm http://histology.med.umich.edu/introductio n-histology-and-virtual-microscopy http://staff.hartdistrict.org/rmanalastas/Ana tomy%20Images/histology/index.htm http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/ histology/index.html www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com cerebral cortex, gray matter spinal cord smear, motor neuron A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. There are also several different types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human body. Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body. Interneurons are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body. Neurons Neuroglia Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 1) Skeletal Muscle is muscle tissue that is under voluntary control. Most skeletal muscle, as its name implies, is attached to bones by tendons. A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibers which are formed from a fusion of myoblasts. The muscle fibers are long, cylindrical multinuceated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils in the form of the basic functional unit, the sarcomere.2)Striations in skeletal muscle shown at the Neuromuscular junction. (LM) Unknown Magnification. 3)Cross section of human skeletal muscle. Light Micrographogy at x400. 4)This slide shows skeletal muscle and its many striations are clearly v isible. (LM) x 600. 5)(SEM) x1,345 of normal human striated muscle fibres. Striated muscle cells are elongated, hence their description as fibres. Each cell has several nuclei (not visible) positioned just below the sarcolemma, the name given to the cell membrane of muscle cells. 6)Color enhanced transmission electron micrograph of a quick-frozen, deeply-etched preparation of skeletal muscle fiber and extracellular components. The upper right portion of the image is dominated by protein myofilaments. The basal lamina are the fine mesh structures on the outer edge of the cell membrane. The larger fibrils are collagen. Skeletal Urethral sphincter, endoscope view Nervous Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Peripheral (PNS) 2 types stem cell neurons mndresearch.wordpress.com anteaterblog.tumblr.com Satellite Cell, LM neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu satelittle cells surrounded by other cells Spinal ganglion neurons with satellite cells. LM X90. Individual unipolar perikarya are enclosed by a capsule of satellite cells ouhsc.edu http://www.masterfile.com/stockphotography/image/861-03339872/Spinalganglion-neurons-with-satellite-cells.-LMX90. Satellite cells which ensheath each sensory neuron soma. http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20sl http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab1/gangli ides/4_05.jpg a.html satelitte cells surrounding a nueuron http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlasen/nerv-01-en.htm Schwann cell, LM x100 Schwann cell schwann cells of dorsal root ganglion biocare.net microglia.seebyseeing.net http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20se ctions/nervous.html myelin sheath schwann cell 1000x myelinated axon and schwann cell http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/21301ooa.ht ulum/vm8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm m cytoplasm of Schwann cell, which forms nonmyelinaled sheath http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlasen/nerv-01-en.htm epenymal cells surrounding the central canal ependymal cell ependymal cells surrounding the central canal Choroid Plexus (lined with ependymal cells) secretes cerebral spinal fluid ependymal cells at 400x magnification Ependymal Cells http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat /histology/api%20histo%20nervous.htm stonybrookmedicalcenter.org http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20sl ides/3_06.jpg http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/cam pbell/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co mmons/b/b7/Ependyma.png http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/nerv ous_system_lab/ependymal_cells.php Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes 200x An Oligodendrocyte and Soma Oligodendrocyte 400x Electron micrograph showing branched oligodendrocytes with processes extending to several underlying axons Oligodendrocytes missinglink.ucsf.edu medscape.com http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s03/Le c-note/9-new.htm http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric ulum/vm8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm http://www.regenecell.com/articlemultiple-sclerosis-status.htm http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan /anat/histology/api%20histo%20nervous.ht m Microglia Cells This is a high-power view of two microglia stained with a silver method Microglia cell 400x immunoreactive microglia Oligodendrocytes are the second major population of glia and are ubiquitous throughout the adult CNS. Their main function are to provide support and insulate the axons, similar to the functions performed by Schwann cells in the PNS system. In the white matter, oligodendrocytes produce myelin membranes that ensheath multiple axons and enable rapid impulse conduction. However Oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons while Schwann can only myelinate one single segment. Microglia are the main resident immunological cells the CNS. Although they are difficult to find on a routine H&E stain of normal brain, they can be identified with a number of special stains.are small cells with complex shapes. Microglia are, in contrast to neurones and the other types of glial cells, of mesodermal origin. They are derived from the cell line which also gives rise to monocytes, i.e. macrophage precursors which circulate in the blood stream. In the case of tissue damage, microglia can proliferate and differentiate into phagocytotic cells. These glial cells have small elongate perikarya and short cell processes. They comprise only about 4% of the glial cell population under normal circumstances. microglia Microglia cells Microglia 40x liliantofolievs.wordpress.com liliantofolievs.wordpress.com http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introduction http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/c /anat/histology/api%20histo%20nervous.ht neuropathology/Response%20_to_Injury/Mi Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Nerve_Hist orepages/nervous/nervous.htm m croglia.htm ology/Nervous_Tissue_Histology.html Astrocytes are known for their star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are most abundant cell of the Central Nervous System. They performed many function such as support, form the blood brain barrier, provision of nutrients, maintenance of extracellular ion balance and role in repair. Neurons appear round and red. The astrocytes (motor neuron support cells) are yellow. There are three forms of astrocytes in the CNS: fibrous, protoplasmic, and radial astrocytes. Fibrous, found in white matter, Protoplasmic, found in gray matter, and radial, which exist at the intersection of gray matter and the innermost layer of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Slide 1) Shows a basic image of strocytes wihtin the CNS system. Slide 2)Astrocyte process with contacting blood vessels and neuron soma. Slide 3)The very large black blobs in this slide are astrocytes with numerous branched projections. Slide 4) The arrow indicates where the astrocyte is. Their long processes are pressed up against the soma of a neuron to cover every square micron of surface where there is not actually a direct synapse. Slide 5)Astrocytesy are involved in metabolic exchange between neurons and blood. Slide 6)Another vital role of the astrocyte is to form part of the blood-brain barrier, by butting their foot processes up against not only the blood vessels but the inner surface of the pia mater. slide 7) The Alzheimer type II astrocyte is a pathological type of cell in the cerebral cortex of brain Slide 8) Shows the Sporadic frontotemporal dementi. Slide 9) Astrocytes Astrocytes histology-world.com/ Astrocytes http://www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty /kpetti/ Ependymal slide with a view of the cells merging with the central canal, the second slide is a view of the ependyma, which consists of a single layer of ciliated cuboidal epithelium.Ependymal cells are the cells which line the ventricles of the brain. They are typically cuboidal and often have cilia. They form sheets of cells that line canals and spaces of the CNS. They also take part in creating and moving cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes processes of multineurons http://www.cord.edu/faculty/todt/336/lab/n ervous/ Schwann cells are also called Neurolemmocytes. Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS. Schwann cells wrap themselves around nerve axons, but the difference is that a single Schwann cell makes up a single segment of an axon’s myelin sheath. In addition to creating the myelin sheath of PNS axons Schwann cells also aid in cleaning up PNS debris and guide the regrowth of PNS axons. Schwann cells are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology—the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix, modulation of neuromuscular synaptic activity, and presentation of antigens. Ependymal Astrocytes bipolar multi neuron http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/ssb/NM027 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/ssb/moton b.htm eur.htm Cells present in nervous and muscle tissue, whose numbers diminish with age, which are involved in repair when damage occurs. They are capable of migration, reorientation, can proliferate, form myoblasts and myotubes, and form long cytoplasmic tails that act as tethers when they migrate.Each axon in the peripheral nervous system is surrounded by a sheath of Schwann cells. In the case of myelinated nerve fibres, Schwann cells form a sheath around one axon and surround this axon with several double layers (up to hundreds) of cell membrane. The myelin sheath formed by the Schwann cell insulates the axon, improves its ability to conduct and, thus, provides the basis for the fast saltatory transmission of impulses. Each Schwann cell forms a myelin segment, in which the cell nucleus is located approximately in the middle of the segment. The node of Ranvier is the place along the course of the axon where two myelin segments abut. Satellite Schwann Central (CNS) 4 types Human embryonic stem cell-motor neurons Fibrous Protoplasmic Radial Astrocyates Astrocyte processes Stained with Golgi Gold method http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric ulum/vm8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm ulum/vm8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm An astrocyte Astrocyte with Perikaryon cell Blood brain barrier http://home.comcast.net/~lynnlaskowski/T CC-BIO225.html http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/ http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric ulum/vm8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Fibrous astrocytes are found mainly in the white matter, where their processes pass between the nerve fibers. Slide one shows two Fiborus Astrocyte Golgi Stain, Second Slide shows Motor Neuron with neurophil Fibrous astrocytes . FIBEROUS Fiberous Astrocyte Astrocyte LM x40 vanat.cvm.umm.edu technion.ac.il web.as.uky.edu www.orble.com www.microscopy-uk.org.uk Dentine SEM x1000 Astrocyte LM Protoplasmic Astrocyte Protoplasmic anatomyatlases.org casweb.ou.edu Sciencephotolibrary.com web.as.uky.edu Quizlet.com web.as.uky.edu Cerebellum tissue Cerebellum Tissue SEM of Cerebellum tissue Lm Astroglia functionalneurogenesis.com nature.com scienephotolibrary.com sciencephotolibrary.com sciencephotolibrary.com http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/ssb/neuro n.htm#astro Quizlet.com Protoplasmic Astrocytes are specialized attachments to blood vessels are called foot plates, and they form part of the blood-brain barrier. They are found chiefly in gray matter of brain and spinal cord and is important in metabolite transport.The first slide is high magnification view of a section from the brain shows numerous, dark stained protoplasmic astrocytes. The second slide shows astrocytes found only in the gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies Radial astrocytes have long radial processes that penetrate the granular layer. These astrocytes divide and mature into new granule neurons, cells develop apical processes that become the dendrites of the new granule neurons. Radial astrocyte are known to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically to produce neurons that migrate into the cortex along the fibre of their progenitor.Confocal light micrograph of a section through the cerebellum of the brain showing two types of glial cells (support cells); astrocytes (starshaped) and radial glial cells (elongated cells). Glial cells provide structural support, and nutrients and oxygen for the neurons (nerve cells). The cerebellum controls balance, posture and muscle coordination. 5 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3 Skeletal muscle vasculature Cushing's syndrome LM Skeletal-Muscle-Sarcosporidiosis www.pathologyoutlines.com Sciencepghotolibrary.com www.compathbiomedical.com Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research ● Normal skeletal muscle arises from mesectoderm in head and neck and from myotomes (group of skeletal muscles supplied by a specific segmental spinal nerve), and elsewhere via formation of myoblasts and myotubes (muscle fibers) ● Contains myofibrils composed of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments Cushing's syndrome. Light micrograph of a section through muscle affected by Cushing's syndrome, a hormonal condition caused by overproduction of adrenal gland hormones. The muscle fibres (pink) are degenerating. As well as muscle damage or myopathy, symptoms include easy bruising, weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Magnification unknown. Sarcosporidiosis is defined as infection with Sarcocystis, which is an intracellular protozoan parasite. Sarcocystis predominantly infects nonhuman animals but can also infect humans. Humans can also serve as the definitive host for Sarcocystis. This can occur following ingestion of the cysts in raw or undercooked beef or pork. After this invasion, the infective sporozoites replicate before being eliminated in the stool as sporocysts.[ Tissue Found in non-human Fish muscle. Coloured Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) of skeletal (striated) muscle of the fish Porichthys notatus. The banding pattern here gives striated muscle its name. The bands are formed by thousands of myofilaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which are arranged in parallel layers with myosin filaments overlapping actin filaments. The areas of overlap produce the stripes. Muscle contraction occurs when a nerve impulse causes the actin and myosin filaments to slide over each other, increasing the size of the overlap. The black bar in the top left is 6 microns. Magnification x5000 at 35mm size Fish Skeletal muscle scencephotolibrary 1)Asthma is an airway disease that can be classified physiologically as a variable and partially reversible obstruction to air flow, and pathologically with overdeveloped mucus glands, airway thickening due to scarring and inflammation, and bronchoconstriction, the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation also causes narrowing due to edema and swelling caused by an immune response to allergens 2)Smooth muscle cancer cells. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of cancer cells from a leiomyosarcoma (cancer of smooth muscle). Cancer cells divide rapidly in a chaotic, uncontrolled manner. They may clump to form tumours that invade and destroy surrounding tissues. Leiomyosarcomas most commonly affect the uterus, stomach and small intestine. They are the second most common sarcoma (connective tissue cancer) affecting soft tissues. Treatment includes surgical excision of the affected areas. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have poor success rates. Magnification: x1650 3) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors have been reported in young patients with allograft-associated immunosuppression, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or congenital immunodeficiencies. EBV-associated SMT are frequently multicentric or multifocal and often occur in unusual locations. Allergens from nature, typically inhaled, which include waste from common household pests, the house dust mite and cockroach, as well as grass pollen, mold spores, and pet epithelial cells;[6] Indoor air pollution from volatile organic compounds, including perfumes and perfumed products. Examples include soap, dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, fabric softener, paper tissues, paper towels, toilet paper, shampoo, hairspray, hair gel, cosmetics, facial cream, sun cream, deodorant, cologne, shaving cream, aftershave lotion, air freshener and candles, and products such as oil-based paint.[6][7] Medications, including aspirin,[8] β-adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers),[9] and penicillin.[10] Food allergies such as milk, peanuts, and eggs. However, asthma is rarely the only symptom, and not all people with food or other allergies have asthma [11] Sulfite sensitivity Asthma can occur in reaction to ingestion or inhalation of sulfites, which are added to foods and wine as preservatives.[12] Salicylate sensitivity Salicylates can trigger asthma in sensitive individuals. Salicylates occur naturally in many healthy foods. Aspirin is also a salicylate.[13] Cat colon. Light micrograph of a section through the colon, part of the large intestine, of a cat. The lumen (white) of the colon is at top. It is lined with with villi, small projections that greatly increase the colon's surface area. Goblet cells within the villi secrete mucous, which aids the movement of faeces, while absorptive columnar epithelial cells absorb water from the faeces. Across bottom are two layers of smooth muscle (red), which contract and relax to push faeces along the intestine. Magnification: x13 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Pathology of Asthma Smooth Muscle Cancer cells EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors Cat Colon, x 13 www.shutterbug.com http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/anatomy/Histo logypages/muscle_slide.htm http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article 5959 www.sciencephotolibrary.com Chagas disease. Light micrograph of a section through a cluster of Trypanosoma cruzi protozoans (purple, centre) in the heart muscle of a patient suffering from Chagas disease. These protozoa (single-celled organisms) are in the amastigote form, which lives inside the cells of tissues such as the brain, heart and liver, multiplying rapidly. Symptoms of Chagas disease include fever, enlargement of the liver, oesophagus and colon and inflammation of the heart muscle. The destruction of the many tissues invaded by T. cruzi can cause death. Bright field illumination. Magnification: x1600 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Chagas disease CES of a heart shows abnormal perfusion. Inflammatory Cardiac Tissue sciencephotolibrary.com sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Color enhanced scintigram of a heart shows abnormal perfusion.Inflamed heart muscle. Light micrograph of a section through heart tissue in myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation). The most common cause is a viral infection. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue and chest pain, and irregularities in the heartbeat. Most cases are not diagnosed and they resolve spontaneously without treatment. When the condition is diagnosed, treatment will be of the symptoms, including monitoring of the heartbeat and, if necessary, the fitting of a pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat. In severe cases, a heart transplant may be required. Magnification unknown. During the acute phase of Chagas disease, the prescription medications benznidazole and nifurtimox may be of benefit. Both drugs are available in the regions most affected by Chagas disease. In the United States, however, the drugs can be obtained only through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Once Chagas disease reaches the chronic phase, medications aren't effective for curing the disease. Instead, treatment depends on the specific signs and symptoms: Heart-related complications. Treatment may include medications, a pacemaker or other devices to regulate your heart rhythm, surgery, or even a heart transplant. Digestive-related complications. Treatment may include diet modification, medications, corticosteroids or, in severe cases, surgery. Treatment for Chagas disease focuses on killing the parasite and managing signs and symptoms. Main part of the cardiac muscle is comprised of countless tissues. Inside of these tissues are cells. These cells have various shapes. The shapes of nucleus are circular, ellipse, and long. Dog Cardiac Muscle x400 Mayoclinic.com These are: 1) maintenance of a complex cellular geometry with discrete cellular domains; 2) high demands on mitochrondrial aerobic ATP production and buffering intracellular Ca2+; 3) neurochemical processes that often put the neuron at risk for damage by reactive oxygen species/ free radicals; and 4) formation and maintenance of specialized interneuronal junctions (synapses). Disruption of one or more of these functions causes neuronal dysfunction that may progress to irreversible damage and cell death. Parkinson's disease is caused by the progressive impairment or deterioration of neurons (nerve cells) in an area of the brain known as the substantia nigra. When functioning normally, these neurons produce a vital brain chemical known as dopamine. Dopamine serves as a chemical messenger allowing communication between the substantia nigra and another area of the brain called the corpus striatum. This communication coordinates smooth and balanced muscle movement. A lack of dopamine results in abnormal nerve functioning, causing a loss in the ability to control body movements. Parkinson's Disease Neurons transfected with a disease-associated version of huntington spinal muscular atrophy Cell communication Causes of Parkinson http://www.webmd.com/parkinsonsdisease/parkinsons-faq www.thescientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/31971 /title/Huntington-s-Disease-Protects-fromCancer-/ http://www.news.wisc.edu/16096 http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introductionneuropathology/Response%20_to_Injury/Neurons.htm http://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-causes Satellite cells respond to denervation by dividing multiple times, then lastly fusing with other satellite cells to form new muscle fibers. However after chronic denervation, satellite cell numbers decline drastically, impairing the ability to regenerate and repair myofibers of muscle cells. Apoptosis, an evolutionarily conserved form of cell suicide, is a potential mechanism for satellite cell depletion in denervated skeletal muscle. Adult skeletal muscle has the ability to repair and regenerate after trauma. Satellite cells, a exist at the margin of myofiber. Under most conditions, satellite cells are inert until activated in response to trauma, enabling them to guide skeletal muscle regeneration. In degenerative skeletal states such as motor nerve denervation, age, atrophy, satellite cells number and proliferative potential decrease and contribute to reduction of skeletal muscle’s regenerative capacity and contractility. http://www.3dham.com/animal/docardiacmuscle.html These are stem cell neurons form Human stem cell propogation in the Lab for the purpose of science and Medical rescearch. Stem cell research will eventually help us find new ways to treat the world's primary medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke's and cancer. http://rng.org.au/skin-to-neuron-canine-2/ Canine Neuron Satellite stem cell transplantation could theoretically be a promising approach to restore or enhance the regenerative potential of diseased muscle. In reality, such cell-based approaches face serious limitations, including the need to cultivate satellite cells, their incompatibility with systemic delivery, and their poor survival following intramuscular injection. Arrow indicates the satellite cell having abnormal chromatin texture of nucleus The arrow in C shows degenerating satellite cells with widening of the intercellular space Apoptotic satellite cell in ischemic rat soleus muscle Cat satelitte cell http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti cle/pii/S0960896608006603 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic le/pii/S0014488610003390 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti cle/pii/S0939475312000348 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452212010238 Schwannomas are tumors that arise in the Schwann cells found in the sheaths that surround nerves. A single Schwann cell makes up a single segment of an axon’s myelin sheath so when neurofibromas occur the Schwann cell begins to denervate. Symptoms that arise from schwannomas are often related to the loss of function of the nerve they affect, but the tumors may also simply manifest themselves in the form of pain or may be asymptomatic. Schwannomas can develop anywhere in the body where Schwann cells are present, but most commonly occur in nerves in the lower back, upper arms, or legs. abnormal schwann cell Schwannomatosis, tumors surrounding the neck Schwannomatosis is a rare genetic disorder that results in tumors (called schwannomas ) that grow on the peripheral nerves throughout the body. It is recognized most often in people over the age of 30. Schwannomatosis can cause severe, debilitating pain and neurological dysfunction. Nonoperative treamtents: Schwann cells are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology—the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix, modulation of neuromuscular synaptic activity, and presentation of antigens. Operative treatments:Surgical treatment for schwannomatosis may be recommended for some peripheral nerve tumors associated with schwannomatosis, however there is no cure. Malignant Schwannoma at 40x Magnification (S) schwann cell of cow http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/ http://www.neurology.org/content/56/12/17 _neurosurgery/specialty_areas/neurofibrom pathology/malignantschwannoma40x03.ht 66.abstract atosis/schwannomatosis/ ml http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612305510033 The cells are ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium-like cells. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the central nervous system. Their Scientist have pinpointed ependymal cells as a promising factor as a new non-surgical treatment for debilitating spinal-cord injuries. Ependymal cells’ Ependymomas are the most common primary tumor of the spinal cord, especially in adults and third most common pediatric tumor of apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Ependymal cells, which create cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of ability to turn into several different cell types upon injury make them a very interesting from an intervention aspect. Unfortunately ependymal cells the CAN tumor. Although as a group ependymomas represents less than 10% of all Neuroepithelial tumors, it accounts for nearly one the spinal cord. These cells are cuboidal to columnar and have cilia and microvilli on their surfaces to circulate and absorb CSF. Ependymal cysts are benign neuroepithelial proliferate and migrate to the injured area producing mass of scar forming cells and fewer oligodendrocytes to the point nerve cells don’t function third of intracranial tumors in children under the age 3. The age distribution is bimodal. The first peak incidence occurs around 5-6 years cysts lined by ependymal cells, thought to arise from sequestration of developing neuroectoderm during embryogenesis. They are thin-walled and contain clear serous fluid properly. If scientist could genetically manipulate ependymal cells to produce more myelin and less scar tissue after a spinal cord injury, it could lead when infratentrial lesions predominate and the second peak occurs later on in life and travels down to the spinal cord. secreted by the lining ependyma. They are most commonly intraventricular, typically in the lateral ventricles, to promising results to avoid or reverse the debilitating effects of this type of injury. ependymoma http://radiopaedia.org/images/295006 ependymal cyst A sagittal section of the subcommissural organ of mouse (red indicates ependymal cells) Ependymitis Granulations 20x http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_ http://www.radpod.org/2008/06/27/ependym injury/Response%20_to_Injury/EpendymalC al-cyst/ ells.htm http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/20/24.cover-expansion Oligodendrocytes have small amount of cytoplasm surrounding the rounded nuclei, and possess only a few processes such as providing a supporting nectwork around CNS neurons and produce myeline sheath around several adjacent axons of the CNS system. Oligo dendrocytes differ from astrocytes) by having fewer and thinner processes and no gap junctions. The loss of oligodendrocytes will cause the nervous to malfunction because the axons and synaptic potential can no longer communicate efficiently giving rise to life-threatening illnesses. abnormal oligodendrocyte nuclei Multiple sclerosis caused by loss of oligodendrocytes Krabbe's Disease http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti cle/pii/S1201971209002380 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/5/5a/MULTIPLE_SCLEROSIS.JPG http://drugline.org/img/ail/2592_2611_2.jpg Incidence: Krabbe disease ss a rare and fata degenerative disorder that affects the myelin sheath of the nervous system. It occurs 1 in 100,00 births most common in Arab communities where the occurrence is 1 in 6,000 and Scandinavian countries where occurrences have been recorded to be 1 in 50,000 births. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring. Occurrences of the disease commonly occur in young adults, and most common in women. Treatment: Unfortunately there is no proven treatment for krabbe disease, nor a cure but there are treatments to ease the symptoms such as bone marrow transplantation and cord blood transfusion which is the transfusion of blood stem cells obtained from the umbilical cord of unrelated donors has reduced symptoms of Krabbe. However, older children with less severe symptoms must go through physical and occupational therapies.There is no cure for MS, however there are drugs the work by suppressing, or altering the activity of the body’s immune, the result of the abnormal response of the body attacking the myelin surrounding the nerves. The drugs reduce the frequency, progression and severity of attacks and the developments of new brain lesions developing oligodendrocyte—the cell that produces the brain's white matter—from a healthy newborn rat http://www.childrenshospital.org/dream/DreamSummer05/tide.html Microglia make up the innate immune system of the central nervous sustem and are key components to neuroinflmmatory processes. Their role in central nervous system diseases and infections is discussed in terms of a participation in both acute and chronic neuroinflammatory responses. As the brain ages, the cells become less efficient at reacting. The same signal that induces microglia to a protective state in a young brain may induce a fully activated toxic state in a older brain to the point where microglia will overreact to damage and disease. Thus instead of protecting the brain tissue from further damage, it will attack healthy brain cells also. Incidence of Alzhemiers: In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050. The cause and progression of Alzhemiers is not well understood today, researchers are conducting clinical trials to find a cure. Current Alzhemiers treatments only help with the symptoms of the disease. There are no available treatments that stop or reverse the progression of the disease. As of 2012, more than 1000 clinical trials have been or are being conducted to find ways to treat the disease, but it is unknown if any of the tested treatments will work. Alzheimer's disease Microglial Activation in Parkinson's Disease microglia cell in an Alzhemiers patient microglia cell of a mouse, 250x http://www.alz.org/braintour/healthy_vs_al zheimers.asp http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/5722 71_7 http://www.thescientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3106 2/title/What-Causes-Alzheimer-s-/ http://www.nih.gov/news/health/may2012/ninds-23.htm The Alzheimer type II astrocyte Dementia low grade diffuse astrocytoma http://pinterest.com/pin/21462473846349982 7/ sciencedirect.com anatpat.unicamp.br Fibrillary astrocytoma, LM Glioblastoma Multiforme Brain Tumors Normal and Alzheimer's disease brains, PET http://www.diseasehttp://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25002 http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Pathol picture.com/glioblastoma-multiforme-brain8/view ogy/Set6-18.html tumor/ Protoplasmic Astrocytoma Parkinson's Disease ADHD http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/WirSelfInst/ neuro_medStudents/tumor-2.html http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/26064 5/view http://www.akidjustlikeme.com/id92.htm Astrocytes have processes that may be long, slender, and relatively unbranched or short and highly branched.Astrocytomas derive from astrocytes and is the most common form of glioma. It can grow anywhere in the brain but most commonly fouund in the cerebrum, which is largest part of the brain responsible for high brain functions like memory, speech, movement and sensory functions. Tumors surround the astrocytes and the astrocytes can no long communicate through axons and synaptics vessels efficiently. The exact cause of astrocyte is not known. However it is a tumor that arises from astrocyte. Grade 1 astrytoma is usually non infiltrating tumor. Thos most common type is type of grade ! Astrocytoma is pilocytuc astcytoma. The tumor grows slowly but can become very large. Pilocytic astroytoma occurs most often in the cerebellum, cerebrum, optic nerve pathway and brainstem. This tumor occurs most often in children and teens and accounts for 2% of brain tumors. Each year, 8.2 of every 100,000 people in the U.S. are 8.2 of every 100,00 people in the U.S. diagnosed with malignant brain tumors. Astcytomas: For low grade astrocytes, the removal of the tumor will allow functional survival of many years. Within 5 years after aurgery, the survival rate was 90%. 1) Alzheimer's disease. Coloured Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans of the brain of a normal patient (left) versus an Alzheimer's disease patient. Horizontal brain sections are seen. Colour-coding: high brain activity (red and yellow); low activity (blue and black). The scan on the right shows reduction of both function and blood flow in both sides of the brain, a feature often seen in Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's disease is a major cause of dementia in the elderly. To obtain the PET scans a radioactive tracer is injected into the blood to reveal metabolic activity in the brain. 2) Microscopic: H&E stained paraffin-embedded sections show CNS white matter with heightened cellularity of uneven distribution attributable to a fibrillary astrocytoma which is diffusely infiltrating CNS gray matter. The slide shows a tumor, which is composed of neoplastic astrocytes with large, irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei. 3) Glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors are considered to be the most agressive brain tumor, with a rate of one out of ever four surviving for two years. 1) Alzheimer's disease causes brain changes that gradually get worse. It's the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that cause progressive loss of intellectual and social skills, severe enough to interfere with day-to-day life. In Alzheimer's disease, brain cells degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function. 2) Fibrillary astrocytomas also called low grade or diffuse astrocytomas, are a group of primary slow growing brain tumors. They typically occur in adults between the ages of twenty and fifty. 3) The glioblastoma multiforme is the most common type of glioma tumor of the brain. The presentation for a glioblastoma is typically the same as other brain tumors. Glioblastomas have a poor prognosis and do not typically respond well to current treatment. Biospy of the brain mass is the best way for physicians to determine if the tumor is in fact a glioblastoma. 1) Current Alzheimer's disease medications and management strategies can temporarily improve symptoms, maximize function and maintain independence. It's also important to seek social services and tap into your support network to make life better. Research efforts aim to discover treatments that prevent Alzheimer's or slow its progression. 2) Fibrillary astrocytomas arise from neoplastic astrocytes, a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system. They may occur anywhere in the brain, or even in the spinal cord, but are most commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres. As the alternative name of "diffuse astrocytoma" implies, the outline of the tumour is not clearly visible in scans, because the borders of the neoplasm tend to send out tiny microscopic fibrillary tentacles that spread into the surrounding brain tissue. These tentacles intermingle with healthy brain cells, making complete surgical removal difficult. However, they are low grade tumors, with a slow rate of growth, so that patients commonly survive longer than those with otherwise similar types of brain tumour, such as glioblastoma multiforme. 3) Treatment for glioblastoma multiforme consists of extensive tumor resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Neurosurgical resection should be as extensive as possible to remove as much tumor as possible. Radiation therapy is considered a standard of care, although it may modestly improve survival. cerebral cortex of dog (Golgi stain) http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/neurLab1/glia.html http://w w w .m ayoclinic.com /health/alzheim ers-disease/DS00161 http://w w w .livestrong.com /article/109965-glioblastom a-m ultiform e-tum ors/ http://w w w .braintum ortreatm ent.com /Brain-Tum ors/Tum or-Types/Glioblastom a-Multiform e.aspx 1) Another type of slow growing astrocytoma is the protoplasmic astrocytoma, in which cystic degeneration of the cytoplasm is present and the processes are less prominent in this image. 2) Parkinson's disease. Coloured Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the brain of a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease. This is a horizontal slice through the brain. Cerebral hemispheres are green; the skull is pink; fluid-filled ventricles are blue (at centre). Parkinson's disease has caused the ventricles to increase in size as brain tissue loses density, with death of cerebral tissue.3) In men who had ADHD, PET scans showed that they processed a memory task in visual areas in the occipital lobe of the brain, as indicated by the yellow spots in the left image. Non-ADHD men used the temporal and frontal lobes, shown at right. 1) Protoplasmic Astrocytoma—These grade II astrocytomas tend to invade surrounding tissue and grow at a relatively slow pace. 2) Parkinson's disease is caused by deterioration in clusters of brain cells called the basal ganglia, which help to control muscle movement. Symptoms of the disease include tremor, joint rigidity, & slow movement. The disease progresses over 10-15 years to severe weakness and incapacity.3) ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for a child's age and development. 1)Protoplasmic Astrocytoma typically affect young adults and are treatable. The mean survival time after surgical treatment is 6-8 years. If needs are identified 1 year time limited awards are recommended, if needs persist on review indefinite awards are recommended. It is recognised that gemistocytic astrocytomas have a worse prognosis and are treated like anaplastic astrocytomas. 2) Although Parkinson's disease can't be cured, medications may markedly improve symptoms. In occasional cases, your doctor may suggest surgery to regulate certain regions of your brain and improve your symptoms.3) A combination of medication and behavioral treatment works best for treating ADHD. There are several different types of ADHD medications that may be used alone or in combination. Psychostimulants (also known as stimulants) are the most commonly used ADHD drugs. Although these drugs are called stimulants, they actually have a calming effect on people with ADHD. http://w w w .sciencephoto.com /m edia/260645/view http://w w w .dw p.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/m edical-conditions/a-z-of-m edical-conditions/brain-tum ours/prognosis-and-duration/ http://w w w .m ayoclinic.com /health/parkinsons-disease/DS00295 1) A pilocytic astrocyoma (PA) (also termed a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA)) is a type of low grade relatively well defined astrocytoma. It is found in young patients and has a good prognosis. Pilocytic astrocytomas are tumours of young people, with 75% occurring in the first two decades of life, typically late in the first decade (9 - 10 years). There is no recognised gender predisposition. Although only accounting for between 0.6 - 5.1% of all intracranial neoplasms (1.7 - 7% of all glial tumours) they are the most common primary brain tumour of childhood, accounting for 70 - 85% of all cerebellar astrocytomas. 2) Alexander disease. Rosenthal fibers in the subpial layer of the cortex. Microscopic examination shows myriads of RFs throughout gray and white matter, more densely concentrated along the pial and ependymal surfaces and around vessels. Along with the RFs, there is loss of myelin and variable, in some cases severe, loss of axons and myelin. Under the electron microscope, RFs appear as granular osmiophilic deposits in astrocytic processes, embedded in intermediate filaments.3)Neuromyelitis optica occurs when the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds the nerves in the brain and spinal cord is damaged. Pilocytic Astrocyoma, LM Alexander Disease, LM Neuromyelitis Optica http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/JTY1/Com04/ Com04Image/Com401-2-Perm12.gif http://neuropathologyweb.org/chapter10/chapter10fLeukodystrop hies.html http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Neuromyelitisoptica/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pilocytic_astrocytom a 1) Surgery is the standard treatment for Pilocytic Astrocytoma. If the tumor cannot be completely resected, radiation or chemotherapy may be given. 1) The most common presenting symptoms for pilocytic astrocyoma are associated with increased intracranial pressure resulting from Chemotherapy may be given to very young children instead of radiation therapy to avoid damage to the developing brain. Some of these tumors can mass effect or hydrocephalus. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability, ataxia, and visual complaints, depending progress to a higher grade, so it is important to be diligent about following up with the medical team after treatment. 2) Mutations in the GFAP gene on the site of occurrence. 2) Alexander Disease (AD) is a rare leukodystrophy, which is characterized by accumulation of Rosenthal cause Alexander disease. The GFAP gene provides instructions for making a protein called glial fibrillary acidic protein. Several molecules of this fibers (RF) in astrocytes. Patients with the more common infantile form of AD present in the first 2 years of life with psychomotor protein bind together to form intermediate filaments, which provide support and strength to cells. Mutations in the GFAP gene lead to the production retardation, megalencephaly, spasticity and seizures. The less frequent juvenile AD presents with seizures, brainstem dysfunction of a structurally altered glial fibrillary acidic protein. The altered protein is thought to impair the formation of normal intermediate filaments. As a result, (dysphagia, dysarthria, hiccups), ataxia, and cognitive deterioration. Adult onset AD is characterized by progressive brainstem the abnormal glial fibrillary acidic protein likely accumulates in astroglial cells, leading to the formation of Rosenthal fibers, which impair cell function. dysfunction. MRI shows low T1 and high T2 signal in the white matter, more severe in the frontal lobes. It is not well understood how impaired astroglial cells contribute to the abnormal formation or maintenance of myelin, leading to the signs and symptoms of Alexander disease. http://em edicine.m edscape.com /article/341293-overview http://braintum or.org/patients-fam ily-friends/about-brain-tum ors/tum or-types/pilocytic-astrocytom a.htm l http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter10/chapter10fLeukodystrophies.html http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alexander-disease 6 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. Tissues Classification Epithelial Target TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Notes / Description / Size Simple Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Section of a vein, LM http://intranet.tdmu.edu. Ciliated Non Ciliated Squamous Keratinized Non Keratinized Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Simple Squamous Epithelium, LM Simple Squamous Epithelium-human kidney, LM Simple Squamous Epithelium, LM x400 Simple Squamous Epithelium, LM x160 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatom http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/his http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/11551 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/21473 y/Simple%20Squamous%20Epithelium%204 tology-flashcards/deck/834738 0/enlarge 9/view 00X.jpg Simple Squamous Epithelium, SEM x1560 http://visualsunlimited.photoshelter.com/i mage/I0000lbSpKz.qurk Simple Cuboidal Epithelial, LM Simple Cuboidal Epithelial, LM Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, LM Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, LM x100 http://www.flashcardmachine.com/ap-biolabpracticalsem2.html http://www.flashcardmachine.com/ap-biolabpracticalsem2.html http://www.uta.edu/biology/2457_lab/imag es/simple%20cuboidal.jpg http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/tiss ues/simplecuboidal.jpg Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, LM x400 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, SEM x1130 Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium, LM Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium, LM Simple Columnar Epithelium, LM bcrc.bio.umass.edu kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us www.studyblue.com Simple columnar epithelium, LM Simple columnar epithelium, LM technion.ac.il kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us Karatinized Statified Squamous, LM Karatinized Statified Squamous, LM Karatinized Statified Squamous, LM x40 Scalp, LM ouhsc.edu ouhsc.edu http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/pict ures/skintissue.jpg http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20se ctions/epithelium.html http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tiss ues/tg_stra_sq_ker_e.html http://faculty.jeffstateonline.com/cvenglari k/Bio%20201/lab/histology/strat%20squamo us2.html Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous, LM Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous, LM Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous, LM Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous, LM Non Keratinized Stratified Squamous, LM x100 Esophagus, LM bios.niu.edu bios.niu.edu http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo lab4ab.htm www.studyblue.com Stratified Cuboidal, LM Stratified Cuboidal, LM Stratified Cuboidal, LM Stratified Cuboidal, LM x1000 Stratified Cuboidal, LM x50 stratified cuboidal epithelium, LM http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/B erndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/Stratified%20Epit helium.html jeremyswan.com http://www.cytochemistry.net http://www.jeremyswan.com/anatomy/203/ html/03h.html http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine /anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith16.htm http://iws.collin.edu/cdoumen/HistoCCCCD/ LabSlides/HistoEpith_StCu.html Stratified Columnar Epithelium, LM Stratified Columnar Epithelium, LM x250 http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatom http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/30631 y/Simple%20Cuboidal%20Epithelium%2040 7/view 0X.jpg 1) Simple columnar epithelial provides some protection by helping move materials across epithelial surfaces. They line the respiratory tract, the trachea, and nasal cavity. This slide shows simple columnar epithelial that are ciliated as noted with the white box markers at a lower magnification and a angel as with you were looking at them from the side. 2) This slide is an example of the same ciliated simple columnar epithelial but from a different angle, as if you were looking at them from the surface. Simple columnar epithelial cells are hexagon, but taller and more slender, kind of like a beer bottle and resemble rectanges in a section view. The nucleus is banded close to the basement membrane. 3) This slide shows Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium,which is a single layer of tightly packed elongated cells. Nuclei tend to line up in a row. 4) Trachea, light micrograph. The trachea is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium. Goblet cells (yellow) are seen within the epithelium. Magnification: x100 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. 5) This slide shows Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelia using a light microschope. 6) Ciliated simple columnar is found in large bronchioles of the respiratory tract and in the genitourinary tract. Trachea, LM x100 Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium, LM http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/20593 http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo 1/view lab4ab.htm Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium http://webanatomy.net/histology/epitheliu m/ciliated_simple_columnar.jpg 1) Non ciliated columnar epithelial provides some protection, helps with secretion and absorbtion. It occurs in areas of absorbtion or secretion, the lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys. This slide is non ciliated columnar epithelial cells at a high magnification and at a horizontal angle. 2) This slide shows a uterine tube with the non ciliated columnar epithelial or "peg cells" superior on the slide. 3) Simple columnar epithelium is made up of one layer of tall cells. These cells line your respiratory and digestive tracts. 4) This slide shows non ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the digestive tract. These cells are found in the cornea, inner ear, and nose. Simple columnar epithelium are very good at absorping and transporting nutrients from locations like the small intestine. 5) This slide shows Simple Columnar Epithelium (Gallbladder) (LM) 6) This slide shows simple columnar epithelium (black arrow) from a gall bladder. The red arrow is pointing to red blood cells (erythrocytes). Simple columnar epithelium, LM x400 Simple columnar epithelial, LM http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatom http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kaber y/Simple%20Columnar%20Epithelium%204 nd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/Simple 00X.jpg %20Columnar%20Epithelium.html Simple columnar epithelium, LM Simple columnar epithelium, LM http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x908 3362/simple_columnar_epithelium_gallbla dder_lm http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Works heets/Histology/epithelial.html 1) Stratified squamous flat keratinezed epithelial is the flattened, dead, densly packed epithelial cells that provide physical protection against abraison, pathogens and chemical attacks. It also helps form nails, hair, and calluses. It is found where mechanical stresses are severe, like on surface of skin and soles of feet and hands and helps form nails, hair, and calluses. This slide shows stratified squamous flat keratinezed epithelial example from the sole of a human foot. 2) This slide is the same example as slide 1 but with the keratinized part shown by the arrow. In stratified squamous flat keratinezed cells, only the top layer is flat, the cells in the lower layers will appear more round. Keratinized cells are flattened dead, densly packed epithelial cells as shown by the markers on the following slides. 3) This slide shows stratified squamous (keratinized) epithlium. Magnification: 40x. 4) This slide shows stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium. 5) This tissue is from the palm of the hand (palmar skin). The bar shows the thickness of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. In this specimen, the epithelium is stained very dark. The lighter areas underneath are connective tissue (ct). 6) This slide shows a light micrograph of stratified squamous (keratinized). Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, LM Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, LM x40 1) Non keratinized stratified squamous flat epithelial provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack. It forms the lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina. This slide shows a non keratinized stratified squamous flat epithelial example taken from the esophogus containing the mucus secreting glands. 2) This slide is the same example as slide 1 minus the mucus secreting glands from a vagina. 3) This slide shows Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Non-Keratinized) from Cornea 4)This slide shows a light micrograph of stratified squamous (non-keratinized). 5) This slide shows Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non keratinized in the esophagus. 6) Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium lines the lumen of the esophagus. This type of epithelium is found in mucous membranes. http://204.185.19.89/dajm/mssu/courses/Bio http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20sl 201/Histo_review/image011.jpg ides/49_02.jpg 1) Stratified cuboidal tubules are relatively rare and found in the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the mammory glands. They provide limited protection, secretion, and absorption. This slide shows a cross-sectional view through a duct of a sweat gland. 2) This slide shows stratified cuboidal tubules surrounding a primary oocyte in late primary follicle. The zona pellucida (ZP) seperates the cuboidal cells from the oocyte. 3) Sweat gland ducts are examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium, usually however there are only two layers of cells. 4) This slide shows Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium at x1000 magnification. 5) This slide shows a Sweat Duct. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lines the ducts of sweat glands. 6) This high magnification slide shows a duct, lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium. Around the duct are the acinar cells that produce the pancreatic digestive juice. 1) Stratified columnar epithelial main function is that of protection. It is also relatively rare and found along protions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and a few large excretory ducts. Slide 1 shows a 100x magnification of stratified columnar epithelial 2) This slide shows stratified colimnar epithelial from a salivary gland duct with inside dark purple being the stratified columnar epithelial. 3) Stratified Columnar epithelium is rare. One place you can find it is in the largest ducts of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, etc). The basal layer of cells are cuboidal cells and the layer nearest the apical surface includes columnar cells. The large droplets are mucus, in Goblet cells. 4) This slide shows Stratified Columnar Epithelium in a Duct. 5) This slide shows a cross-section of stratified columnar epithelium from the female urethra. LM X250. 6) Stratified columnar epithelium. This tissue contains one or more layers of columnar cells and a basal layer of cuboidal cells. Found in few places (epiglottis, urethra and some glands.) Human epiglottis. 820x. Stratified Columnar, LM x100 Stratified Columnar epithelium, LM Stratified Columnar epithelium, LM jeremyswan.com http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanato my/epithelia/stratified_columnar.htm http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanato my/epithelia/stratified_columnar.htm Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue, LM Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, LM x400 http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/11541 lab4ab.htm 4/enlarge Stratified Columnar Epithelium, LM x820 http://old.texarkanacollege.edu/~mstorey/ 1407/histology.html 1) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium main function is that of protection and secretion. It is found in the lining of nasal cavity, trachea and brinchi and in portions of male reproductive tract. This slide shows the vas deferens of the male reproductive tract with dark inner circle being the pseudostratified columnar epithelium. 2) This slide shows a higher magnitized example of pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Cells look stratified but are not because the cells contact the basement membrane. Epithelial cells of this tissue typically possess cilia. 3) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is made up of one layer of columnar cells which frequently look like multiple layers. 4) This slide shows ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5) Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be layered but each cell touches the same basement membrane. Some cells are elongate; they extend from the basement membrane to the free surface. Other cells are smaller, causing the tissue to appear stratified. The nuclei in the cells shown in this slide appear to form multiple layers but the cells are all attached to the same basement membrane. 6) This slide shows Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (ciliated) with Goblet Cells. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, LM http://images.search.yahoo.com Transitional Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 1) Simple cuboidal epithelial's function as limited protection, secretion, and absorbtion. They are located in glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules and the thyroid gland. This slide shows simple cuboidal epithelial at high power magnification 2) This slide shows a lower power magnification of slide 1. Simple cuboidal epithelial resembles little hexagon boxes, but seen in a sectional view they appear square, such as in the following slides. Bar= 50 Microns 3) Simple cuboidal epithelia are epithelial cells in a single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid. 4) Simple cuboidal epithelium (100X) from human kidney 5) Simple cuboidal epithelium is made up of one layer of cube-shaped cells. These cells frequently make up the tubes of your body. 6) Brain epithelium. False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. It is formed by ependymal cells (yellow) which are simple cuboidal epithelial cells. The majority of them possess cilia (blue at centre), which project from their apical surfaces towards the ventricular cavities. The beat of the cilia eases the movement of cerebro-spinal fluid throughout the communicating ventricles of the brain. Tiny microvilli (green), which play a role in the secretion of cerebro-spinal fluid, are also seen. Cuboidal Stratified Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 1) Simple squamous epithelial cells are thin and flat and reduce friction. They control a vessel's permeability and they perform absorption and secretion. They line ventral body cavities, the heart and blood vessels, portions of kidney tubules(thin sections of nephron loops), the inner lining of cornea and the aveoli (air sacs) of lungs. This slide shows Blood vessel surrounded by simple squamos epithelial with each nucleus shown by the white arrow. 2) This slide shows simple squamous epithelial 400x with dark objects in the middle, which is the nucleus 3) Simple squamous epithelium from a human kidney. LM 4) Simple squamous epithelium is made up of one layer of flat cells. This picture shows the lining of an artery, one location for this type of tissue. 5) A sheet of cells or simple tissue one layer thick organized above a basal lamina, and often specilazed for mechanical protection or active transport. Examples include skin, and the lining of the lungs, guts and blood vessels. 6) Simple squamous epithelium from the kidney medulla with some cells possessing a single cilium that projects into the tubular lumen. SEM X1560 3.5" X 4.5" Squamous Columnar Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, LM Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, LM Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, LM http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Mi http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatom http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/labhttp://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/140 chael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102% http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo y/Pseudosratified%20columnar%20epitheli practical-1/deck/710039 9/ciliatedpseudo1.6-11.jpg 20lectures/Animal%20cells%20and%20tissu lab4ab.htm um%20400X.jpg es/Animal%20Tissues.htm 1) Transitional epithelium permits expansion and recoils after stretching. It is found in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis of kidneys and ureters. slide 1- from a urinary bladder with the transitional epithelium marked by blue line, slide 2 from an empty bladder. Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated stretching. It is called transitional because the appearance of the epithelium changes from the unstretched to the stretched state. An example would be an empty urinary bladder, the epithelium is layered with the outermost cells appearing plump and cuboidal, as in slide 2) In a full bladder the epithelium appears flattened and more like squamous epithelium. 3) This slide shows Transitional Epithelium at a low magnification. 4) This slide showsTransitional Epithelium at a high magnification. 5) This slide shows transitional epitheium from a human bladder. Magnification: 100x 6) Transitional epithelium (also known as urothelium) is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. These cells, part of the epithelium, are found in the urinary bladder, in the ureters, and in the superior urethra and gland ducts of the prostate. Transitional Epithelium, LM Transitional Epithelium, LM ouhsc.edu kumc.edu Transitional Epithelium, LM Transitional Epithelium, LM http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histo lab4ab.htm lab4ab.htm Transitional Epitheium, LM x100 Transitional epithelium, LM http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/tiss ues/transitional.jpg http://www.anatomybox.com/transitionalepithelium-distended/ 7 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3 Atherosclerosis Conjunctival Squamous Papilloma Asbestosis, LM x400 en.wikipedia.org http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/sqpapilloma.ht m http://www.solunetti.fi/en/patologia/asbest oosi_400x/ Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence 1) Atherosclerosis (or arteriosclerosis), is the disease process of 'hardening' of the arteries. Fatty deposits build up over time in the walls of the arteries, forming lumps (atheroma) which extend into the artery and reduce the blood flow. 2) Squamous papilloma are benign tumours which may occur in children or in adults. The papilloma is characterized by acanthotic squamous epithelium covering fibrovascular fronds. There may be associated koilocytosis and inflammation. 3) Asbestosis is a disease that involves scarring of lung tissue as a result of breathing in asbestos fibers. The scarring makes it hard for you to breathe and for oxygen to get into the blood. The disease worsens slowly over time. In some people the disease causes no symptoms, while in others it can cause severe symptoms. 1) Atherosclerosis increases the risk of conditions such as angina, stroke and heart attack. 2) Symptoms for Squamous Papiloma are: May be asymptomatic or associated with foreign body sensation, itching, irritation, mucoid discharge, tearing and even decreased vision. When they become large enough, the mass effect of the lesions may prevent proper lid apposition or closure. 3) When you breathe in tiny asbestos fibers, they can get stuck deep inside your lungs. Inhaling asbestos fibers can cause scar tissue to form inside the lungs. This scar tissue does not expand and contract normally, which interferes with breathing. Asbestos fibers may remain in the lungs for a lifetime. In some cases, the fibers might damage the lungs or the membrane covering the lungs, leading to illness and even death. 1) Treatment includes medication, medical procedures (eg, angioplasty) or heart surgery, in conjunction with lifestyle changes. 2) No treatment for Squamous Papiloma recommended for asymptomatic lesions because of the high rate of spontaneous resolution. Simple excision including an area of healthy surrounding conjunctiva with cryotherapy to the base of the excision can give an effective cure. Medical therapy including interferon has been successful in treating recurrent lesions. CO2 laser for vaporization therapy may be used. 3) There is no cure for asbestosis. A doctor can help you manage your symptoms. If you have trouble breathing, shortness of breath and a very low blood oxygen level, your doctor may recommend oxygen therapy. http://w w w .everybody.co.nz/page-43c3994e-6823-4912-a81f-da5d0bb463c0.aspx http://dro.hs.colum bia.edu/sqpapillom a2.htm http://w w w .lung.org/lung-disease/asbestosis/understanding-asbestosis.htm l http://www.surgical-pathology.com/conjunctival_squamous_papilloma.htm Kidney Stones Polycystic Ovary Syndrome http://www.pathologystudent.com/?p=354 http://www.kidneystonestreatment.co/kidne y-stone-surgery.html www.medicalpicturesinfo.com Tracheal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, LM x100 Chronic Bronchitis, LM Asthma, LM http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/31/5/1 443/F7.expansion.html http://myhealth-guide.org/chronicbronchitis-pathology/417 http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/education/d ental2/lab10.html Gallbladder Cancer http://egallbladderpain.com/health/gallbla dder-cancer.html Irritable bowel syndrome, barium X-ray Stomach cancer http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25889 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/77362 5/enlarge /enlarge Squamous Cell Carcinoma, LM Herpes Simplex Virus, TEM Close-up of human scalp with dandruff Endocervical Adenocarcinoma, LM x100 Pseudoepitheliomatous squamous cell hyperplasia Basal Cell Carcinoma, LM x6 at 35mm size Simple Squamous Epithelium in a Chicken Embryo. The arrows indicate a layer of simple squamous epithelium. Chicken Embryo 1) Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis who are euthyroid may simply be observed clinically. Patients who are hypothyroid generally are given synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine). Since the disease is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune process, treatment must continue for life. 2) Kidney stones are very common, and when they pass, the pain can be extremely severe in the side and back. Stone formation can be an inherited disorder, secondary to a malformation and/or infection in the kidney, or can occur without any prior problem. The pain can appear suddenly and in waves, and then disappear rapidly when the stone is passed. 3)The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment may reduce the risk of long-term complications, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. http://w w w .pathologystudent.com /?p=354 http://w w w .healthscout.com /ency/1/55/m ain.htm l http://w w w .m ayoclinic.com /health/polycystic-ovary-syndrom e/DS00423 1) Tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Photomicrograph of the resected tracheal mass shows tumor cells (arrowheads) that have replaced the anterior portion of the tracheal cartilage and involve the pericartilaginous soft tissues. Photomicrograph of the resected mass demonstrates a neural bundle (arrow), with nests of tumor cells (arrowheads) invading the periphery of the bundle. 2) Bronchitis is the inflammation of the large bronchial airways that lead into the lungs. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis occurs following a viral respiratory infection and usually affects infants, elderly adults, those with compromised immune systems and smokers. Chronic bronchitis is a recurring condition that is characterized by excess mucus production and a cough that occurs on most days. 3) Asthma: This bronchus shows changes consistent with long-standing history of asthma. The bronchus is dilated and contains mucus (at top). There is a prominent basement membrane, the dense eosinophilic (pink) line near the bronchus is enlarged. The bronchial glands are hyperplastic, which produces the abundant mucus secretion. The smooth muscle cells are hypertrophic. 1) Unlike squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma is less likely to penetrate the mucosal lining of the trachea. However, these slow-growing tumors eventually close off the airway as they progress. Adenoid cystic carcinomas are found in equal numbers among men and women between the ages of 40 and 60. Smoking is not a risk factor for this type of cancer. 2) Other symptoms of both types of bronchitis include chest discomfort, mucus-containing cough, fatigue, low fever, shortness of breath and wheezing. 3) Asthma is characterized by narrowing and swelling of the bronchial tubes accompanied by an increase in mucus production. Asthma ranges in severity and can cause minor breathing difficulties or severe asthma attacks. The exact cause of asthma is unknown, but common triggers include airborne allergies, allergies to foods, physical activity, cold air, certain medications and stress. 1) The main treatments for cancer of the trachea are surgery and radiotherapy. They can be given alone or in combination. Chemotherapy is usually given to relieve symptoms. This is known as palliative chemotherapy. 2) Acute bronchitis caused by a viral infections does not require any treatment and usually goes away on its own within one week. If the condition is caught before it damages the lungs, chronic bronchitis will usually disappear with the cessation of smoking. 3) Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, difficulty sleeping, wheezing and coughing attacks. Longterm asthma treatment usually consists of inhalers that contain steroidal drugs to reduce inflammation in the airways. Medications used for rapid relief of an asthma attack include bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium in a cat kidney. Cat Kidney http://www.flickr.com/photos/43036191@N03/3964569179/ http://w w w .m edicalglossary.org/respiratory_tract_diseases_bronchial_diseases_definitions.htm l http://w w w .pathology.vcu.edu/education/dental2/lab10.htm l http://w w w .livestrong.com /article/174210-bronchial-diseases/ 1) Gallbladder cancer is cancer that begins in the gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by your liver. Gallbladder cancer is uncommon. When gallbladder cancer is discovered at its earliest stages, the chance for a cure is very good. But most gallbladder cancers are discovered at a late stage, when the prognosis is often very poor. 2) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), barium enema X- ray. IBS, or spastic colon, is a condition in which the usual rhythmic contraction of muscles in the colon wall is disrupted. This causes abdominal pain and, as the intestinal muscles move food through the colon, changes in bowel habits, either constipation, diarrhoea or both. In this patient, the muscles in the colon wall have gone into spasm, which is seen by the marked narrowing of the colon across top and down right. The causes of the condition are unknown, but it has been linked to diet, stress and changes in the bacterial population of the gut. 3) Stomach cancer. Endoscopic view of stomach (gastric) cancer of the diffuse type, in the gastric antrum. Diffuse type cancers are poorly differentiated, with no standard shape, and produce large amounts of mucous. The tumours are adenocarcinomas, a type of cancer arising from glandular epithelial tissue. 1) Gallbladder cancer is the fifth form of cancer in the population and the most common form of hepatobiliary cancer. Gallbladder cancer incidence increases with age. 75% of cancer patients are over 64. Rate of developing cancer is higher in women than in men. Gallstones and gallbladder inflammation-cholecystitis are common risk factors. 2) It is not clear why patients develop IBS. Sometimes it occurs after an infection of the intestines. This is called postinfectious IBS. There may also be other triggers. 3) Stomach cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Several risk factors are thought to be involved including poor diet, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori (bacterial) infection. 1) Gallbladder cancer is difficult to diagnose because it often causes no specific signs or symptoms. Also, the relatively hidden nature of the gallbladder makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being detected. 2) The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms. Lifestyle changes can help in some cases of IBS. For example, regular exercise and improved sleep habits may reduce anxiety and help relieve bowel symptoms. 3) Treatment options for stomach cancer depend on the stage of your cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Treatment options: Surgery, Radiation therapy, or Chemotherapy. http://w w w .ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pubm edhealth/PMH0001292/ http://egallbladderpain.com /health/gallbladder-cancer.htm l http://w w w .m ayoclinic.com /health/gallbladder-cancer/DS00425 1) Approximately 200,000 inhabitants of the United States are diagnosed with Squamous Cell Carcinoma each year. Most cases arise from solar keratoses, scaly or warty lesions that typically form on the ears, hands, and other parts of the body frequently exposed to the sun, but can also be precluded by white patchy areas or the reddened scaly plaques characteristic of Bowen’s disease. 2) There are two types of herpes simplex viruses (HSV). HSV type 2 is the one that most commonly causes genital herpes. You can get HSV type 2 during sexual contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection. The infection causes painful sores on the genitals in both men and women. HSV type 1 is the herpes virus that is usually responsible for cold sores of the mouth, the so-called "fever blisters." You get HSV-1 by coming into contact with the saliva of an infected person. 3) Dandruff is a common chronic scalp condition marked by itching and flaking of the skin on your scalp. Although dandruff isn't contagious and is rarely serious, it can be embarrassing and sometimes difficult to treat. 1) Treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma depends on the size and location of the skin cancer, how far it has spread, and your overall health. Some squamous cell skin cancers may be more difficult to treat. Treatment may involve: Excision: Cutting out the skin cancer and stitching the skin together, scraping away cancer cells and using electricity to kill any that remain; it is used to treat cancers that are not very large or deep, Cryosurgery: Freezing the cancer cells, which kills them, or Radiation may be used if the squamous cell skin cancer has spread to organs or lymph nodes, or if the cancer cannot be treated with surgery. 2) Studies show that genital herpes simplex virus is common. In the United States, one out of five of the total adolescent and adult population are infected with herpes simplex virus. 3) Dandruff usually can be controlled. Mild cases of dandruff may need nothing more than daily shampooing with a gentle cleanser. More stubborn cases of dandruff often respond to medicated shampoos. http://nikon2.m agnet.fsu.edu/galleries/pathology/squam ouscellcarcinom aexlarge3.htm l http://w w w .healthscout.com /ency/1/162/m ain.htm l http://derm atology.about.com /od/bcc/a/bcctreat.htm http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dandruff/DS00456 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/ 1) Light micrograph of a cervical smear showing malignant adenocarcinoma cells. Adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cancer found in glandular tissue. Here, a papillary cluster of cancerous cells is seen (at center) surrounded by pink-stained squamous epithelial cells. The cancerous cells are of an abnormal shape with enlarged, dark staining nuclei, indicative of rapidly dividing tumour cells. 2) Pseudoepitheliomatous squamous cell hyperplasia is a benign marked increase and downgrowth of epidermal cells, observed in chronic inflammatory dermatoses and over some dermal neoplasms and nevi; microscopically, it resembles well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. 3) Light micrograph of a section through human skin afflicted with a basal cell carcinoma, a common skin tumour that arises from the basal cells of the epidermis. Although the cancer behaves malignantly by invading the underlying dermis it almost never metastasizes. The section shows a typical growth pattern of the tumour (blue stain), growing downwards into the dermis. 1) Endocervical adenocarcinoma is the most common cervical adenocarcinoma. 2) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) may be present in a number of conditions characterized by prolonged inflammation and/or chronic infection, as well as in association with many cutaneous neoplasms. 3) Basal cell carcinomas occur mostly on areas of skin exposed to light, particularly the face. They appear as raised lesions which undergo ulceration - hence the colloquial name of rodent ulcer. http://w w w .w isegeek.com /w hat-is-endocervical-adenocarcinom a.htm http://w w w .drugs.com /dict/pseudoepitheliom atous-hyperplasia.htm l http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stomach-cancer/DS00301/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs 1) Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in epithelial tissues. It may occur along the surfaces of a number of different organs, but is most familiar as a disease of the skin. In fact, squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 20 percent of all non-melanoma skin cancers and is most often attributed to chronic exposure to the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Individuals with fair skin that tends to burn rather than tan and light-colored eyes and hair are at greatest risk. Occurrence of the disease may also be associated with radiation treatments, scarring from burns, ulceration, adverse reactivity to vaccinations, and exposure to tar and mineral oil. 2) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), belonging to the Herpesviridae family. This family includes HSV 1, which causes oral herpes, eye herpes, and encephalitis; HSV 2 , which causes genital herpes; Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), which causes shingles and chickenpox; Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which causes mononucleosis and pneumonia; Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) , which causes glandular fever and Burkitt's lymphoma; and Herpes Virus Simiae, which causes fatal encephalomyelitis. 3) Close-up view of the human scalp in a case of severe dandruff accompanied by inflammation of the scalp. The example is probably better described as a type of seborrhoeic dermatitis rather than ordinary dandruff. The oily appearance of the hair and yellow, moist dead skin scales results from the overproduction of sebum, the secretion of the sebaceous glands that reaches the skin surface through small ducts that lead into the hair follicles. http://nikon2.magnet.fsu.edu/galleries/path http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/45784 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25581 ology/squamouscellcarcinomaexlarge3.ht 6/view 7/view ml Tissue Found in non-human http://www.freethought-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=11577 1) Hashimoto thyroiditis is much more common in women (as is typical of autoimmune diseases), and it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in parts of the world where there is enough iodine. It typically presents with an enlarged, non-tender thyroid gland. 1) Hashimoto is an autoimmune disease in which the patient’s own immune system attacks and slowly destroys the thyroid gland. The tissue eventually dies and stops Patients gradually lose thyroid function and eventually become hypothyroid. 2) Kidney disease usually affects both kidneys. If the producing hormones. 2) Kidney diseases are disorders that affect the kidneys; the two organs that remove waste products, produce certain hormones, and regulate the level of kidneys' ability to remove and regulate water and chemicals is seriously damaged by disease, waste products and excess fluid build up chemicals in blood. 3) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age. The name of the condition comes from the occur, causing severe swelling and symptoms of uremia (kidney failure). There are many different types and causes of kidney disease. appearance of the ovaries in most, but not all, women with the disorder — enlarged and containing numerous small cysts located along the outer edge of each ovary (polycystic These can be characterized as hereditary, congenital or acquired. 3) Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, appearance). acne and obesity can all occur in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In adolescents, infrequent or absent menstruation may signal the condition. In women past adolescence, difficulty becoming pregnant or unexplained weight gain may be the first sign. Hashimoto Thyroiditis, LM Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research This slide shows a Monkey's finger. This slide is an excellent example of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium. Monkey Finger, LM http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/epithelium.html 1) In the early stages, endocervical adenocarcinoma may be cured, and treatment generally consists of surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two. Advanced cancers, which have spread beyond the cervix and the top of the vagina, can sometimes be cured using surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as long as they have not spread to distant parts of the body. 2) Treatment for Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia depends on the size and location of the skin cancer, how far it has spread, and your overall health. Some squamous cell skin cancers may be more difficult to treat. 3) Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It typically spreads locally and does not metastisize. Basal cell carcinoma grows very slowly over a period of years, then can expand rapidly. It is diagnosed by biopsy, and treatment options depend on information gleaned from the biopsy. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/29477 http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/images/ http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/25378 0/enlarge prostate/10_14.jpg 3/enlarge 1)This slide shows the ciliated cyst of the vulva. This is a very rare anomaly. The cyst is lined with columnar ciliated epithelium that resembles müllerian epithelium and is located on the superior portion of the labium minus, occasionally associated with pregnancy or exogenous progesterone. 2)Adnexal tumors of skin are uncommon in routine practice and they usually cause diagnostic problems. This study was undertaken with the aim of determining the incidence of adnexal tumors of skin in our department and to study detail histopathological character of each tumor by light microscopy. - See more at: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of1)The lining epithelium of the cyst is composed mainly of cuboidal cells intermingled with ciliated cells (hematoxylin-eosin stain, x100). 2) pathology/volume-13-number-3/study-of-adnexal-tumors-of-the-skin-a-three-year-study-of-25-cases.f 3)A dysgerminoma is a type of There are literally hundreds of neoplasms that can arise from cutaneous appendages and they are known since long. They are basically classified into four groups, tumors with germ cell tumor;[1] it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary. A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the differentiation towards hairs follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine or apocrine sweat glands. 3)Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis[2] or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body. Dysgerminoma accounts for less than 1% of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually occurs in adolescence and early adult life; about 5% occur in pre-pubertal children. Dysgerminoma is extremely rare after age 50. Dysgerminoma occurs in both ovaries in 10% of patients and, in a further 10%, there is microscopic tumor in the other ovary. Cuboidal Cyst sweat gland carcinoma DYSGERMINOMA, OVARY http://www.jle.com/edocs/00/04/05/69/article.phtml?fichier=ima ges.htm www.ispub.com www.pathpedia.com Ulcerative colitis Apocrine metaplasia www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com http://breastpathology.eu/calcs_benign.ht ml www.sciencephotolibrary.com adult vas deferens pseudostratified cyst Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) www.frontal cortex.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com Transitional cell carcinoma Urinary Tract Infection, SEM x5000 Interstitial cystitis http://www.uwcancercenter.org/bladdercancer.html http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/42719 6/enlarge http://www.naturalremedies.org/interstitialcystitis/ This epithelium comprises a double layer of columnar cells called ameloblasts. The fracture plane passes up into the tooth from the enamel surface (orange, bottom left). The ameloblast layer has detached from the enamel in which it is normally embedded. Enamel is a hard ceramic layer that covers and protects the teeth. The other end of the ameloblasts originate in the internal tooth tissue (brown, across top). Magnification unknown. 2)Ulcerative colitis is inflammation of the bowel, typically arising in the rectum and often extending to involve part of, or most of, the large intestine. This form of colitis is characterized by deep ulcers, which are usually superficial but may perforate the bowel wall in some cases. The affected bowel lining becomes haemorrhagic, contributing to diarrhoea and the passing of blood and mucus. 3)Cells which are classified as apocrine bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen. This method is also called decapitation secretion. The apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen. Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion (exocytosis). 1)Tooth pain medication is usually necessary to help manage a toothache. While an over-the-counter pain reliever may be enough to relieve a mild tooth pain, a toothache may become so severe that only a much stronger prescription toothache medicine may help. You should always ask your dentist or physician before you take any pain medicine, especially if you take and other medications. This slide shows rat stratified columnar epithelium. The epithelium looks very simulair to that of a human. 2) Ulcerative colitis can be treated with a number of medications including aminosalicylates such as sulfasalazine, corticosteroids such as prednisone, immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine, and biological agents such as infliximab. 3)The cell of origin for many types of metaplasias are controversial or unknown. For example, there is evidence supporting several different hypotheses of origin in Barrett's esophagus. They include direct transdifferentiation of squamous cells to columnar cells, the stem cell changing from esophageal type to intestinal type, migration of gastric cardiac cells, and a population of resident embryonic cells which are present through adulthood Rat stratified columnar http://breastpathology.eu/calcs_benign.html 1)Vas deferens, imflamation likely caused by STD. 2)Its clinical and radiological presentation is usually nonspecific. In this study, we reported a 76-year-old man who presented with an incidentally found perigastric mass. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a noncommunicating cyst below the gastroesophageal junction, measuring 4 cm×4 cm in size. Microscopically, the gastric cyst was lined merely by PCCE. Although rare, GDC lined by PCCE should be included in the differential diagnosis of gastric wall masses. 3)Among the hallmarks of COPD are chronic inflammation, injury of both parenchyma and epithelial lining, and recruitment/activation of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ T cells) triggered in part by mediators derived from the epithelium [5-8]. In controlled situations, the bronchial epithelium represents the first line of defense and protects the lung by acting as a physicochemical barrier of the submucosa. 1)Antibiotics -Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 mU intramuscular injection or Doxycycline 100 mg by mouth 2-3 times a days for 14 days. 2)Surgical intervention is warranted in patients who have clinical symptoms, or who are aged more than 50 years.3)In this culture system, not only bronchial epithelial cells are kept in a native non-transformed well-differentiated epithelium, but the cells maintain their in vivo morphological and functional characteristics. Thus, the mechanisms of interactions between various injuring agents/inflammatory stimuli and airway epithelium could be studied using the spheroid model in order to enhance our understanding of COPD pathogenesis and perhaps other lung inflammatory diseases, without the confounding effects frequently encountered in other tissue culture models. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017413/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017413/ 1) Transitional cell carcinoma (abbreviated as TCC, also urothelial cell carcinoma or UCC) is a type of cancer that typically originates in the transitional epithelium (cell) of the urinary system, including kidney, bladder or ureter. 2) Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM), showing epithelial cells (centre) and red blood cells (red) present in a urine sample taken from someone with a urinary tract infection (UTI). In urinary tract conditions such as infections, inflammation and malignancies, more epithelial cells are present. A bladder infection may result in large numbers of transitional epithelial cells in urine sediment, as seen here. 3) Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition characterized by a combination of uncomfortable bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pain in your pelvis, which can range from mild burning or discomfort to severe pain. 1) Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer (92%), renal pelvis cancer (99%), and the cancer of the ureter, urethra, and also less common in renal cell carcinoma. Moreover, transitional cell carcinoma can also occur in prostate. (1%) 2) Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than men are. Infection limited to your bladder can be painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can occur if a UTI spreads to your kidneys. 3) While interstitial cystitis — also called painful bladder syndrome — can affect children and men, most of those affected are women. 1) Causes of transitional cell carcinoma: Cigarette smoke/ long-term smoking; Exposure to carcinogenic substances; and/or Bladder diseases as inducing factors. 2) Antibiotics are the typical treatment for a UTI. But you can take steps to reduce your chance of getting a UTI in the first place. 3) The severity of symptoms caused by interstitial cystitis often fluctuates, and some people may experience periods of remission. Although there's no treatment that reliably eliminates interstitial cystitis, a variety of medications and other therapies offer relief. http://www.transitionalcellcarcinoma.org/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/urinary-tract-infection/DS00286 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/interstitial-cystitis/DS00497 1)adult vas deferens . 2)Gastric duplication cyst (GDC) lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (PCCE) is an uncommon lesion stemming from a foregut developmental malformation. 3)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by abnormal lung inflammation that exceeds the protective response. Various culture models using epithelial cell lines or primary cells have been used to investigate the contribution of bronchial epithelium in the exaggerated inflammation of COPD. oralpathologist.blogspot.com showing cuboidal epithelium and a few goblet cells. Magnification: 118X when printed at 10 cm. Stratified cuboidal Epi. Of a FROG 1)Tooth enamel formation. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fractured section through a tooth 2)Ulcerative colitis. Light micrograph of a section through the bowel, showing the epithelial cells that make up the inner surface of the bowel (purple), dilated blood vessels (red) and inflammatory cells (leucocytes, dark). 3)Typically, these lesions are identified as 'distortions of architecture'/'stellate lesions' on mammograms If calcs are seen, which is not uncommon, they are an added extra rather than the main imaging diagnostic feature Calcs are normally luminal, fine textured and associated with the various pathological processes seen as part of these lesions Inflimation 1)Describe in this slide is a case of an 11-year-old Japanese girl with a ciliated cyst of the vulva and a history of atopic dermatitis. Epithelial cells in our case showed negative staining for estrogen receptor. The origin of the ciliated epithelium is still unknown. However, chronic inflammation of the vulvar vestibulae may contribute to the pathogenesis of ciliated cyst of the vulva. 3)For patients with stage I dysgerminoma, unilateral salpingooophorectomy conserving the uterus and opposite ovary is accepted treatment of the younger patient who wants to preserve fertility or a pregnancy. Postoperative lymphangiography or CT is indicated before treatment decisions are made for patients who have not had careful surgical and pathological examination of pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes during surgery. Snake intestine. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fracture through the intestine of a snake. The mucosa (pink) is pseudostratified and has cuboidal absorptive cells covered in short microvilli. Some goblet cells are also seen. The intestinal surface is orange. The thickness of the mucosa alters during fasting and eating. The submucosa (green) of connective tissue includes blood vessels, in which red blood cells (red) are seen. Magnification: x1000 when printed at 10 centimetres across. Snake www.sciencephotolibrary.com Bladder, Monkey At a first glance a transitional epithelium looks like a stratified cuboidal epithelium. Several rows of nuclei appear to be topped by a layer of dome-shaped cells which bulge into the lumen of the ureter. The shape of the surface cells and the number of rows change if the bladder is distended. The number of rows decreases. This decrease should tell us that many of the nuclei located in different layers of the epithelium belong to cells which are all in contact with the basement membrane. With distension, the shape of the cells in the surface layer will become squamous. Monkey Bladder, LM http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Epithelia/epithel.htm 8 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Reproductive Target TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Tissues Classification Notes / Description / Size Female Ovary Immature Mature Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Primordial Germ Cell, SEM x1920 www.sciencephotolibrary.com Primordial Egg Cell, SEMx2240 Egg SEM x2300 Developing Cell, LM x 140 Ovary, germinal epithelium and primordial follicles www.Jmicro.org www.sciencephotolibrary.com php.med.unsw.edu.au http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/ detail_list.php?cat1=10&cat2=54&cat3=0&c at4=3&stype=n Maturing Follicle, LM x140 Layers of granulosa cell, LM x500 Oocyte coted with Zona Pellicuda SEM Oocyte with Cumulus Cells Maturing SEM Follicule http://www.flickr.com/photos/jianhua_qiao_md/4174214169/ ttp://sharpwebpage.com/_SWP/ViewsOfTh eBody_Electron Micro.html http://www.wellcome.ac.uk http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/ www.msu.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Mature Human Egg Frozen Egg, SEM follicular epithelium beginning LM x44 http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt6t1n b1vn&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_ text 1) Mature egg during fertalization, covered by sperm. 2) Mature oocyte with a polar body. Coloured light micrograph of a human secondary oocyte (mature egg), with its first polar body. At centre is the egg (yellow) with the polar body coloured yellow and wedgeshaped (lower centre right). 3) Mature egg of woman, frozen for future use in invitrofertalization. 4) In Vitro Fertalization of mature egg. 5) Successful fertilization and moment of conception. 6) Sperm and oocyte at the moment of conception during in vitro fertilization. Egg Surrounded by Sperm Mature Human Egg, SEM x560 http://sharpwebpage.com/_SWP/ViewsOfTheBo dy_Electron www.Sciencephotolibrary.com http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/oc http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/oc t/18/eggs-frozen-young-women t/18/eggs-frozen-young-women Mature Egg, SEM x1300 Fully Mature Egg with Attached Sperm http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/ education/Big-Picture/All-issues/TheCell/ImagegalleriesAspects-of-imaging/WTDV030833.htm http://fertilityresults.org/andrology.html Corpus Luteum 40x Corpus Luteum 100x Ovary with corus luteum Corpus luteum with diameter Magnified corpus luteum Corpus luteum during ovulation http://histology-world.com/ http://histology-world.com/ http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu http://classroom.sdmesa.edu http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/ http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ week2_9.htm Endometrial tissue Ectopic Islands Glands and stroma. Microscopic View Muscular tissue Healthy uterus http://pathology.class.kmu.edu.tw pathology.class.kmu.edu.tw/ legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/ http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/ cross section of duct lobules Breast tissue incision Mammaryand terminal ducts Mammogram After cancer was treated Healthy Breast http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/his tology/ http://www.gfmer.ch/ http://histology-world.com/ http://www.imaginis.com/nuclearmedicine/ http://breastimaging.cancer.gov/backgrou nd.html http://breastimaging.cancer.gov/backgrou nd.html Cervical Squamous Normal cervical tissue. Cervical Squamous Normal cervical tissue Squamous epithelium human cervix tissue Adult Cervix Ectocervical squamous http://www.asccp.org/ http://www.gfmer.ch/ http://www.gfmer.ch http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/ http://www.eurocytology.eu http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curric ulum/vm8054/labs/Lab28/lab28.htm ology%20Slides/20_Testis_sertoli_cells_400 X.jpg http://meded.ucsd.edu/hist-imgbank/ 1) The Tunica Albuginea is the layer of connective tissue that covers the testis. 2) The seminiferous tubules are long tubules in the testis where spermatozoa mature. 3) Leydig cells are located next to the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone. 4) The sertoli cells (also called "mother" or "nurse" cells) are found in the seminiferous tubules and nurture the spermatids. 5) The mediastinum is a group of connective tissue that extends from the upper to near lower extremity of the testis dividing it into lobules. 6) The testis at 100x magnification. Tubular structures and seminiferous tubules. Germ Cells http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f .htm http://www.napavalley.edu/people/dcleme http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/311548/enl ns/Documents/Hist arge http://217.138.0.100/media/214848/enlarge Gametes Immature Mature Other / Bladder Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. 1) An immature oocyte in a maturing follicle. 2) Oocyte surrounded by layers of granulosa cells. 3) Oocyte is coated with the zona pellicuda (a glycoprotein that protects the egg and helps trap sperm). 4). Oocyte surrounded by cumulus cells. (Cumulus cells are cells that nourish the oocyte cell while it grows in the ovarian follicle). 5)Oocyte in cumulus (A collection of follicular cells surrounding the oocyte). 6) Light micrograph of a sectioned ovary showing a secondary follicle (large purple and white body, upper centre) maturing into an egg. 10-15 primordial follicles (small purple circles, lower frame) mature with each menstrual cycle. In the secondary follicle stage the chromosome-containing oocyte (purple circle, inside follicle) enlarges and is surrounded by many granulosa cells (dark purple dots). The cervix is a low, narrow part of the uterus that forms a canal with the vagina. It typically has two small opening one on the side that leads into the vagina and one on the side in the uterus. Eaching opening is referred to as “os”. For most of the pregnancy, the external opening of the cervix is blocked by a mucus plug, which helps prevent infection, and falls out when the cervix dilates for labor. The cervix is made of 10% smooth muscle and 90% connective tissue where collagen is located, Slide 1) A magification of cervical squamous. Slide 2) A higher magification of normal cervical tissue. Slide 3)Normal cervical non-keratinizing squamous epithelium. Slide 4) Parafin embedded human cervix tissue. Slide 5) A low poer magification of an adult cervix. Slide 6) Shows the ecticerical end the covering epithlium iss squamous. Slide 7)The second most common subtype of cervical cancer depicted here, adenocarcinoma. Slide 8) Progression of cancerous cells in the cervix. Slide 9)The reddish brown tinted cells are the cancerous squamous cells of the cervix. Other / Cervix Other/Epididymi s Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Breasts are visible as two protuberances on the female chest. They are present in the ventral part of the thoracic region and extend from second to the sixth rib. They are located over the pectoralis major muscle. The roundness and firmness of the breast differs, according to the balance of estrogen and progesterone in the body of a female. A nipple is present, a dark pea-sized organ important for pregnancy and childbirth and is surrounded by the areola and both structures have sebaceous glands in order to lubricate them during breastfeeding.Slide 1) In this image the arrow points to a cross section of duct.lobules. Slide 2)Wide encision in breast tissue. Slide 3) Mammary ducts and terminal ducts Slide 4) Mammogram of breast tissue Slide 5 & 6)After cancer was treated, breast tissue is now healthy. Slide 7)Shows ductal carcinoma. Slide 8)Lobular carcinoma Slide 9)Phyllodes tumors Other / Breast Other/Prostate Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth. Slide 1) Ectopoic islands of the endometrial tiss in the myometrium. Slide 2) A magnified view of the extopic islands of the endometrial tiss and myometrium. Slide 3) endometrial glands and stroma Slide 4) Micrsopic view of endometium in uterus. Slide 5 Muscular tissue of the wall of the uterus. Slide 6) Anormal healthy adut uterus. Slide 7) Uterine tissue growing outside of uterus, other wise known as endometriosis Slide 8)20x magnification of uterine sarcoma. The reddish brown tinted sarcoma are the cancer infected cells of the uterus. Slide 9)10x magnification of adenomyosis Other / Uterus Testis Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Slide 1) This is a histology slide of the ovary showing a corpus luteum at 40x magnification. Slide 2)This is a histology slide of the ovary showing a corpus luteum at 100x magnification Slide 3) Ovary with Corpus Luteum present. Slide 4) A high magification of corpus luteum indicating the large diameter of the vessel. Slide 5)It appears as a large (5mm-1cm) rounded but somewhat irregularly shaped structure in the periphery of the ovary. It stains homogeneously bright red except from a reddish irregular structure at its core. Slide 6) The hormone HhG leads to the follicle forming the corpus luteum, which now acts as an endocrine organ secreting high levels progesterone and stops menstual cycle.Slide 7) The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which induces a secretory endometrium. It normally regresses in 14 days unless it is rescued by increasing concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin from a pregnancy. Slide 8& 9) shows the appearance of the cyst, a visible eye view and microscopic view. Other Structures / Cells / Luteum Male Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 1)False-colour scanning electron micrograph of a primordial germ cell undergoing mitotic cell division in the ovary of a seven week old embryo. At this stage primordial germ cells, also known as oogonia. 2) Scanning electron micrograph of a primordial germ cell as it is surrounded by follicular cells. 3) Egg cells. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of the surface of an ovary of a human embryo 9 weeks after fertilisation. Three primordial egg or germ cells (red), called oogonia, are surrounded by epithelial cells (green); the germ cells have migrated from the yolk sac into the ovarian cortex by using the amoeboid evaginations (top centre left) on their surface. 4)A human infant ovary histology, showing the large number of oocytes occupying the ovary cortical region. 5) This slide shows the ovary, germinal epithelium and primordial follicles, LM x 500. 6) Ovum of 1.5 mm with follicular epithelium beginning to fold inward at A and B, LM 44x Germ Cells Follicles / Gametes Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 chapter_8/Slide_113_testis2/pages/a.9.113. http://www.napavalley.edu/people/dcleme 1.1.htm ns/Documents/Hist 1) Mature sperm cells can be seen closest to the tube's lumen (white), with elongated nuclei (black). Moving further away from the lumen behind the sperm are increasingly more immature precursor cells called spermatids (round brown nuclei), spermatocytes and spermatogonia respectively. 2) Sperm production. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of healthy spermatozoa (sperm, pink) passing along a tube in the rete testis of a testis. The testes are the male organs that produce sperm, the male gametes (sex cells. 3) Sperm. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of human sperm (spermatozoa). 4) This slide is showing Seminiferous tubule , sperm cells (inside the tube), spermatognia (lining the tube) , interstitial cells . 5) Testis seminiferous tubule showing the developing sperm. 6) A spermatocyte is a male gametocyte, derived from a spermatogonium, which is in the developmental stage of spermatogenesis during which meiosis occurs. It is located in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Seminiferous tubules, LM x560 Sperm Production, SEM Immature Sperm Diagram of Spermatzoon, LM Developing Sperm, SEM Cross Section, Light Micrography www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.psmicrographs.co.uk http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan /anat2/notes/APIINotes2%20male%20reprod uctive%20anatomy.htm visualphotos.com http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/cours es/w2501/histology.html 1) Slide 1 shows a LM of the Anatomy of a mature sperm. 2) Variety of normal human sperm, SEM x560. 3) Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitotic division of haploid gametogenous cells. For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic meiosis. The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations. Structural Breakdown of Mature Sperm Floresent SEM of Sperm Mature Sperm, SEM Sperm LM Sperm over Egg SEM Conception LM http://www.ijpmonline.org/ www.sciencephgotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com http://www.ijpmonline.org/ www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com Prostate gland. Light micrograph of a transverse section through a mammalian prostate gland, an organ found in males that produces fluids to aid the reproductive process. This section of the prostate does not cover the ejaculatory ducts or central urethra, but shows the prostate glandular tissue, which produces a fluid, rich in citric acid and prostaglandins (local hormones). The prostatic secretion makes up 30 percent of the volume of the secretion ejaculated. 2) The prostate is a small gland found in men just below the bladder, surrounding the urethra, the tube urine passes through. It produces a fluid, in the tubuloalveolar glands (outlined in dark brown), that forms part of the semen. Between the tubuloalveolar glands is a stroma of smooth muscle and connective tissue. Magnification: x13 ). The prostate produces an alkaline secretion that forms part of the seminal fluid, and also produces secretions that keep the lining of the urethra moist. LM x14 Prostate-Normal LM x13 LM x 100 LM x40 LM x13 Sciencephotolibrary.com www.gfmer.ch Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Epididymis Histology - Epididymis (labels Epidydimis High Magnification LM x120 LM x 200 Epidydimis Histology epididymis efferent ducts leydig cells histology histology-world.com medcell.med.yale.edu birthday-buddies.org Sciencephotolibrary.com legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu www.gfmer.ch The epididymis can be divided into three main regions: The head (Caput). The head of the epididymis receives spermatozoa via the efferent ducts of the mediastinum of the testis. It is characterized histologically by a thin myoepithelium. The concentration of the sperm here is dilute. The body (Corpus) The tail (Cauda). This has a thicker myoepithelium than the head region, as it is involved in absorbing fluid to make the sperm more concentrated. In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis and the head of the epididymis,which is painful when hit and which receives the various efferent ducts. This is, however, absent in all birds and mammals. The epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is separated by a basement membrane from the connective tissue wall which has smooth muscle cells. The major cell types in the epithelium are: Principal cells: columnar cells that, with the basal cells, form the majority of the epithelium. These cells extend from the lumen to the basal lamina,[3] They also have non-motile stereocilia, which are long and branching in the head region and shorter in the tail region.[3] They also secrete carnitine, sialic acid, glycoproteins, and glycerylphosphorylcholine into the lumen. Basal cells: shorter, pyramid-shaped cells which contact the basal lamina but taper off before their apical surfaces reach the lumen.[3] These are thought to be undifferentiated precursors of principal cells.[3] Apical cells: predominantly found in the head region[3] Clear cells: predominant in the tail region[3] Intraepithelial lymphocytes: distributed throughout the tissue Bladder lining. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the internal surface folds of a bladder in its contracted state. The bladder is the organ that receives and stores urine from the kidneys. The walls of the bladder (a hollow organ) have to expand and contract to cope with varying volumes of urine. Urine is a waste product that is produced by the kidneys. The kidneys filter the blood to remove metabolic waste such as urea. The resulting urine drains from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder. The urine is then removed from the body by urination through the urethra. Magnification unknown.Bladder epithelium. Light micrograph of a vertical section through the wall of the urinary bladder. The inner surface is at top. The upper layer (light pink) is the transitional epithelium, which is especially adapted for the bladder's function of containing urine. The plasma membranes surrounding the epithelial cells here are much thicker than most cell membranes, with a specialised sub-structure. The epithelium is thus rendered impermeable to potentially toxic urine. Below the epithelium is smooth muscle and connective tissue (dark red). Magnification: x3300 when printed 10 centimetres wide.Bladder blood supply. Fluorescence deconvolution micrograph of an area of bladder wall, showing connective tissue (green), cell nuclei (blue) and vascular endothelial growth factor protein (VEGF, red). An arteriole (blood vessel) is at top right. Its circular, nuclei bi-layer (blue) can be seen in the loose connective tissue of the bladder. Magnification x600 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Human male bladder Bladder lining Bladder epithelium x3300 Healthy bladder, laparoscopic view Bladder and Blood supply x 600 Bladder Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com Sciencephotolibrary.com sciencephotolibrary.com Indobladder.net 9 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence A germ cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ cell tumors can be cancerous or non-cancerous tumors. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads. Size and location of tumor varies from patient to patient. Germ cell develop w ithin the embryo. The germ cells typically follow a midline route through the body after the development and travel inferiorly into the pelvis as ovarian cells. Most ovarian tumors are of germ cell origin. Tumor sites external of the gonads is called extragonadal sites, w hich can form w ithin the head, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and sacrococcygeal area. The most common sites for metastasis are the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and central nervous system Germ cell tumors are rare, as only about 2.4 children in one million will develop one of these tumors in a given year. Germ cell tumors account for 4 percent of all cancers in children and adolescents under the age of 20 years. Pathological 3 Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research Tissue Found in non-human Treatment for tumors depends on the location and type of the tumor and the extent of the disease. The earlier the detection of the disease would ensure a healthy outcome. Complete surgical removal is possible and treated with the following treatments: radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, supportive care (for the effects of treatment), hormonal replacement, antibiotics and continuous follow up care is necessary for effectiveness. Seminoma Germ cell tumor of Ovary histology-world.com http://www.webpathology.com/slides/slides /Ovary_GermCellTumors_EmbryonalCA2.jp g Malignant ovarian mixed germ cell tumour Mouse Germ Cells http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/support/Research-Tools/ImageGallery/Image-Detail.2210.html biij.org Prevalence: It varies depends on the definition, however on the time span involved in the failure to conceive. Some estimates suggest worldwide: 3% to 7% of all couples or women experience infertility. 12% to 28% Couples experience difficulties of being childlessness for at least a year. Women become less fertile as they get older. For women ranging from 35, about 94 out of every 100 get pregnant after three years of trying. For women age 38, its chances of getting pregnant decreases to 77 out of 100. For women to conceive, intercourse must be taken at specific times where the egg is released from the ovary along with hormonal balance. Some women are infertile being their ovaries do not mature and release egg. Also, affecting women include endometriosis or damage to the fallopian tubes. Women infertility can also develop from being over or under weight or her age (fertility decline a get age 35). Common causes of infertility include: Ovulation problems, tubal blockage, pelvic inflammatory disease, age-related factors, uterine problems, previous tubal ligation, endometriosis and advanced maternal age. (B) shows the degeneration of occyte hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p http://www.glowm.com/?p=glowm.cml/section_ ii/S001502820800602X view&articleid=325 Failure of ovulation and development of “cystic” follicle. Feline Ovary http://www.glowm.com/?p=glowm.cml/section _view&articleid=325 http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/coursehome/221179/221181 The reason for miscarriage is varied, and most often the cause cannot be identified. During the first trimester, the most common cause is chromosomal abnormality, which means that something is not correct with the baby’s chromosomes and are the cause of damaged egg. Other causes are hormonal problems, infections or maternal health problems, life style, implantation of the egg into the uterine lining does not occur properly, maternal age, and maternal trauma. abnormal development miscarriage in vitro fertilization is a process by which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory setting. It is a major treatment for infertility when other reproductive methods have failed. The process involves monitoring a woman’s ovulatory process. Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is the term for pregnancy that ends on its own within the first 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is the most common type of pregnancy loss, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Studies report that 10-25% of pregnancies will end in miscarriage from women of childbearing. In healthy women the average is about 15 to 20%. Chemical pregnancies account for 50-75% of all miscarriages, which is a pregnancy that is lost shortly after implantation, occurs around the time of menstrual period and is often not known to the woman. An increase in maternal age affects the chances of miscarriage. Women under 35, have a chance of 15%, women of the age 35-45 have 20-35% chance of miscarriage. Women over the age of 45 have 50% chance of miscarriage. A women who has a record of have miscarriage, have 25% chance of having another one. The main goal of treatment during or after a miscarriage is to prevent hemorrhaging and possible infection. The earlier you are in the pregnancy, the more likely that your body will expel all the fetal tissue by itself and will not require further medical procedures. If the body not eel all the infected tissue, D&C is perform to stop the bleeding and prevent infection by dilation and curettage. Drugs may be prescribed to help control bleeding and should be monitored closely. delayed miscarriage or early pregnancy loss) Very large mature follicles in cat http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/News/new http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p s2006.htm i/S1521693409000467 ii/S1521693409000467 http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/coursehome/221179/221188 The corpus luteum is typically very large relative to the size of the ovary; in humans, the size of the structure ranges from under 2 cm to 5 cm in diameter.Corpus luteum cyst is a type of ovarian cyst that commonly occurs in women in the period when the menstrual cycle ends and after an egg has been released from a follicle, which then becomes a gland known as corpus luteum. It usually breaks down and disappears if the pregnancy does not occur, but it is also possible that it fills with blood or other fluids and grows into a cyst. This cyst is round, it forms on only one side, but its size may vary. A corpus luteum cyst is a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. A corpus luteum cyst rarely occurs at age 50+, because eggs are no longer being produced in menopausal women. Regarding the treatment, it is only necessary in some cases when severe pain and bleeding are present. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of these cysts, or at least to reduce the risk or their occurrence, and birth control pills are said to be rather effective in this, because these pills prevent the ovulation. Corpus Luteum Cyst Corpus Luteum Cyst A high magnifcation of Cyst Ovary from a control mouse http://library.med.utah.edu/ http://urogyn.org/gallery_laparoscopy.html http://ic.steadyhealth.com/corpus_luteum_ cyst.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623898000410 Approximately 40,00 new cases of uterine cancer are diagnosed everyday in the United States. The difference between normal and pathological state of the uterus are the prolapse of the uterus, where the uterus actually can fall out of its normal position within the body. The uterus can develop carcinoma of the uterus, which is malignant neoplasm resulting in cancer. Fibroids are developing tumor from smooth muscle tissue that originate from the smooth muscle layer, the myometrium of the uterus. Adenomyosis is characterized by the presence of ecotopic glandular tissue found in the muscle of the uterus. Then pyometra is the infection of the uterus, a result of hormonal and structural changes in the uterus lining. Endometriosis. http://www.glowm.com/resources/ uterine sarcoma 20x Complete hysterectomy, which is the removal the uterus is the most common treatment; being only %80 effective. For pyometra, antiabiotics is be given immediately, however completely and promptly removes the infection, prevents uterine rupture and peritonitis, and of course prevents recurrence. adenomyosis 10x Cross section of pig uterus. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath le/pii/S0046817709001178 /female/cat/female_cat_uterus.htm In normal breast tissue the lobular duct are flat and smooth like structures and in cancerous breast tissue the walls of the lobular ducts are thick, large and discolored due to the infected cells.Cysts are smaller nodules that may become tender before a menstrual period. The nodules, or sacs, are filled with fluid that usually must be drained and examined by a physician. Fibrocystic changes in the breast create an abundance of nodules, more than normal in the breast tissue and could lead to pain for some women just right before their menstrual period. The condition is not dangerous, but it increase the developing breast cancer. In 2011, an estimated 230,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S., along with 57,650 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer. About 2,140 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in men in 2011. A man’s lifetime risk of breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, masectomy. If cancer in the breast is caught very early on a patient may have a lumpectomy. Ductal carcinoma Lobular carcinoma Phyllodes tumors Non-lactating Breast of a rat http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ http://tvmouse.compmed.ucdavis.edu/ http://www.surgicalpathologyatlas.com/ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm Invasive cervical cancer often appears as an irregular fleshly growth, often firm or hard, that tends to bleed easily. But even on pelvic examination by a doctor, pre-cancers and even early cancers of the cervix are not visible to the human eye. If not treated during the early stages it can break through the wall of the uterus and spread to other areas in the body and in some severe cases into the lymphatic system. adenocarcinoma Cancerous cells Cancerous squamous cells http://www.eurocytology.eu/ http://saludchicago.com/ http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/ Most women diagnosed with cervical adenocarcinoma are in midlife and about 20 percent are over age 65.In screening for cervical cancer, sometimes false positive are returned most coming because the inflammation or infection has caused abnormalities in the cervical cells and will resolve once the cause is known. Treatment of cervical cancer depends primarily on the type of cancer, the stage, the size and shape of the developing tumor, the age and general health of the woman and her desire for childbearing. In the earliest stages, the disease is curable by removing or destroying the pre-cancerous or cancerous tissue without removing the uterus or damaging the cervix. In other cases hysterectomy is performed, however radiation or chemotherapy may be used to treat cancer that spread beyond the pelvis, or has recurred. Two kinds of treatment: a device loaded with radioactive pellets placed into the vagina near the cancer for a period of time or a external device with beams radiation into the target areas. There are a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs, or combinations of them are used before and after surgery. Mouse cervix.(left unhealthy and right healthy) http://www.animal.ufl.edu/ 1)Testicular cancer. Gross specimen of a testicle (sliced open) in a case of a seminoma, a malignant tumour (cancer) of the testis (testicle). An abnormal black area is seen at centre right. 2)Gross specimen of a testis with teratoma, a malignant (cancerous) tumor arising from the germ (sex) cells 3)Feminizing testicle. Light micrograph of tissue from a feminizing testicle. 1) This type of cancer usually appears as a firm, painless swelling on a testicle. Although this is a rare cancer, it is the most common cancer in 15- to 35- year-old men. It arises from abnormal germ cells (precursors to sperm cells) in the seminiferous tubules. 2)These areas of solid tissue have replaced lobules that are normally filled with seminiferous tubules. Because germ cells are pluripotent, that is they can differentiate into any cell type, teratomas contain a mixture of tissues. 3) Surgical removal of the affected testis (orchidectomy) is followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy if required. 2)Hair and teeth may grow in the tumor. Treatment is with chemotherapy or removal of the testicle. 3)This is usually caused by a disorder of the Leydig cells that normally produce testosterone to stimulate sperm production in the seminiferous tubules (round structures). In a feminizing testicle, female hormones are being produced. Leydig cells are interstitial cells that are found in the interstices of the tissues of the testicles. 3)This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Light micrograph of a sample of rabbit testis tissue infected with Treponema pallidum, a Gram-negative, motile, spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws. Magnification: 700x at 35mm. Only people who have mutations in both copies of the LHCGR gene and are genetically male (with one X and one Y chromosome in each cell) have the characteristic signs of Leydig cell hypoplasia. Testicular Cancer testis with teratoma Feminizing testicles www.Sciencephotolibrary.com Www.Sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com Syphilis Infection in Testis Tissue, LM http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leydig-cell-hypoplasia 1)Deformed sperm cell, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). 2)Male infertility. Light micrograph of a section through the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm production, of an infertile man 3)Deformed sperm. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showing a deformed macrocephalic spermatozoon (sperm). 1)This cell has residual cytoplasm (lump, orange) below its head (yellow). Magnification: x3350 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. 2)The patient has azoospermia, an absence of sperm in the ejaculate. This condition may be congenital (present from birth), due to spermatogenesis (sperm production) failure caused by exposure to toxins or because of an obstruction in the reproductive tract, caused by an infection or cancer. If there is an underlying cause this needs to be treated. 3)This sperm's large heavy head makes it less motile and even if it did reach the egg it is unlikely to be able to fertilize it. While all men have some deformed sperm, large numbers may cause male infertility. Sperm defects may be due to a blockage of the epididymis in the testes or to damage to the spermatic ducts, usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease. Varicose veins in the scrotum may also be a factor. Other causes of male infertility include low sperm production and male impotence. Magnification unknown. www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1) No treatment, abnormal growth 2)Azoospermia rarely results in an absolute absence of sperm, so sufferers can father children through infertility treatment such as IVF.Treatments for male infertility include: Surgery. For example, a varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired. Treating infections. Antibiotic treatment may cure an infection of the reproductive tract, but doesn't always restore fertility. Treatments for sexual intercourse problems. Medication or counseling can help improve fertility in conditions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation. Hormone treatments and medications. Your doctor may recommend hormone replacement or medications in cases where infertility is caused by high or low levels of certain hormones or problems with the way the body uses hormones. Assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART treatments involve obtaining sperm through normal ejaculation, surgical extraction or from donor individuals, depending on your specific case and wishes. The sperm is then inserted into the female genital tract, or used to perform in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Dog sperm. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of immature dog sperm. These immature sperm are characterised by a small amount of unshed residual cytoplasm about a third of the way down the tail. Magnification: x2000 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Deformed sperm cell, SEM Male infertility, light micrograph Deformed sperm. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) immature dog serm, SEM x2000 www.sciencephotolikbrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1) defective sperm. Two defective human sperm cells with coiled tails on a Nuclepore bacterial filter.2)Deformed spermatozoon. Scanning electron micrograph showing deformed sperm. It is characterised by an abnormal cytoplasmic extrusion (top left) developing on the spermatozoon head. 3) Sperm granulosum Sperm cells with defective tails abnormal cytoplasmic extrusion sperm grandulosum www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephoto.com www.studydroid.com 1)Two defective human sperm cells with coiled tails on a Nuclepore bacterial filter. 2)It is characterised by an abnormal cytoplasmic extrusion (top left) developing on the spermatozoon head. Deformed sperm may lead to male infertility; defects in the sperm may be due to a blockage of the spermatic tubes or to damage to the spermatic ducts, usually caused by a sexually transmitted disease. A varicocele, varicose veins in the scrotum, may also be a factor for deformed sperm. Other causes for male infertility include a zero production of sperm (azoospermia) or a failure to deliver sperm into the vagina 3) The large mass in the head of the sperm is a granulosum, tumor. Horse sperm/ looks almost identical to that of a human sperm. Coloured light micrograph of the sperm of a stallion (Equus caballus). These sex cells are the male gametes. Magnification unknown. 1) This a very comon disorder in pigs. 2)A varicocele, varicose veins in the scrotum, may also be a factor for deformed sperm. Other causes for male infertility include a zero production of sperm (azoospermia) or a failure to deliver sperm into the vagina (impotence). Magnification: x6000 at 8x10 inch (19x24cm) size. 3)Epididymitis, or segmental aplasia of tail of epididymis à spermatocele and spermatostasis à sperm granuloma Horse Sperm www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1)BPH consists of excessive proliferation (growth and division) of cells in the prostate, causing it to become enlarged. This is a common condition in men aged 50 plus and is harmless if the nodules remain small. If the prostate continues to enlarge, it can put pressure on 1)Symptoms include frequent urination, increased urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Treatment is with medication (alpha blockers). In the urethra (the tube through which urine exits the bladder) and block it. 2)The spherical glandular acini (for example at lower right) are 1)Prostate hyperplasia. Coloured light micrograph of a section through a prostate gland with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), showing a non- cancerous (benign) nodule severe cases, surgery to remove the affected area of the prostate may also be needed. 2)Treatment involves surgery to remove the prostate gland or lined with carcinoma cancer cells. Prostate cancer is one of the most common male cancers, usually affecting the elderly. The (pink, centre). 2)Prostate cancer. Coloured freeze-fracture scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of prostate cancer. 3)Prostate tumour. Coloured urogram (X-ray) of the pelvis of radiotherapy.Prostate cancer is most prevalent in men over 50 years of age. Treatment is with hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or surgical removal of uncontrolled growth of the cancer obstructs the neck of the bladder, impairing urination. 3)The large kidney shaped structure is the a 65 year old man with an adenoma of the prostate gland. the prostate. 3)Treatment is either with drugs to make the prostate shrink, or the surgical removal of the prostate.Enlargement (hypertrophy) of the bladder, directly below that is the prostate gland. An adenoma is a benign (non- cancerous) tumour that is most common in men over gland obstructs the neck of the bladder, impairing urination, which may in turn damage the kidneys. 50 years of age. It has enlarged the prostate (hyperplasia) causing it to press on the urethra, the tube urine passes through, causing problems with passing urine. Prostate hyperplasia, light micrograph Prostate Cancer, SEM Prostate tumour. Coloured urogram www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com Epidiymis Cyst epididymitis Microlithiasis of the epididymis and the rete testis. www.sciencephotolibrary.com webmd.com http://www.ijpmonline.org/ Light micrograph (LM) of a 1.5 mm section of the prostate gland of a monkey. H&E stain. Magnification: 100x at 35mm Prostate Histology of Monkey, LM www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1)Epididymal cyst removal surgery. Surgeon holding a benign (non-cancerous) cyst that has been removed from right epididymis of a 58-year-old man. 2) Epididymis inflammation (epididymitis). Light micrograph of a section through tissue from an inflamed epididymis. 3)Testicular microlithiasis is a well-defined clinical and pathologic entity easily diagnosed through testicular echography; however, its association with cancer and infertility is now under debate. Many efforts have been done in recent years to clarify the spectrum of lesions observed in testicular microlithiasis, but no published data as to the existence of a possible microlithiasis of the epididymis and the rete testis have been found. We have observed microlithiasis of the epididymis and the rete testis in surgical (8 epididymis and 6 testis) and autopsy specimens (12 cases). In decreased order of frequency, microliths of the proximal spermatic way were seen in rete testis, epididymal ducts. 1) Surgeon holding a benign (non-cancerous) cyst that has been removed from right epididymis of a 58-year-old man. The epididymis is a narrow tightly-coiled tube of the male reproductive system that carries sperm from the testes (testicles). It connects the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens 2)Epididymis inflammation (epididymitis). Light micrograph of a section through tissue from an inflamed epididymis. The epididymis is a coiled tube that lies on the testis, and this section has passed through one of these coils. The wall of the tube (pink) forms the oval shapes. The wall at centre left is thicker than its normal regular size, probably due to the inflammation. The epididymis connects to the testis and receives and stores sperm from the testis. It then passes the sperm on to the vas deferens. The cause of the inflammation is usually a bacterial infection, and is treated with antibiotic drugs. Magnification unknown. www.sciencephotolibrary.com www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1)Spermatoceles are not usually dangerous and are treated only when they cause pain or embarrassment or when they decrease the blood supply to the penis (rare). Treatment is not usually needed if a spermatocele does not change in size or gets smaller as the body reabsorbs the fluid. Light micrograph (LM) of a 1.5 mm transverse section of the epididymis (a narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens) of a monkey. H&E stain; magnification: 125x at 35mm. If the spermatocele gets larger or causes discomfort, a procedure to remove the spermatocele (spermatocelectomy) may be needed. 2) Epididymitis is the most frequent cause of acute onset scrotal pain in adults. In contrast with men that have testicular torsion, the cremasteric reflex (elevation of the testicle in response to stroking the upper inner thigh) is not altered. If the diagnosis is not entirely clear from the patient's history and physical examination, a Doppler ultrasound scan can confirm increased flow of blood to the affected epididymis (whereas tortion is characterized by ischemia). If the inflammation spreads to the testicle, the condition may be reclassified as epididymo-orchitis or orchiepididymitis. Monkey Epidymis LM www.sciencephotolibrary.com 1)Deposition of Schistosoma eggs in bladder causes eosinophilic inflammation, necrosis and ulceration, followed by fibrosis with chronic inflammatory infiltrate 2)Bladder cancer cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a bladder cancer cell. The cell is large and has many nuclei (dark brown). 3)Bilharzia infection. Light micrograph of human bladder tissue containing eggs 1)The symptoms of IC/PBS are often misdiagnosed as a "common" bladder infection (cystitis) or a UTI. However, IC/PBS has not been shown to be caused by a bacterial infection and antibiotics are an ineffective treatment. The symptoms of IC/PBS may also initially be attributed to prostatitis and epididymitis (in men) and endometriosis and uterine fibroids (in women). The most common symptoms of IC/PBS are pain, frequency, painful sexual intercourse,[8] and nocturia.[9] 2)Bladder cancer cell. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a bladder cancer cell. The cell is large and has many nuclei (dark brown). This is typical of the chaotic and disorganised growth of cancers. Bladder cancers usually arise in the internal lining of the bladder. Symptoms include blood in the urine. 3) 1)In 2011, the American Urological Association released the first consensus based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of IC in the USA. The improvement of patient quality of life is the key goal of therapy and consideration should be made for a treatment's invasiveness, potential adverse events and the reversibility of a treatment. The panelists suggest that treatment should begin with generally safe “conservative” therapies. If no improvement is found, “less conservative” treatments that may have an increased risk of side effects and adverse events may be explored. Surgical treatment is rarely suggested and only under specific circumstances because it is irreversible.[28]As recently as a decade ago, treatments available were limited to the use of astringent instillations, such as chlorpactin (oxychlorosene) or silver nitrate, designed to kill "infection" and/or strip off the bladder lining. 2)Treatment involves excision of affected tissues, and then chemotherapy and radiotherapy 3) Bladder tissue. Light micrograph of stretched tissue from the wall of the bladder, showing various tissue layers. These layers include the mucous membrane, the transitional epithelium, connective tissue (pink), and smooth muscle (deep red). This tissue is from the bladder of a frog. Magnification: x13 when printed 10 centimetres wide. Bladder - Schistosomiasis-related cystitis Prostate Cancer, SEM Bilharzia infection. Light micrograph of human bladder tissue LM x 13 www.pathologyoutlines.com sciencephotolibrary.com Pathologyonline.com Sciencephotolibrary.com 10 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. Tissues Classification Target TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Notes / Description / Size Interphase (W hite Fish) Confocal light micrograph of a HeLa cell during interphase. Interphase is the resting stage w hen the spindle structures, w hich play a vital role in cell division, are formed. The green/yellow structures surrounding the nucleus (purple/pink) are microtubules, part of the cell's cytoskeleton. Along w ith actin filaments, microtubules separate the chromosomes during mitosis. HeLa cells are a continuously cultured cell line of human cancer cells that are w idely used in biological and medical research. They are immortal and so thrive in the laboratory. Magnification: x2400 Interphase (HeLa cell/ human cancer) http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/313244/view Anaphase (Human) Late Stage Anaphase (Human) http://www.pathpedia.com /Education /eAtlas/Histology/cells_and_epithelia/Images.aspx http://www.sciencephoto .com/media/414846/view Metaphase (Human) Prophase (Human) http://www.pathpedia.com/ Education/eAtlas/Histology/c http://www.pathpedia.co m/Education/eAtlas/Hist ology/cells_and_epitheli a/Images.aspx http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/313295/view Abnormal mitosis. Fluorescence micrograph of a cell during an abnormal metaphase of mitosis (cell division). During mitosis, tw o daughter nuclei are formed from one parent nucleus in a cell. This requires organisation of the chromosomes (blue) and mitotic spindles (green) to ensure that each cell retains an exact copy of the parent cell's genetic information. Usually at metaphase the cell chromosomes form a vertical line and the spindles form a symmetrical structure either side. In this cell, the chromosomes are not assembling properly, and four spindle poles have formed (tetrapolar mitosis). Abnormalities or cell death can result. Chemotherapy. Immunofluorescent light micrograph of a cell treated w ith taxol (anti-cancer drug). The cell is in the prophase (first) stage of cell division (mitosis). Mitotic cell division usually produces tw o identical daughter cells. Taxol inhibts mitosis by binding to a protein called tubulin, creating short, stable microtubules (green). Microtubules are essential in mitosis as they control the position of the cell's chromosomes (blue). The short, stable microtubles cannot separate as normal, cell division cannot take place and the cell dies. Prophase (Early, Cancerous, Chemo) http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/313280/view Metaphase (Abnormalities resulting in cell death) http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/254288/view Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Telophase (Human) Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/313200/view Cancer cells. Polarised light micrograph of cancerous liver cells. The cell in the centre is undergoing cell division (mitosis). It is in the anaphase, the phase w hen the chromosomes (w hite) move to the opposite ends of the cell, pulled by the microtubles (yellow ). Actin microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton (red). The cancer has spread to the liver, a process know n as metastasis. Secondary liver cancer is incurable, but life can be prolonged w ith anti-cancer drugs. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/254288/view Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Cytokinesis http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/313090/view Anaphase (Liver Cancer) Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Lung cancer cell division. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a lung cancer cell during cell division (cytokinesis). The tw o daughter cells remain temporarily joined by a cytoplasmic bridge (centre). Cancer cells divide rapidly in a chaotic, uncontrolled manner. They may clump to form tumours, w hich invade and destroy surrounding tissues. Lung cancer is often associated w ith smoking tobacco and exposure to industrial air pollutants. It causes a cough and chest pain and may spread to other areas of the body. Treatment includes removal of affected parts of the lung, w ith radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Magnification unknow n. Human epithelial cancer cells (HeLa) stained for microtubules (green), kinetochores (pink/red) and DNA (blue). Tw o metaphase cells can be seen on the left, and a telophase cell is on the bottom. The remaining cells are in interphase. Telophase (Epithelial cancer) http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/254660/view http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/254142/view Cancerous Cytokinesis Development Of Fetal Structures From the Three Germ Layers: The three germ layers consiting of Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm give rise to all the organs and structures in the body. The outermost of the three primary cell layers of an embryo is the Ectoderm. The Ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system; the organs of special sense, such as the eyes and ears; the epidermis and epidermal tissue, such as fingernails, hair, and skin glands; and the mucous membranes of the mouth and anus. Embryology Ectoderm Skin Ectoderm Skin Ectoderm: Epidermis, hair, nails, Cochlear duct, semicircular ducts, Enamel of tooth, Adenohypophysis, Lens of eye, Parotid gland, Mammary gland, Epithelial lining of lower anal canal. http://medchrome.com/basic- science/anatomy/structures- derived- from- 3- germ- layers- embryology/ Epidermis Cochlear Duct Tooth Enamel http://drugline.org/img/term/ectoderm- 4866_1.jpg http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science- FictionNews.asp?NewsNum=2676 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Phys iology/A&P202/Special_Senses/ear/cochlea_loop_P217151 9.jpg http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/19/replacementtooth- enamel_n_1898146.html Adenohypophysis Brain and Spinal Cord Retina Neurohypophysis Eye Lens Parotid Gland Mammary Gland Epithelial Lining of Lower Anal Canal http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/ http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/10/ http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/salivary_glands. http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/inte http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/l histo%20a%20endocrine.htm cornea- iris- lens- anterior- segment- of.html html gumentary/mammary_glands_20x.htm ab/lab13_largeintestine.html Neuroectoderm is the portion of the Ectoderm of the early embryo which gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells. Neuroectoderm Neuroectoderm: All neurons within brain and spinal cord Retina Neurohypophysis Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes http://medical- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neuroectoderm http://medchrome.com/basic- science/anatomy/structures- derived- from- 3- germ- layers- embryology/ http://www.spinesurgeon.com.au/Neurological_Conditions/cranial_ http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/classes/psy3203/EyePhysio/ http://www.taseerlabs.com/Height/9- Pituitary%20Gland.html brain- anatomy.htm human_retina.htm Astrocytes Oligodendrocyte http://www.anatomybox.com/astrocytes/ http://creationwiki.org/Oligodendrocyte The Neural Crest is part of the Ectoderm in a vertebrate embryo that lies on either side of the neural tube and develops into the cranial, spinal, and autonomic ganglia. Neural Crest Neural Crest: Adrenal medulla Ganglia- Sensory , Autonomic Pigment cells Schwann cells Meninges- Pia and arachnoid mater Pharyngeal arch cartilage Odontoblasts Parafollicular C cells Aorticopulmonary septum Endocardial cushions http://medchrome.com/basic- science/anatomy/structures- derived- from- 3- germ- layers- embryology/ Adrenal medulla http://antranik.org/the- autonomic- nervous- system/ Sensory and Autonomic Ganglia Pigment cells http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=AE http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas- en/connective- 03_Practical_- _Neural_Histology en.htm Schwann cells Meningeal Layers Pharyngeal arch cartilage Odontoblasts Parafollicular C cells Formation of the aorticopulmonary septum Endocardial Cushions http://www.lsi.umich.edu/newsevents/discoveries/2008- 0204 http://www.profelis.org/webpagescn/lectures/neuroanatomy_1ns.html http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/embry.html/3%20PHAR YNGEAL%20ARCHES.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontoblast http://wikiusmle.wikidot.com/medullary- carcinoma http://embryo.chronolab.com/H2_4_11.htm http://user.gru.net/clawrence/vccl/chpt1/ivseptum.HTM Connective tissue (dermis of skin), 200x Bone Lymphatic and Blood Vessels Heart Adrenal Cortex Kidnery The middle of the three cell layers of the developing embryo is the Mesoderm. It lies between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Bone, connective tissue, muscle, blood, vascular and lymphatic tissue, and the pleurae of the pericardium and peritoneum are all derived from the mesoderm. Mesoderm Mesoderm: Muscle ( Smooth, cardiac, skeletal) Extraocular muscles (Periodic somites) Muscles of the tongue( occipital somites ) Connective tissue, dermis of skin Bone, cartilage Blood and lymph vessels Heart Adrenal cortex Spleen,Kidney,Dura Mater Testes and ovaries Notochord- Nucleus pulposus The Notochord is an elongated strip of mesodermal tissue that originates from the primitive node and extends along the dorsal surface of the developing embryo beneath the neural tube, forming the primary longitudinal skeletal axis of the body of all chordates. In humans and other higher vertebrates, the structure is replaced by vertebrae, although a remnant of it remains as part of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks. http://medical- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/notochord Muscle ( Smooth, cardiac, skeletal) Extraocular Muscles Muscles of the Tongue http://medchrome.com/basic- science/anatomy/structures- derived- from- 3- germ- layers- embryology/ http://www.articlesweb.org/health/muscle- tissues- types- andfunctions http://www.glaucoma- eye- info.com/eye- structure.html http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/53800/53862/53862_tongue.htm http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapt http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art- 89227/Lymph- http://junglemiami.blogspot.com/2011/05/human- heart- and- http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=an http://carolguze.com/text/102- 19- tissuesorgansystems.shtml http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=24 er3/medialib/Fig03016.html vessels- and- blood- vessels- both- carry- white- blood- cells nitric- oxide.html atomyphysiology_3 Ovary http://www.tarleton.edu/Departments/anatomy/ovary.html The innermost of the cell layers that develop from the embryonic disk of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst is the Endoderm. From the endoderm arises the epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, GI tract, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, anal canal, pharynx, thyroid, tympanic cavity, tonsils, and parathyroid glands. The endoderm thus comprises the lining of the cavities and passages of the body and the covering of most of the internal organs. Endoderm Endoderm: Epithelial lining of Gastrointestinal tract, Trachea, bronchi, lungs Biliary apparatus Urinary Bladder, Urethra Vagina Auditory tube Middle ear cavity Parenchyma of :- Liver, Pancreas, Submandibular glands, Sublingual gland,Thyroid,Parathyroid http://medchrome.com/basic- science/anatomy/structures- derived- from- 3- germ- layers- embryology/ Lining of the Digestive Tract Biliary Apparatus Bladder and Urethra Vagina Auditory Tube Middle Ear http://www.biophylaxis.com/en/pages/stem_glossary.php http://www.nku.edu/~dempseyd/bio208pg1.htm http://enigmaticfragrance.blogspot.com/2008/07/anatomyextra- hepatic- biliary- apparatus.html http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/000507.htm http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=49 http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/eustachian+tube http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/The_middle_ear_cavity, Liver Parenchyma http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas- en/digestive- 03en.htm 11 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012 Stephanie D. Cheryl B. Krystal H. Stephanie G. TEAM DEOGY HISTOLOGY COMPENDIUM FALL 2012 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3 Notes / Description / Size / Differences between Normal and Pathological Other Information / Notes on Diseasae Genetic Causes Prevalence / Incidence Other Information / Notes on Therapies / Treatments Medical Research Tissue Found in non-human 12 of 12 HISTO COMPENDIUM TEAM DEOGY FALL 2012 121130 11/29/2012
