Download The first Crusade

The first Crusade
1096-1099
Illustration of execution of Jews by
Crusaders, made in 1250
Introduction
What exactly was the situation at the time?
acy
e pap
h
t
n
i
th
nt wi
fo
f a re
ise o
veme
o
m
rm
R
11
th
High Middle Ages
century
Confrontation of Christianity and Islam
n II
P
rba
ope U
Actors
Christendom
(Europe)
v.s.
Islam
(Middle East)
●
Kingdom of France
●
Seljuq Sultanate
●
Holy Roman Empire
●
Danishmends
●
Kingdom of England
●
Fatimids
●
Duchy of Apulia
●
Almoravids
●
Roman (Byzantine) Empire
●
Abbasids
●
Armenian Principality of Cilicia
→ Christendom
→ Islam
Map of medieval Europe
Issues
religious
political
Affirmation of
Christian religion in
response to the
massacre of pilgrims.
economical
Restoration of
Christian rule over
Jerusalem.
military
moral
Union of Europe.
→ Reconquest of Jerusalem
Chronology
Before: causes
1071: Byzantine army is destroyed by Turks.
The seizure of Edessa (1031) by the Byzantines under George
Maniakes and the counterattack by the Seljuk Turks
1071 - 1085:
Mercenary Seljuk
Turks conquer Syria and Palestine.
The City of Jerusalem is taken from
the more civilised Saracen caliphs.
1085 - 1095:
3000 Christian
Pilgrims were massacred in
Jerusalem and the Christian
churches were destroyed or used
as stables.
Councils
1095, Placentia, Italy
➔
➔
Great council
Decisions are deferred until
the following year
“People’s Crusade”
1096
1096, Clermont, France
➔
➔
Clergy and nobles
Decision took place
“God wills it!”
- Peter the Hermit
"Christians, hasten to help
your brothers in the East, for
they are being attacked. Arm
for the rescue of Jerusalem
under your captain Christ.
Wear his cross as your badge.
If you are killed your sins will
be pardoned."
- Pope Urban II, 1096
crusade: Main Events
1096
●
●
●
Armed forces → Constantinople
Embark on the first crusade under
Emperor Alexius I
Pass the Bosphorus but are
annihilated by the Turks in Anatolia.
1097
●
●
Siege of Nicaea
Battle of Dorylaeum
October 1097-1098
●
Arrival of Emir Kherboga of Mosul
→ Stephen of Blois and other frenchmen
flee Antioch
●
Capture of Antioch.
→ The Emir lays siege
●
Battle of Orontes
→ Victory of the christians: they force the
Emir to lift the siege of Antioch after 23
days of occupation.
The Crusaders and their siege
weapons, Jerusalem, engraving
1099
●
June: The crusaders (led by Raymond of
Toulouse): Antioch→ Jerusalem
●
13th June: First assault→ repulsed
●
July: Capture of Jerusalem
●
Europe success and end of the first crusade
Capture of Jerusalem, Manuscript
illustration, anonymous
→ End of crusade
Consequences
●
Creation of the First Kingdom of Jerusalem, ruled by Godfrey of Bouillon → remained under Christian
domination until 1187.
●
Helped to strengthen the Byzantine Empire
→ unfortunately, newly conquered territories didn’t fall under the Empire and became independent territories
→ worsened relations between Byzantium and the Latin kingdoms again
●
Increased the number of pilgrimages toward Palestine.
●
The place gained a reputation as “land of opportunity” thanks to the success of the first crusade.
●
Increased contact between western Europe and the Arab countries and increased influence of western
Europe.
●
Trade prospered.
Conclusion
The 1st Crusade shows us...
● religion inseparable from political or military issues
→ the 1st crusade had impacts on all three
● much religious propaganda
It caused...
●
great moral and physical investment for the european population
It led to...
●
First step of a long history of Crusades, that goes from 1096 and lasts
until 1291
Sources
●
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
●
http://www.lordsandladies.org/timeline-first-crusade.htm
●
http://blog.templarhistory.com/2010/04/pope-urban-ii-1042-1099/
●
http://ericcostanzo.com/2012/04/11/deus-vult-pope-urban-ii-calls-for-the-firstcrusaders-in-ad-1095/
●
http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades3.htm
●
http://www.terres-celtiques.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/FES__Crois%C3%
A9s.jpg
end