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Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th PLANARIA LAB http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a4189486.jpg Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33 Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th PLANARIA LAB REPORT: REGENERATION PROBLEM: Which section of the Planarian will regenerate first, anterior, mid section or posterior? HYPOTHESIS: If trisected, then the anterior will regenerate first. THEROY: Planarians are flatworms and reproduce sexually. They are hermaphrodites and have the male and female reproduction organs. They exchange their sperm with other planarians to fertilize their eggs. When the eggs are fertilized, they are kept inside the planarian. In a couple months later, the eggs hatch and grow into adults. This helps the survival of specie because it makes a better genetic diversity among planarians. Planarians are able to reproduce asexual. One way they reproduce is by tail dropping. Tail dropping is when they separate into two different parts, to create a whole new copy. Another way to reproduce is called fragmentation. Fragmentation is like tail dropping, but split into many pieces. This makes it possible for them to regenerate, making an exact copy of the parent. Regeneration is the process by which planarians reproduce asexually and repair damaged cellular tissue. Ghost cells, which are un-‐pigmented stem cells that are also known as neoblasts helps the planarian regenerate. The neoblast are totipotent, which means the cell has the full potential to become any cell in the body through cell division and mitosis. The neoblast does this by migrating to the underlining epithelium; this structure is called the blastema. In this process you end up with an exact copy of the parent. The anterior will regenerate first because from what I observed it has ocellus, that is why this piece of the Planarian moves the most. It also has developed ghost cells, which are unpigmented/clear tissue and stem cells, which is also known as neoblast. The neoblast are totipotent, which means it can turn into any type of cell by going through cell division. Through the cell division and mitosis the planarian is taking shape. DATE/OBSERVATIONS: Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33 % FIRST REGENERATED Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th 2013 PLANARIA DATA 100 80 60 40 7TH PERIOD 20 7TH GRADE 0 ANERIOR MID SECTION POSTERIOR SECTIONS CONCLUSION: In this lab we were investigating which piece of the planarian would regenerate first, the anterior, mid section or posterior. I hypothesized that the anterior would regenerate first. By day 9 the anterior piece for my group regenerated first. The anterior piece had a complete mid section and posterior with a dark pigmentation. The mid section and posterior pieces had ghost cells and were still developing the anterior. I hypothesized 45% of the time correctly for 7th period that the anterior would regenerate first. EVALUATION/ANALYSIS: In this lab, many things went well and some didn’t. Some things that went well were when we cut the planarian. The anterior, mid section, and posterior were very close in size. Yet our accomplishment, many groups didn’t have as great of success. Many groups had uneven cuts, which makes our overall 7th grade result unreliable. Also, many of the group’s planarian’s tail dropped, which also makes it unreliable. To make this lab more reliable I would try to buy more of the younger planarian because the adult planarian tail drop. Some of the things that we had difficulty were having the same amount of water for each piece of the planarian. I would improve this by using a vile and I would fill it up with water at the same height for each piece. Also, to improve it I would put each piece of planarian in its own separate container because sometimes we didn’t know which part we were drawing until we went back to our most resent observation. Also, we had trouble sometime when drawing the planarian. The light was sometimes too strong so the planarian would always move away from the center of the plate. Maybe if the light of the microscope plate would shine up rather then shining down on top of the plarian. This might make planarian less sensitive. One other thing we had an issue with was we observed the wrong planarian on April 22nd. Even though this lab was hard to keep it reliable it would be better to do a simulated lab because then you are most likely to get the same answers unlike our overall 7th grade result for 62% mid section. Also, overall many groups 38/61 had the result of mid section, but for 7th Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33 Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th period 3/11 groups got mid section as result. 5/11 groups had a result of anterior. No other groups had these results and this questions our overall results. Planarians have pluripotent stem cells unlike human stem cells that are totipotent. The human stem cells have limited ability while planarians are able to regenerate anything for example the anterior, mid section, and posterior. Humans can’t regenerate different parts like planarians, but babies can sometimes regenerate a finger. Also, during the end of human lifecycles stem cells regenerate slower. The similarities between human and planarian is that we have stem cells. A blastocyst, which is an embryo that is post fertilized, has embryonic stem cell, which have pluripotent cells. These pluripotent cell lye in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Scientist figure out how to abstract the pluripotent cells out of the blastocyst. Today, doctors are experimenting on human embryonic stem cells, which grew out of the findings of James E. Till and Ernest A. McCulloch also known as the “fathers of stem cell research.” Today, doctors use a technique that involves creating new cells and isolating them. Yet some of the success with a potential cure, this development is still in the research stage. Today, there are trials for many different diseases. One of them is for treating people with Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy, which is a genetic eye disorder. This disorder is most common among children in the ages 6-‐20. It’s caused by mutations in these two genes ABCA4 and ELOVL4. The mutation in ABCA4 gene prevents the removal of toxic photoreceptor cells. Without the removal of the photoreceptor cells, the cells cloud up and form a lipofuscin. The lipofuscin then will kill all of the cells surrounding the retina and will progressively lose vision. The mutation in ELOVL4 gene causes a formation of protein clumps that can be expressed in the retina, skin, and brain. These proteins clumps will cloud up and will interfere with the surrounding cell in the retina. This will lead up to cell death and a progressively loss of vision. Another is for treating people with age-‐related macular degeneration. This disorder is most common with adults over the age of 60. It could be caused by a changed (polymorphism), mutation, age related things, or environmental factors. Most of these genes are located on chromosome 10 on the long (q) arm. This area is known as 10q26 and is associated with risk of getting it. Yet all these experiments, stem cells have been also used in medicine. Many pills like Bell Master Herbalist Series #63 Stem Cell helps rebuild tissue. Enzymadica Stem Xcell also helps the normal growth of stem cells in the human body. Many believe that even drug neurons came from stem cells. In the future, there will probably be more stem cell medicine. In developing these trials, doctors tested on rats. These doctors made the disease and injected it in them. They have tested on tissue, liver, heart, and spinal cord with many having success. With the success on treating tissues in rats, doctors have successfully treated human heart tissues and other tissue. In the future, major diseases will be treated with stem cells. For example, one of the major conditions like birth defects is cause by mutations during cell division. Also, there is a potential in the future to treat different kinds of paralysis. Also one might be for treating cancer. If medical doctors get a greater understanding of cell Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33 Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th development then, they will be potentially be able to correct the errors and to get rid on some of these disease. BIBLIOGRAPHY: "Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Wet & Dry Macular Degeneration, Causes, and Risk Factors." WebMD. WebMD, 30 Dec. 0059. Web. 09 May 2013. http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-maculardegeneration-overview "ARMS2." - Age-related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ARMS2 "ASPM." - Asp (abnormal Spindle) Homolog, Microcephaly Associated (Drosophila). N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ASPM "ELOVL4." - ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 4. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp Elson, Lawrence M. The Zoology Book. New York: Harper and Row, 1982 "Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration." [NEI Health Information]. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp "Frequently Asked Questions." Stem Cells and Diseases [Stem Cell Information]. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/pages/health.aspx Genetic Science Learning Center. "Stem Cells." Learn.Genetics 23 April 2013 http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/ "Stargardt Macular Degeneration." - Genetics Home Reference. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/stargardt-macular-degeneration "Stem Cell." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 July 2013. Web. 09 May 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell University of Utah. The Sanchez Laboratory. “Planarian Regeneration”. 2006 Viewed April, 2013 http://planaria.neuro.utah.edu/regenration.php Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33 Sophia Boosalis 4-‐17-‐13 7th Boosalis, Sophia Friday, May 10, 2013 12:38:28 PM Pacific Daylight Time 70:56:81:af:f5:33
