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CAPABILITY MAP FOR GROWING HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES IN THE COAST REGION OF KENYA A Guide for Farmers, Forest Managers, Extension Agents and Investors March 2016 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya i © KEFRI, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, on any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from Director KEFRI or Director KMFRI, except for short extracts in fair dealing, critical scholarly review or discourse with acknowledgement. PREPARED BY Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development, Department of Physical Planning PHOTOS BY Francis Gachathi, Joseph Muthini, Joram Mbinga and Peter Mukirae CONTRIBUTORS Musingo T. E. Mbuvi1; Linus Wekesa1; Chemuku Wekesa1 ; Nereoh Leley1; Mogeni Ntabo2; Alfred Eshitera2; Monica Karangi2; Lynnete Cheruiyot1; Paul Manyala2; Michael Okeyo1; Mohamed Sheikh1; Kimani Kihara1; Mbae Muchiri1; Paul Ongugo1; Adan Kala3 and Bernard Owuor1 THE KEFRI EDITORIAL TEAM Paul Tuwei, Josephine Wanjiku and Dorothy Ochieng COVER CAPTION: Top: Casuarina equisetifolia woodlot in Msambweni Bottom: Msitu Women Group tree nursery in Gede PRINTED BY: Print Maxim. P.O. Box 6657-00300. Nairobi Tel: +254 722 830 924 1. 2. 3. ii Kenya Forestry Research Institute Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development, Department of Physical Planning Kenya Wildlife Service Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Acknowledgement This capability mapping process was made possible by the support provided by the Government of Kenya through financing by the World Bank. All those involved in expediting the process especially the Director, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) and the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) Management team are highly appreciated for their inputs. Equally, the Directors of KEFRI and DPP who provided the expertise that made this document possible are acknowledged. All the participating institutions staff and community members, who were involved in data collection and information gathering are acknowledged. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya iii Contents Copyright......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables................................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................vii Foreword ........................................................................................................................................viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 2.0 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Data collection..................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Land capability modelling and mapping.............................................................................. 3 3.0 AREAS FOR GROWING PRIORITIZED HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES............. 8 3.1 Prioritized high value trees species...................................................................................... 8 3.2. Percentage land capable for growing prioritized trees in the Coast region......................... 9 3.3 Capability maps of high value trees....................................................................................11 3.3.1 Mangifera indica................................................................................................................ 12 3.2.2 Azadirachta indica............................................................................................................. 14 3.2.3 Casuarina equisetifolia...................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Senna siamea..................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.5 Gmelina arborea................................................................................................................ 20 3.2.6 Tamarindus indica.............................................................................................................. 22 3.2.7 Eucalyptus camaldulensis.................................................................................................. 24 3.2.8 Melia volkensii................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.9 Afzelia quanzensis.............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.10 Moringa oleifera................................................................................................................ 30 3.2.11 Grevillea robusta............................................................................................................... 32 3.2.12 Terminalia spinosa............................................................................................................. 34 3.2.13 Eucalyptus Hybrids............................................................................................................ 36 3.2.14 Tectona grandis.................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.15 Milicia excelsa................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.16 Cupressus lusitanica.......................................................................................................... 42 3.2.17 Dalbergia melanoxylon...................................................................................................... 44 3.2.18 Albizia lebbeck................................................................................................................... 46 3.2.19 Acacia polyacantha............................................................................................................ 48 3.2.20 Brachyllaena huillensis...................................................................................................... 50 3.2.21 Eucalyptus urophylla......................................................................................................... 52 3.2.22 Landolphia kirkii................................................................................................................ 54 3.2.23 Pinus patula....................................................................................................................... 56 3.2.24 Pinus caribaea................................................................................................................... 58 3.2.25 Araucaria cunninghamii.................................................................................................... 60 4.0 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 62 Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 63 iv Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya List of Figures Figure 1. Altitude, rainfall, soil depth and texture maps................................................................ 4 Figure 2. Land Capability model................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Location and key features of Coast region of Kenya....................................................11 Figure 4. Capability map for growing Mangifera indica............................................................. 13 Figure 5. Capability map for growing Azadirachta indica.......................................................... 15 Figure 6: Capability map for growing Casuarina equisetifolia................................................... 17 Figure 7: Capability map for growing Senna siamea.................................................................. 19 Figure 8: Capability map for growing Gmelina arborea............................................................. 21 Figure 9: Capability map for growing Tamarindus indica.......................................................... 23 Figure 10: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis............................................... 25 Figure 11: Capability map for growing Melia volkensii................................................................ 27 Figure 12: Capability map for growing Afzelia quanzensis........................................................... 29 Figure 13: Capability map for growing Moringa oleifera............................................................. 31 Figure 14: Capability map for growing Grevillea robusta............................................................ 33 Figure 15: Capability map for growing Terminalia spinosa.......................................................... 35 Figure 16: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus GCs............................................................... 37 Figure 17: Capability map for growing Tectona grandis............................................................... 39 Figure 18: Capability map for growing Milicia excelsa................................................................ 41 Figure 19: Capability map for growing Cupressus lusitanica....................................................... 43 Figure 20: Capability map for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon................................................... 45 Figure 21: Capability map for growing Albizia lebbeck................................................................ 47 Figure 22: Capability map for growing Acacia polyacantha......................................................... 49 Figure 23: Capability map for growing Brachyllaena huillensis................................................... 51 Figure 24: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus urophylla...................................................... 53 Figure 25: Capability map for growing Landolphia kirkii............................................................. 55 Figure 26: Capability map for growing Pinus patula.................................................................... 57 Figure 27: Capability map for growing Pinus caribaea................................................................ 59 Figure 28: Capability map for growing Araucaria cunninghamii................................................. 61 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya v List of Tables Table 1. Altitude and rainfall knowledge matrix for capability mapping of Casuarina equisetifolia...................................................................................................................... 5 Table 2: Knowledge matrix for allocating soil characteristics for Casuarina equisetifolia.......... 6 Table 3: Land capability classes for Casuarina equisetifolia........................................................ 6 Table 4: Prioritized high value tree species................................................................................... 8 Table 5: Percentage capable land for growing each of the 25 tree species.................................. 10 Table 6: Capable area for growing Mangifera indica.................................................................. 12 Table 7: Capable area for growing Azadirachta indica............................................................... 14 Table 8: Capable area for growing Casuarina equisetifolia........................................................ 16 Table 9: Capable area for growing Senna siamea........................................................................ 18 Table 10: Capable area for growing Gmelina arborea.................................................................. 20 Table 11: Capable area for growing Tamarindus indica................................................................ 22 Table 12: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis.................................................... 24 Table 13: Capable area for growing Melia volkensii..................................................................... 26 Table 14: Capable area for growing Afzelia quanzensis................................................................ 28 Table 15: Capable area for growing Moringa oleifera.................................................................. 30 Table 16: Capable area for growing Grevillea robusta.................................................................. 32 Table 17: Capable area for growing Terminalia spinosa............................................................... 34 Table 18: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus GCs.................................................................... 36 Table 19: Capable area for growing Tectona grandis.................................................................... 38 Table 20: Capable area for growing Milicia excelsa..................................................................... 40 Table 21: Capable area for growing Cupressus lusitanica............................................................. 42 Table 22: Capable area for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon........................................................ 44 Table 23: Capable area for growing Albizia lebbeck..................................................................... 46 Table 24: Capable area for growing Acacia polyacantha.............................................................. 48 Table 25: Capable area for growing Brachyllaena huillensis........................................................ 50 Table 26: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus urophylla............................................................ 52 Table 27: Capable area for growing Landolphia kirkii.................................................................. 54 Table 28: Capable area for growing Pinus patula......................................................................... 56 Table 29: Capable area for growing Pinus caribaea..................................................................... 58 Table 30: Capable area for growing Araucaria cunninghamii...................................................... 60 vi Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya ABBREVIATIONS ASL DBH FAO FDG GEF GIS ICRAF IDA KCDP KEFRI KMFRI WRI Above Sea Level Diameter at Breast Height Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Focus Group Discussion Global Environmental Facility Geographic Information System International Centre for Research in Agro-Forestry (World Agro-forestry Centre) International Development Association Kenya Coastal Development Project Kenya Forestry Research Institute Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute World Resource Institute Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya vii FOREWORD The tree species capability map for the Coast Region is aimed at contributing to national development goals of meeting the 10% forest cover, enhancing adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change and attainment of self-sufficiency in wood supply as articulated in Vision 2030. The development of the tree capability map falls within the mandate of Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and Department of Physical Planning (DPP) who played a key role in coming up with this important document through the support of Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). The Coast region is diverse in terms of soils, rainfall amount and patterns, and altitude, the main factors determining the capability of land to support growing of trees. The tree capability mapping focused on spatial aspects of the biophysical requirements for each targeted tree species independently. The aim of developing the capability map was to provide a spatial framework for planning, use, and sustainable management of the tree resources in the Coast Region. The map was specifically developed to zone capable areas for growing targeted 25 high value commercial tree species in the Coast Region counties of Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Mombasa, Taita Taveta and Tana River. It is clear that the areas with highest capability for most high value commercial tree species is the low lying coastal belt with most of the other parts being of either lower capability or not capable. This capability map will guide application of modern tree growing technologies including water harvesting and conservation technologies to expand tree growing to areas of lower capability and no capability. The map also emphasizes on species-site matching for enhanced performance of the target trees. This guide will assist county governments and other stakeholders in forestry to properly coordinate investments in tree farming for economic development and environmental conservation. Use of this guide will enhance environmental conservation and improve livelihoods of communities in the Coast Region of Kenya and other areas with similar ecological conditions. I am optimistic that wider dissemination of information contained in this guide shall enable local communities, county governments, private investors and other stakeholders to direct tree farming to suitable areas for maximum returns. Prof. Judi Wakhungu, EGH Cabinet Secretary MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES viii Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 1.0INTRODUCTION Forest cover in Kenya is estimated at 6.6 % and falls below the internationally recommended minimum of 10%. The low forest cover has contributed to decline in environmental quality and reduction of tree goods and services in the country. The impact of reduced forest cover is evident in the Coast region which supports 17% of Kenyan population and accounts for about 62.5% of the country’s tourism industry. The region provides finfish, shellfish, marine algae, mangrove timber, poles and fuelwood. The region is the gateway for imports and exports to and from Eastern Africa. The region is also important for Titanium mining, tourist attraction and has a potential for petroleum and gas deposits. All these activities require support of trees and forests. The Coast region of Kenya comprises of six counties; Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Mombasa, Taita-Taveta and Tana-River which covers an area of about 79,968.1 km2 (7,968,610 ha). The approximate area of land under forest in the Coast is 665,343.82 ha representing about 8.4% of the total land area. The gazetted protected areas in the region include; national parks, game reserves, national monuments, forest reserves, sacred forests, community forests and mangroves. The forests in the Coast region include; mangroves, indigenous Coastal forests, inland dry woodlands and trees on farms. The mangrove forests are; critical habitats for marine biodiversity, breeding grounds for turtles, and nurseries for fish. The woody vegetation plays an important role of reducing soil erosion, source of construction poles, timber, and fuelwood. The protected sites also act as habitats for wild animals. Kenya’s Coastal forests have been subjected to significant degradation due to conversion of forest land to agriculture, urbanization and extraction of resources. The degraded forests have led to decline in environmental quality and reduction of tree goods and services in the region. To address these challenges, the Government of Kenya received financing from the International Development Association (IDA) and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) through the World Bank to implement a developmental project known as Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). One of the key project development objectives is to promote environmentally sustainable management of Kenya’s Coastal and marine resources by strengthening the capacity of existing relevant government agencies and rural micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in Kilifi, Kwale, Mombasa, Lamu, Taita Taveta and Tana River Counties. The project is implemented by seven government institutions; Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Coast Development Authority (CDA), State Department of Fisheries (SDF), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and the Department of Physical Planning (DPP). The project has four components: sustainable management of fisheries resources; sound management of natural resources; support for alternative livelihoods; and capacity building, monitoring and evaluation system, project management and communication. KEFRI spearheads tree promotion activities including; establishment of high quality tree seed sources, rehabilitation of degraded sites, establishment of commercial tree farms (woodlots of high value tree species), expanding production of seedlings, identification, development and promotion of most viable natural resource-based products, dissemination of forest based technologies, and capacity building of stakeholders including extension agents and communities. Generally, tree planting on farms in the region is not based on adequate information on potential areas for growing. Further, the available information is presented in a manner that is challenging to managers and farmers in making decisions on tree growing. This study was therefore undertaken to generate information on land capability for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya. This booklet provides user friendly information to guide tree planting in the region. The booklet summarizes information on 25 high value tree species in the region and presents maps showing areas with potential for their growing. This guide is recommended to forest managers, extension officers and farmers involved in tree growing. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 1 2.0METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data collection The Coast region of Kenya was stratified into five zones based on soil, climate and altitude. The subregions were; Coastal low lying belt, the Kwale ecosystem, Nyika Plateau, Tana River Plains and Taita Hills. Ranking of tree species in the zones was done using a criterion on a scale of 0 to 35 scores. The ranking criteria comprised of eight weighted parameters depending on their importance in influencing tree growing. The criteria were developed by experts (foresters, socio-economists, physical planners and extension officers). Ranking was done in participatory sessions by experts, farmers and community members with wide knowledge in tree growing taking into account gender and age. The parameter description and maximum scores were as follows: 1. Popularity of the species among the local communities based on; the level of acceptance, its presence on the farms and demand for seeds and seedlings. The parameter was scored using Likert scale; very high (4), high (3), medium (2) and low (1). Thus a maximum score of four (4). 2. Major uses of the species were categorized into; timber, firewood, charcoal, posts, poles, carving, food, medicine, fodder and other uses not listed. Each use was scored (1), maximum score of ten (10). 3. Species propagation was categorized in relation to ease of propagation from seeds or cuttings, accessibility and availability of planting materials to local communities. Accessibility was viewed as the ability of farmers in terms of cost to acquire planting materials whenever needed whereas availability refers to actual presence of planting materials within the region. Each was scored between three (3) and one (1). In cases where planting materials were neither accessible nor available a score of (0) was assigned, maximum score of six (6). 4. Availability of harvesting and utilization technologies for each species. The technologies refer to availability of skills to harvest and utilize the tree. Each was scored between three (3) and one (1), maximum score of six (6). 5. Local demand of the target tree products were scored as; high (3), medium (2) and low (1), maximum score of three (3). 6. The species ecological range was categorized as; wide, medium and limited. Tree species spreading across all eco-zones of the Coast region was scored as widespread (3). Similarly, those trees which were localized in some eco-zones were scored either as medium (2) when coverage was wide or limited (1) when coverage was narrow, maximum score of three (3). 7. The contribution of individual tree species to Vision 2030 in terms of: 10% forest cover, adaptive measure to climate change and contribution to self-sufficiency in wood production. Tree species with potential to provide core benefits by mitigating the impacts of climate change and generating income were regarded as direct contributors to the policy orientation and were scored as either (1) or (0) for none, maximum score of one (1). 8. Impact of target species on the general environment and water conservation. Positive impact including enhancing soil fertility, rehabilitation of degraded sites and shelter belts was scored two (2) and negative were scored (-2), maximum score of two (2). Based on the ranking, the first 25 high value tree species were selected for land capability mapping. Secondary spatial data for soil texture, soil depth, altitude and rainfall for each zone were used to develop land capability maps. Ground truthing of the 25 tree species was undertaken in 101 model farms randomly selected from among 600 farmers supported by KCDP. The breakdown of the farms by county was; Kilifi 45, Lamu 35 and Kwale 21. Data collected from the farms included; tree growth data, soil texture, soil depth and altitude. The tree species were classified as either indigenous or exotic and its habitat recorded. Tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), total height and crown (diameter and height) were measured. Other information 2 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya collected on each tree species included; uses, products and their marketing, propagation methods, availability of planting materials and occurrence. The data were supplemented with information collected from KEFRI trials and ecological studies. Ground truthing data and information were used to validate the land capability maps. Soil sampling was done using Z-approach method where samples were collected at four cardinal points. The soil samples were then mixed in equal proportion to obtain a composite for the farm. At the cardinal points, the samples were collected by a soil auger at three different depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 cm. The soil profile pits of 1m x 1m x 1m were dug at the center of the farm. The profiling was done to ascertain soil depths as different species thrive at varying depth. The depth of each soil horizon was measured and core samples collected from each layer for analysis of moisture and bulk density. Mean annual rainfall and distribution data were obtained from meteorological stations at Mtwapa, Msabaha, Matuga and Ngerenya in the study area which represent ecological zones of the Coast. The altitude data were collected using Geographic Positioning System (GPS). In addition, a total of 29 Focus Group Discussions (FDGs) were held with groups of 3 to 5 farmers in each zone. Key informant interviews were held with KEFRI research scientists, forest managers, agriculture extension officers and farmers with long term knowledge and experience on tree growing. Farmers’ selection included consideration of gender and age. Discussion focused on perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards each of the selected 25 high value tree species. Primary data on bio-physical and socio-economic survey together with existing secondary data were used to develop knowledge tables for capability mapping of the 25 high value tree species. 2.2 Land capability modelling and mapping Land Capability refers to the inherent ability of the land to remain productive under sustained use without degradation. Thus, the model for determining land capability for growing trees was developed from the primary parameters that influence tree growth. The parameters used were soil physical properties (soil texture and depth), rainfall and altitude. Each parameter was presented spatially with information sourced from existing spatial databases including; Kenya Environmental Sensitivity Atlas (KENSEA, 2006), SOTIS, World Resources Institute (WRI), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and DIVA Geographic Information System (GIS). The generated spatial data were converted to raster data format which was presented in uniform analysis zones (grids) each measuring 100 m by 100 m and used to generate land capability maps (Figure 1). The land capability was delineated into four classes presented below: 1. High capability class where the combination of parameters presents optimal natural conditions for the growing of the specific tree species. 2. Moderate capability class where the combination of parameters presents average natural conditions for the growing of the specific tree species. 3. Low capability class where the combination of parameters presents bio-physical conditions which in aggregate limit the sustained growing of the specific tree species. 4. Not capable class where the combination of parameters presents severe bio-physical limitations which preclude any possibilities of successful sustained growing of the specific tree species unless supplementary support like irrigation and creation of micro-catchments. In this zone alternative land use can be advised. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 3 Figure 1. Altitude, rainfall, soil depth and texture maps (Source: KENSEA, WRI, FAO and SOTIS) 4 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya The total area for each capability class was calculated using Marten (1982): Where, yk represents the total area under each capability class is the contribution (per Ha) to objective k (allocation of optimal conditions) when land type is allocated to tree species . The allocation objective is accomplished where constraint exist. Land type is defined by its biophysical and climatic factors/parameters. The constraint refers to the conditions that are unfavourable for optimum survival of a specified tree species. The delineation of land capability classes was based on the relationship between various spatial parameters in three phases. The first phase involved generation of a knowledge table for each species through interactive discussion by experts to determine capability of land for growing of each of the 25 tree species by combining altitude and rainfall spatial data to derive climatic conditions for tree growing classes using a Likert scale of highly favourable, favourable and unfavourable. For example, the combination of a grid 250 to 500 metres above sea level and rainfall of 800 to 1200 mm is categorized as having favourable climatic conditions for growing of Casuarina equisetifolia (Table 1). The second phase involved application of soil texture and depth spatial data to generate knowledge matrix depicting soil-physical conditions for tree growing on the scale of very good to poor (Table 2). The third phase was to overlay spatial soil physical and climatic conditions to generate a land capability knowledge matrix (Table 3) and land capability map (Figure 2). Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 5 6 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Casuarina Capabilty map Soil Physical Map Climatic Condition Map Altitude Map Rainfall Map Soil Depth Soil Depth Map Map Soil Texture Map Figure 2: Land Capability model (Source: Department of Physical Planning) Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 7 3.0 AREAS FOR GROWING PRIORITIZED HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES 3.1 Prioritized high value trees species The prioritized 25 species consisted of nine indigenous and sixteen exotic tree species (Table 4). The top five ranked tree species with highest scores were Mangifera indica (30), Azadirachta indica (29), Casuarina equisetifolia (28), Senna siamea (27) and Gmelina arborea (24) (Table 4). The ranked tree species with lowest scores were; Eucalyptus urophylla (15), Landolphia kirkii (15), Pinus patula (15), Pinus caribaea (15) and Araucaria cunnighamii (13). Mangifera indica had the highest score since it is a fruit tree widely cultivated in the Coastal region as a source of livelihood. The tree also provides timber and fuelwood among many other uses. Araucaria cunnighamii was least scored because of its limited ecological distribution, poor seed and limited use of seed at lower altitude. 8 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 3.2. Percentage land capable for growing prioritized trees in the Coast region The percentage capable land per capability class for growing each of the 25 high value tree species was computed as a proportion of the total land available excluding gazetted protected areas. The gazetted protected areas include game reserves, national parks and gazetted forests. However, areas of water masses, Kaya forests and towns were not eliminated. The total percentage capable land for growing each tree species was computed by summing percentages of high, moderate and low capability (Table 5). The species with the highest growth capability in the Coast region included S. siamea (90), E. camaldulensis (76), T. indica (46), M. volkensii (46) and Eucalyptus hybrids (44). The species with the least capability included; A. polyacantha (8), A. cunnighamii (7), P. caribaea (3), P. patula (1) and C. lusitanica (0.3). The location and key features including the protected areas of Coast region of Kenya are shown in Figure 3. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 9 10 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 3: Location and key features of Coast region of Kenya 3.3 Capability maps of high value trees This section presents information on growing of the ranked 25 high value tree species. The information provided includes; species description, growing conditions for optimum productivity, propagation methods, management, economic value and uses. Potential area for growing of target tree species in the Coastal region is also presented. Specific sites for growing of each species are shown in a capability map of the region. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 11 3.3.1 Mangifera indica Family: Anacardiaceae Common names: Mango (English), Mwembe (Swahili) Description Mangifera indica is a large evergreen exotic tree species growing to 20 m tall with a dark green, umbrella-shaped crown. Trunk: stout, 90 cm in diameter. Bark: dark brown, smoothish, forming fissures with age. Branchlets: stout, pale green and hairless. Growing conditions for optimum productivity The tree grows well in areas with an altitude of 0 to 1200 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), mean annual temperature of 19 to 350C and mean annual rainfall of 500 to 2500 mm. It grows well in deep well-drained soils with pH of 5.5 to 7.5. The tree can tolerate drought and survives occasional flooding. It is grown in Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu, Kwale and Mombasa counties. The Coastal region has 325,845 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 6, Figure 4). Propagation methods The tree is propagated through seed. Grafting and budding are used for production of high quality fruit trees. Management Wide spacing of 12.0 x 12.0 m is used to allow for wider crown formation for enhanced fruit productivity and intercropping. Topping of young mango trees when 1m tall is necessary for welldistributed branches for optimum productivity. Economic value A mango tree yields 200 to 1200 fruits annually depending on the variety and age. Mango fruits are marketed locally or exported earning an average of Ksh. 2,000 to 12,000 per tree per year. Uses The tree is used mainly for fruit production but provides other services and products including soil conservation, shade, charcoal, firewood, timber, carvings, furniture, herbal medicine and fodder. 12 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 4: Capability map for growing Mangifera indica in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 13 3.2.2 Azadirachta indica Family: Meliacea Common names: Neem (English), Mwarobaini or Mkilifi (Swahili) Description Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a fast growing medium sized exotic tree species, growing to a height of 20 m. It has a dense leafy often rounded canopy, evergreen except in driest areas. The bark is grey-brown and grooved. The leaves are compound, pinnate, with 5 to 8 pairs of leaflets which are toothed along the edge. Flowers are small, fragrant white and hanging in long graceful sprays. The tree has naturalized in Kenya. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species is drought tolerant and does well in poor soils. The roots grow deep and wide. The tree does not withstand water logging. It grows well at an altitude of 0 to 1500 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 400 to 1200 mm. The species is common in Kilifi, Malindi and Mombasa. The Coastal region has 645,340 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 7, Figure 5). Propagation methods Neem is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings. The average germination percentage of mature and healthy seeds is 70 to 80%. Management Lopping, pollarding and pruning are recommended after the tree attain one year. It is usually planted along boundaries and for shade in pasture fields. In plantation, a spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m gives good results for timber production. Economic value The main commercial products are timber, herbal tea and oil extracted from the seeds. Uses Neem is highly valued at the Kenyan Coast for its medicinal properties. The species also provides shade, timber, charcoal, fuelwood and is also used in the carving industry. 14 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 5: Capability map for growing Azadirachta indica in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 15 3.2.3 Casuarina equisetifolia Family: Casuarinaceae Common names: Whistling pine (English), Mvinje (Swahili) Description Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a maximum height of 30 m with ‘weeping’ foliage. The bark is grey-black and cracks with age. The leaves are minute scales just visible on the green branchlets. Fruits are woodycones occurring in clusters, young cones are green while mature ones are prickly brown. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Casuarina does well at an altitude of 0 to 1100 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 800 to 1500 mm. The tree grows best in well drained fertile sandy soils and can tolerate saline conditions. The tree is common along the Coast where it has been naturalized with 371,982 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 8, Figure 6). Propagation methods The tree is propagated through seed. It is a prolific seeder with an average of 600,000 to 900,000 seeds per kg. Pre-treatment of seeds is not necessary. The species can also be propagated through wildlings. Management Spacing of 2.0 x 2.0 m is recommended. Casuarina is a fast growing tree attaining an average height of 2.5-3.0 m annually. Pruning should be done in the first three years. The tree can be grown with crops during the first two years before the canopy closes. Economic value Casuarina is the most widely grown tree by farmers in the Coast region. It can be harvested after 3 to 7 years depending on level of management. One hectare of Casuarina woodlot at a spacing of 2.0 x 2.0 m can earn on average Ksh.1, 850, 000 to 2,200,000. Uses Casuarina is used mainly for construction poles and is suitable for electricity transmission poles. It is also used for fuelwood, charcoal, furniture and rehabilitation of degraded areas such as coral/limestone mines and sand dune stabilization. 16 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 6: Capability map for growing Casuarina equisetifolia in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 17 3.2.4 Senna siamea Family: Fabaceae Common names: Cassia tree (English), Msonobari (Swahili), Mrabai (Mijikenda) Description Senna siamea is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a maximum height of 20 m with a smooth pale-grey brown bark. Leaves are compound dark and shiny green above. Pods are in dense clusters. The species is naturalized in Kenya. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species is common at the Coast and can grow at an altitude of up to 1800 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 500 to 2800 mm. It prefers deep well drained fertile soils and is intolerant to saline conditions. It also prefers high water table but can also tolerate drought. The tree does well in Mokowe, Mpeketoni, Hindi, Garsen, Kilifi, Mombasa, Kwale, Mazeras and Taru areas. The Coast region has 586,816 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 9, Figure 7). Propagation methods The species is mainly established through seed. The tree can also be propagated through wildlings and coppices. Seed pre-treatment is recommended (pour hot water on the seeds, allow to cool then soak for 24 hours before sowing). However, fresh seeds require no pre-treatment. Management The species is usually planted along boundaries and woodlots. In woodlot planting, a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m is recommended. Lopping, coppicing and pruning are advised for compatibility with crops. Economic value One hectare of S. siamea at a rotation age of 8 years can generate an income of Ksh. 185, 000 from charcoal. Uses The tree is used mainly for fuelwood. It is also used for charcoal, timber, ornamental, fodder and soil conservation. The species is poisonous to pigs. 18 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 7: Capability map for growing Senna siamea in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 19 3.2.5 Gmelina arborea Family: Verbenaceae Common names: Gmelina (English), Mwaborea (Swahili) Description Gmelina arborea is a deciduous exotic tree species that attains a height of 30 m with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of approximately 80 cm, with a clear bole of 6 to 9 m. The species bark is smooth, pale ashy-grey or grey to yellow with black patches and conspicuous corky circular lenticels. The leaves are heart-shaped on long stalks and with a pointed tip. The flowers are yellow and bell-shaped. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Gmelina grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1400 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 750 to 1800 mm. The tree does well in fertile, well-drained loam soils. In the Coast region a total area of 342,754 ha is classified as areas of high capability for the species (Table 10, Figure 8). Propagation methods Gmelina is mainly propagated through seed. It has 1,400 seeds/kg. Seeds are pre-treated by soaking in cold water for 24 hours and germinates 14-20 days after sowing. Fresh seeds give high germination percentage compared to those stored for long period of time. Management Gmelina pure stands are established at a spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m or with crops at a spacing of 8.0 x 8.0 m. Mature trees are harvested for timber after 20-25 years. Pruning is done by removing axillary buds to a height of at least 4 m. The tree coppices well after cutting and can be managed as a coppice tree. Economic value A mature tree harvested at the age of 20 years is estimated to give a total value of Ksh. 10,000 from timber and fuelwood combined which translates to about Kshs.1, 600, 000/hectare. Uses Gmelina is used mainly for timber. Other uses include; pulp, fodder, particle board, dye and bee forage. 20 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 8: Capability map for growing Gmelina arborea in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 21 3.2.6 Tamarindus indica Family: Fabaceae Common names: Tamarind (English), Mkwaju (Swahili) Description Tamarindus indica is a slow-growing large evergreen indigenous tree species growing up to 30 m tall. The bole grows up to 2 m diameter. Crown is dense, widely spreading and rounded. The bark is rough, fissured and greyish-brown. Leaves are alternate, compound, with 10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets. The fruits are sausagelike hairy pods cracking when mature. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Tamarind tolerates a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and occurs in low-altitude woodland, savannah, bushes and riverbanks. Tamarind grows at an altitude of 0 to 2000 m.a.s.l., mean annual rainfall of 500 - 1500 mm and temperatures of 9.5 to 370C. The species is a light demanding tree and thrive in well drained alluvial soils.The Coast region has 463,455 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 11, Figure 9). Propagation methods Tamarind is propagated through seed. There are 1,400 seeds per kg. Seeds are scarified or briefly immersed in boiled water to enhance germination. Management Tamarind can be established in a pure plantation at a spacing of 13.0 x 13.0 m. The tree can yield up to 150 kg of fruits per tree per year or about 2 MT/ha/year. Minimal care is required but in pure plantation intensive intercropping and pruning can be practised. Economic value Vegetatively propagated Tamarind start fruiting from the fourth year after planting and has a pod yield of 40 kg /tree giving a gross return of Ksh. 400/tree/year. When the tree reaches maximum bearing at 10 years, a yield of about 150 kg/tree could be harvested with gross return of Ksh. 1,500/tree/year. Uses Tamarind has many uses including; edible fruit pulp, timber, medicine, firewood, charcoal, floor tiles and shade. 22 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 9: Capability map for growing Tamarindus indica in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 23 3.2.7 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Family: Myrtaceae Common names: River red gum (English), Msanduku (Swahili) Description Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a height of 30 m. The species has a straight, long and clear bole. The bark is white to brown, thin and peeling in long strips. The leaves are grey-blue, long and drooping. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species grows well in deep silt or clay soil, it tolerates salinity, acidic soils, waterlogging and periodic flooding and drought. The tree grows well at an altitude of 0 to 1600 m.a.s.l, with average rainfall of 250 to 2500 mm per year. Due to concerns of its negative impacts on water sources and vegetation, care should be exercised in site selection to minimize the effects. The Coast region has 275,135 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 12, Figure 10). Propagation methods The tree is propagated through seed and cuttings. There are approximately 2,100,000 seeds/kg. Management Spacing varies with the intended end use. For production of poles, spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m is recommended while for fuelwood or pulpwood production, closer spacing of 2.0 x 2.0 m is used. Weeding is done until the tree is 12 months old. The species has good coppicing ability and can be expected to produce at least 3 coppice rotations after the initial seedling rotation. The tree is self-pruning but initial pruning may be necessary. Economic value First harvest from 1 ha at rotational age of 10 years can yield poles worth about Ksh. 214,500. Uses Eucalyptus camaldulensis is used mainly for fuelwood production and as poles. It is also used for timber and bee forage. 24 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 10: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 25 3.2.8 Melia volkensii Family: Meliaceae Common names: Melia (English), Mpenda bure/Kirumbutu (Taita), Mukau (Kamba) Description Melia volkensii is a deciduous, open crowned and laxly branched indigenous tree species. Mature trees grow to a height of 20 m. The bark is grey, fairly smooth and furrowing with age. The leaves are bright green, pinnate with sub opposite leaflets and are densely hairy when young. The fruits are drupelike and green and turning yellow when mature. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species prefers sandy clay and shallow stony soils with good drainage. The tree grows at an altitude of 3-1200 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 3001200 mm. Coast region has 864,282 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 13, Figure 11). Propagation methods The tree is propagated mainly through seed. It can also be propagated through wildlings, root and stem cuttings. An elaborate pre-treatment process is required for maximum germination of seed: 1. depulp collected fruits; 2. wash nuts and dry them under shade for a day; 3. extract seeds from the nuts using either nut cracker or sharp object; 4. carefully cut the sharp end of seed coat using razor blade; 5. soak seed in cold water for 24 hours; 6. slit the seed coat longitudinally; 7. sow seed under humid conditions. Under ideal conditions, the seed germinate within 15 to 35 days. Management Pruning involving removal of auxiliary buds is initiated soon after planting to reduce development of heavy lateral branching. When intercropped, canopy thinning may be necessary. A spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m is optimal but for drier areas, a wider spacing is recommended. Economic value A mature tree harvested at the age of 10 to 15 years is estimated to produce timber and fuelwood worth Ksh. Ksh. 4,860,000/ha with 625 mature trees at a spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m. Uses The tree has valuable timber, close grained and termite resistant. The timber is used for making furniture, window/door frames, rafters and poles. Other uses include; fodder, soil conservation and pesticide. 26 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 11: Capability map for growing Melia volkensii in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 27 3.2.9 Afzelia quanzensis Family: Fabaceae Common names: Mahogany bean (English), Mbambakofi (Swahili) Description Afzelia quanzensis is a deep-rooted, deciduous indigenous tree species growing to 35 m. The tree has a huge crown, grey-brown smooth bark and glossy leaves. New foliage is copper coloured and glossy, becoming dark green with age. Fruits are large, thick, hard, smooth, dark brown, flat, woody pod with 6-10 seeds. The seeds are hard, shiny, oblong, black beans, with a red or orange aril. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Afzelia is found mainly in the Coast region of Kenya. The tree grows in low lying woodland and tolerates drought. It is normally a dominant species when it occurs in areas with deep sandy soils. The tree grows best at an altitude of 0 to 300 m.a.s.l. and prefers light, medium, well-drained sandy soils. Coast region has 269,957 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 14, Figure 12). Propagation methods Afzelia is established through seed. Pre-treatment of the seeds is not necessary. However, removal of the aril and nicking any side of the seed may hasten germination. Seeds germinate easily and evenly within 11-28 days; the expected germination percentage of mature and healthy lots under ideal conditions is over 90%. On average there are about 250-480 seeds/kg. Management Afzelia is fast growing when young, with growth rate of about 50-60 cm/year. The species should be planted with other trees to encourage faster vertical growth. Economic value The tree is slow growing. The leaves are food for butterfly larvae, reared by coastal farmers for export and good fodder for wildlife. The tree is highly valued for timber for furniture and making doors, commonly known as Lamu doors. Uses The species produces hard wood timber which is durable and resistant to termites. Other uses include; medicine, fuelwood, poles, shade and ornamental. 28 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 12: Capability map for growing Afzelia quanzensis in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 29 3.2.10Moringa oleifera Family: Moringaceae Common names: Drumstick tree (English), Mzunze (Swahili) Description Moringa oleifera is a small to medium deciduous exotic tree species attaining a height of 12 m and a diameter of 60 cm. The trunk is often crooked and forked from near the base. Its bark is smooth and dark grey. Fruits are large and distinctive, up to 90 cm long and 12 mm wide. The fruit splits along each angle to expose rows of rounded blackish oily seeds, each with 3 papery wings. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species does well at an altitude of 0 to1000 m.a.s.l. and mean annual rainfall of 500 to 1300 mm. Moringa is well adapted to a wide range of soil types but does well in well-drained clay or clay loam soils. The species cannot withstand prolonged waterlogging. Moringa oleifera has naturalized in Kenya. In Coast region, 622,148 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 15, Figure 13). Propagation methods Moringa is easily established by seed and cuttings. No seed pre-treatment is required and seeds germinate readily within 1 to 2 weeks. On average there are about 4,200 seeds/kg. Management Moringa is a fast-growing tree and can attain a height of 2.5 m within the first 3 months. The recommended spacing for production of leaves as vegetables and powder is 1.0 x 1.0 m while a spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m is recommended for production of fruits, seeds and oil. The species coppices well after pruning or pollarding. Total weeding is necessary for high productivity. Economic value Moringa is used locally and exported. Key products are leaves, flowers and juvenile pods. One kg of leaf powder is worth Ksh. 1,600 in the local market. Uses Moringa is used as food, fodder, medicine, cooking oil and stimulant. It is also used in water purification and in industry for production of paints, lubricants and perfumes. 30 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 13: Capability map for growing Moringa oleifera in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 31 3.2.11Grevillea robusta Family: Proteaceae Common names: Silky oak (English), Mukima (Kikuyu) Description Grevillea robusta is a semi-deciduous exotic tree species attaining a height of 20 m or more with a straight trunk, angular branches and oval leafy crown. The bark is dark grey, rough and vertically grooved. The leaves are generally long, pale green on upper side and silver grey on the underside. The fruits are dark brown capsule about 1 cm, with a slender beak. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The tree grows well on neutral to acidic loam or light sandy soils but does not tolerate waterlogging or heavy clays. The species does well at an altitude of 200 to 2000 m.a.s.l. and a mean annual rainfall of 500 to 1700 mm. In Coast region, 18,648 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 16, Figure 14). Propagation methods Grevillea is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings. However, Grevillea seed is difficult to collect as it is easily dispersed by wind. No pretreatment of seed is required. There are averagely 83,000 seeds/kg. Management The tree is preferred for boundary planting at single or double line (s) spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m. Pollarding, lopping and pruning should be carried out repeatedly during early growth to yield straight bole and to regulate shading and competition with adjacent crops. Economic value It is estimated that one mature tree at rotation age of 15 to 20 years can produce timber and fuelwood worth Ksh. 25,000. Uses Grevillea is used for timber, plywood, paneling, fuelwood, charcoal, furniture and fencing. It is also used as bee forage, ornamental, shelterbelts, shade trees, mulch and for soil conservation. 32 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 14: Capability map for growing Grevillea robusta in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 33 3.2.12 Terminalia spinosa Family: Combretaceae Common names: Spiny desert tree (English), Mwangati (Swahili) Description Terminalia spinosa is a deciduous indigenous tree species that can attain a height of 20 m. The tree branches horizontally in plane. The bark is rough, gray and longitudinally fissured. The leaves are rounded at the apex, clustered on short shoots. Flowers are pinkish white and in clusters. The fruits are orange brown, oval and winged. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The tree grows best at an altitude of 10 to 1200 m.a.s.l. and an average annual rainfall of 700 to 1300 mm. It is drought tolerant and does well in sandy and clay alluvial soils and rocky areas. In Coast region, 431,082 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 17, Figure 15). Propagation methods The species is propagated through seed. Seeds germinate well when soaked in cold water for 12 hours. There are 14,000 seeds/kg. Management Trees are planted at a spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m giving 400 stems per hectare. Pruning is done to improve the bole as Terminalia trees develop heavy lateral branching. Where natural regeneration occurs thinning and pruning is recommended. Economic value Terminalia can be harvested for posts and timber at a rotational age of between 25 to 30 years and a stocking density of 400 trees per hectare. At maturity, each tree fetches an average income of Ksh. 15,000 translating to Ksh. 6,000,000 per hectare. Uses Terminalia wood is hard and termite resistant. It is widely used in house and boat construction, carving, posts and poles. Other uses include charcoal, fuelwood, bee forage, medicines, shade and ornamental. 34 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 15: Capability map for growing Terminalia spinosa in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 35 3.2.13 Eucalyptus Hybrids Family: Myrtaceae Common names: Eucalypt (English), Msanduku (Swahili) Description Eucalyptus hybrids and clones are crosses between two Eucalyptus species. The most popular hybrids are commonly known as GC’s after hybridization of the highlands Eucalyptus grandis and lowlands Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The GC’s like other Eucalyptus tree species are tall with straight clear bole and are self-pruning. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The GCs in Coast region do well at an altitude of 0 to 200 m.a.s.l. and average rainfall of 800 to 2200 mm per year. The trees do well in deep silt or clay loam soil and tolerate salinity, acidity and periodic flooding. The most suitable areas in the Coast for growing Eucalyptus hybrids include: Msambweni, Shimba hills, Kilifi, Mpeketoni and Witu. In Coast region, 784,058 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 18, Figure 16). Propagation methods The hybrids are propagated through cuttings collected from clonal hedges. Seeds from existing clones should not be used for establishing new plantations since this will reduce growth vigour and expose the trees to pest and diseases. Management Trees are planted at different spacing depending on the intended end uses. Young trees require protection from termites and weeds. There is need for species-site matching for optimum productivity. Economic value Although Eucalyptus clones in the Coast region are being grown for poles and posts, there is an emerging market for fuelwood and charcoal. At an age of 12 to 15 years, one hectare of GCs can yield 275 stacks of fuelwood resulting to Ksh. 330,000 (at a price of Ksh. 1,200 per stack). Uses The tree is used mainly for fuelwood and poles. It is also used for timber and bee forage. 36 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 16: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus GCs in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 37 3.2.14 Tectona grandis Family: Verbenaceae Common names: Teak (English), Msaji or Mtiki (Swahili) Description Tectona grandis is a large, deciduous exotic tree species reaching to 35 m in height in favourable conditions. The crown is open with many small branches. Bark is brown, distinctly fibrous with shallow longitudinal fissures. The leaves are large, 4-sided, shiny above and hairy below. Growth conditions for optimum and productivity Teak grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1200 m.a.s.l, mean annual rainfall of 600 to 4000 mm and mean annual temperature of 14 to 360C. Teak does well in deep, well-drained, fertile alluvialcoalluvial soil. In Coast region, 179,574 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 19, Figure 17). Propagation methods The tree is propagated mainly through seed and can also be propagated vegetatively through grafting and cuttings. Pretreatment of the seeds is necessary to enhance germination percentage by soaking the fruit for 48 hours in warm water before sowing. Each fruit may contain up to 4 seeds. There are 4,000 to 14,000 seeds per kg. Management Initial growth of the tree is fast. At age of 5 years, the tree can attain an average height of 13 m and DBH of 10 cm. After 15 to 20 years, growth rate slows down. Thinning is recommended at ages 5, 10, 18 and 28 years. Economic value Currently, Teak produces one of the most valuable timber. Average plantation yield is 60 to 100 m³/ha, including thinnings. Prices of timber from teak averages Ksh. 36,000 per cubic meter. Uses The tree is used mainly for timber production. Other uses include; fuelwood, charcoal, medicine, building poles, transmission poles and posts. 38 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 17: Capability map for growing Tectona grandis in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 39 3.2.15Milicia excelsa Family: Moraceae Common names: African teak (English), Mvule (Swahili) Description Milicia excelsa is a big, deciduous, indigenous tree species attaining a maximum height of 40 m. The tree has a straight clear bole up to 21 m and diameter of 2m, and has an umbrella crown. The species is dioecious with female trees having hanging branches while male trees have upright branches. The bark is thick, pale grey to brown when old, exudes slightly milky sap. The leaves are large and oval up to 18cm long and also exudes the milky sap. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species does well at an altitude of 0 to 1400 m.a.s.l. and a mean annual rainfall of 100 to 2200 mm in well drained relatively fertile soils. Milicia is also found in low lying areas with high water table and near water sources/rivers. In Coast region, 96,075 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 20, Figure 18). Propagation methods Milicia is propagated through seed, coppices and wildlings. There are about 475,000 seeds/kg; pre-sowing treatment for the seeds is not necessary. Management For on farm planting, it is recommended that the species be planted on boundary or scattered in the farmland. Young trees need protection from termites. Weeding is necessary at initial stages of establishment. Milicia in pure stands is prone to attack by gallfly pest (Phytolyma lata). Economic value The rotation age for Milicia grown under good management is 30 years with a standing tree of the same age estimated to be worth Ksh. 15,000. Its timber is highly valued and conversion of 30-year old tree into timber can fetch Ksh. 297,000 at farm gate. The timber is termite resistant. Uses The tree is grown mainly for timber. Locally, it is used for furniture making, boat building and general purpose building timber. Other uses include; medicine, shade, soil erosion control and ornamental. 40 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 18: Capability map for growing Milicia excelsa in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 41 3.2.16 Cupressus lusitanica Family: Cupressaceae Common names: Mexican cypress (English), Msumbeso (Taita) Description Cupressus lusitanica is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a height of 35 m with a straight trunk, generally conical but irregular in shape with branches that hang down. The bark is red-brown with vertical grooves, grey with age. Leaves are dull blue- green, scale -like with pointed tips and 2 to5 mm long. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Cupressus lusitanica grows best at an altitude of 1000 to 4000 m.a.s.l. with average rainfall of 1000 to 2500 mm per annum. It flourishes in deep, moist, well drained, fertile loam soil with neutral to slightly acidic pH. In Coast region, 16,552 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 21, Figure 19). Propagation methods The tree is propagated from seed and grafting. There are 215,000 seeds/kg and pre-sowing treatment is not necessary. Management Cypress is a fast growing tree. The recommended spacing is 3.0 x 3.0 m. Weeding is absolutely necessary during the first year for good establishment. Pruning is done in years 3, 6, 9 and 13 after establishment. Thinning is necessary. It produces poles after 10 years and general purpose timber after 20 years. The species is not good for inter-cropping. Economic value At rotation age of 20 years, a standing tree is estimated to be worth Ksh. 6,000. Conversion into timber would fetch Ksh. 30,000 at farm gate. Uses The main use of the tree is timber production. Other uses include; veneer, pulp and paper, poles, posts, fuelwood, wind breaks and live fence. 42 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 19: Capability map for growing Cupressus lusitanica in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 43 3.2.17 Dalbergia melanoxylon Family: Fabaceae Common names: African ebony (English), Mpingo (Swahili) Description Dalbergia melanoxylon is a much branched, spiny often multi-stemmed shrub or well branched indigenous tree species attaining a height of 7 m. Trunk diameter rarely exceeds 30 cm, often twisted. The grey white often spinytipped branchlets bear the leaves which cluster at the nodes. The bark is light grey and smooth when young, rougher and flaking with age. The leaves are compound on stalks to 20 cm, the flowers are small, white and sweet scented. The fruits are branches of grey papery pods with thin and flat to 7 cm long, pointed at both ends with 1 to 2 seeds. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Dalbergia melanoxylon grows well at an altitude of 0 to 1350 m.a.s.l. often found in deciduous woodland or bushlands, wooded grassland, in rocky sites or in black cotton soils. In the Coast region, 622,755 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 22, Figure 20). Propagation methods The species is propagated mainly through seed but can also be propagated through wildlings, cuttings and root suckers. There are about 42,000 seeds/kg. Management The species can be established in a plantation at a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. The tree coppices easily thus side pruning is essential to get a clear bole. Economic value The tree provides valuable hard wood which is durable and termite resistant. At 20 years of age, a D. melanoxylon tree can be converted into carvings worth Ksh. 9,000. Uses Dalbergia melanoxylon is used mainly for carving due to its purple-black heartwood and pale yellow sap wood. Other uses include; fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, poles, walking sticks, musical instruments, medicine, fodder, bee forage, mulch and nitrogen fixation. 44 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 20: Capability map for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 45 3.2.18 Albizia lebbeck Family: Fabaceae Common names: Woman’s tongue tree (English), Mkingu (Swahili) Description Albizia lebbeck is a multi-stemmed deciduous exotic tree species growing to a height of 20 m. The bark is rough, leaves bipinnate, leaflets 3 to 11 pairs initially bright green and folding at night. The fruits are shiny yellow brown pods in clusters decorating the tree for a long time. Growth condition for optimum productivity The tree grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1800 m.a.s.l. and an average annual rainfall of 600 to 2500 mm. It is drought tolerant and has been found in areas with rainfall as low as 300 to 400 mm/year. It prefers black cotton soils but can grow in a wide range of soils that are either acidic, alkaline or saline but not waterlogged soils. In Coast region, 520,480 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 23, Figure 21). Propagation methods The species it is propagated through seed and root suckers. Management It is fast growing on good sites. Lopping, pollarding and pruning are recommended. Economic value The main commercial product of the tree is fuelwood. A mature A. lebbeck may yield about two stacks (2m3) of fuelwood. It also provides timber, at the age of 25 to 30 years and can yield timber of 10 to 12 m3/ha. Uses The species is used for fuelwood, charcoal, timber, poles, fodder, bee forage, shade, ornamental, medicine, soil conservation and nitrogen fixation. 46 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 21: Capability map for growing Albizia lebbeck in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 47 3.2.19 Acacia polyacantha Family: Mimosoideae Common names: White thorn (English), Mgunga, Mkengewa (Swahili) Description Acacia polyacantha is a large, deciduous indigenous tree species growing up to 20 m high. The bark is yellow-brown, inclined to be thick or peeling in thick corky flakes and loose strips, giving the trunk a whitish appearance. Thorns are in pairs just below the nodes, sometimes absent from the branchlets. Fruit is straight, flat pod, brown and dehiscent tapering at both ends. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Acacia polyacantha grows well at an altitude of 0 to 1800 m.a.s.l. and average rainfall of 300 to 1000 mm/year. It prefers sites with a high groundwater table. It occasionally prospers on stony slopes and compact soils. It occurs in wooded grasslands, deciduous woodland and bushland, riverine and groundwater forests. In the Coast region, 193,962 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 24, Figure 22). Propagation methods The species is propagated through seed. Seeds should be pre-treated by soaking in hot water and left for 24 hours to cool or nicking of the seed coat to improve on germination. There are about 15, 000 seeds/kg. Management The tree can be established in a plantation at a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. at initial stages. For charcoal production, pruning may not be necessary. However, for timber and post production, thinning and pruning is recommended. Economic value Currently, the tree is being promoted for charcoal production at a rotation age of 15 years. One hectare managed for charcoal production can fetch gross income of about Ksh. 326,000. Uses The tree produces high quality charcoal. Its wood burns well and the smell of the tree is useful repellent against snakes and crocodiles. It is also good forage for bees. 48 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 22: Capability map for growing Acacia polyacantha in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 49 3.2.20 Brachyllaena huillensis Family: Asteraceae Common names: Silver oak (English), Muhuhu (Swahili) Description Brachyllaena huillensis is an evergreen dioecious indigenous tree species attaining a height of 15 to 30 m and a diameter of 60 cm. It has steeply ascending branches forming a narrow crown with grey-green foliage. The bark is grey-brown, peeling vertically and fibrous. Mature leaves are white hairy below and shiny above. The fruits are small winged urchins and seeds are tiny, hairy and falling to look like white fluff on the ground. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The tree grows well in well-developed red, volcanic clayey loam soil. The tree grows best at an altitude of 150 to 2000 m.a.s.l and average rainfall of 900 to 1200 mm per annum. In the Coast region, the tree is found in Arabuko Sokoke, Dzombo, Mrima forests and in lower dry highland forests. In the region, 79,322 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 25, Figure 23). Propagation methods The tree is propagated through seed and wildlings. There are approximately 850,000 seeds/kg. Management The species does well when grown with other trees but poorly in the open. The species is usually found growing in the wild but can be planted on-farm and plantations. Economic value The wood is termite resistant and highly valued for carving. The rotation age for Brachylaena is between 25 to 40 years. At the age of 25 years, the tree can produce carvings worth about Ksh. 35,000. Uses The species is highly valued for carving as it carves easily and polishes well with good finish. It is also used for fencing, musical instruments and firewood. 50 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 23: Capability map for growing Brachyllaena huillensis in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 51 3.2.21Eucalyptus urophylla Family: Myrtaceae Common names: Timor white gum (English), Mgamu (Swahili) Description Eucalyptus urophylla is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a height of 45 m. The species has a branchless straight bole up to 30 m and 2 m in diameter. The bark is variable depending on moisture and altitude, usually persistent and sub fibrous, smooth to shallow close longitudinal fissures, redbrown to brown; sometimes rough especially at base of trunk. The seeds are black and small. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The tree does well at an altitude of 3 to 3000 m.a.s.l and a mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1500 mm in deep, moist, well drained, acidic or neutral soils derived from volcanic or metamorphic rocks. In Coast region, 269,310 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 26, Figure 24). Propagation methods The tree is propagated mainly through seed and occasionally cuttings. No pre-sowing treatment for seeds is required. On average, there are 210,000 to 470,000 seeds/kg. Management Spacing varies with the intended end use. For pulpwood production, 3.0 x 2.0 m is commonly used while for fuelwood or poles, spacing may be closer. However, wider spacing is recommended for dry areas. Weeding is done until the tree is 6 months old. Eucalyptus urophylla has good coppicing ability and can produce at least 3 coppice rotations. The tree is self-pruning but initial pruning may be necessary. Economic value Eucalyptus urophylla in the Coast region is grown for production of poles and posts. However, there is an emerging market for fuelwood and charcoal. At rotation age of 12 to 15 years for poles production, it is estimated that one hectare of E. urophylla can yield 110 stacks of fuelwood worth Ksh. 330,000. Uses The tree is grown mainly for fuel wood and timber. The round wood is used for building poles, pulp wood and fencing posts. 52 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 24: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus urophylla in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 53 3.2.22 Landolphia kirkii Family: Apocynaceae Common names: Sand apricot-vine (English), Kitoria (Swahili) Description Landolphia kirkii is an evergreen indigenous climber with numerous strong tendrils formed by inflorescence branches. The stem is narrow, dark brown, with tendrils. The leaves are oblong to narrowly ovate, up to 9 cm long, glossy green above, midrib channeled, 10 to 12 pairs of lateral veins and net-veining slightly raised above. Flowers are white or pale pink, borne in axillary or terminal inflorescences and the fruits are round to 5 cm in diameter, green, turning reddish yellow when ripe. Growth conditions for optimum productivity It grows in Arabuko Sokoke forest at forest margins, in Brachystegia woodland and Coast bushland at an altitude of 0 to 1600 m.a.s.l on sandy soils. In Coast region, 254,671 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 27, Figure 25). Propagation methods The tree is propagated through seed, wildlings, cuttings and root suckers. Management It grows along forest edges where the tree canopy is open. Attempts to domesticate it have never been successful. Economic Value The main product is the fruits which are sold locally and in major coastal towns like Mombasa, Malindi and Kilifi when in season in March - April and November - December. Uses Mainly as edible fruit. Stem used as string, latex for rubber and medicine and leaves as vegetable. 54 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 25: Capability map for growing Landolphia kirkii in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 55 3.2.23 Pinus patula Family: Pinaceae Common names: Mexican weeping pine (English), Msindano (Swahili) Description Pinus patula is an evergreen, coniferous exotic tree species which grows to a height of 35 m with a DBH of 70 to 120 cm, with light green drooping foliage. The trunk is straight and cylindrical but sometimes forked, with a wide crown. Branches are more or less horizontal turning up at the tips. The bark is grey to dark brown, fairly smooth and papery. Leaves are long slender needle-like. Cones are green and turn to pale brown at maturity. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Pinus grows best at an altitude of 1500 to 3300 m.a.s.l. with an average annual rainfall of 1000 to 2200 mm. It does well on a wide range of soils, but prefers well drained, fertile loam soil of neutral to acidic pH. In Coast region, 14,067 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 28, Figure 26). Propagation methods Pine is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings. The seeds are sown and seedlings pricked into a soil media inoculated with mycorrhizae by adding some soil collected beneath mature pine trees. The species has about 143, 000 seeds/kg. Management Pines are planted at an espacement of 2.5 x 2.5 m and 3.0 x 3.0 m for pulp and timber production respectively. Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and thinning. Economic value For production of pulpwood at rotation age of 15-20 years, the total yield (including thinnings) under favourable conditions is about 630-700 m³/ha. Uses Pinus patula is an important source of timber and pulpwood. Other uses include fuelwood and reclamation of gullies. 56 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 26: Capability map for growing Pinus patula in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 57 3.2.24 Pinus caribaea Family: Pinaceae Common names: Caribbean pine (English), Msindano (Swahili) Description Pinus caribaea is an exotic tree species growing to a height of 30 m, with a DBH of 40 to 80 cm; its trunk is generally straight and well formed. Lower branches are large, horizontal and drooping; upper branches often ascending to form an open, rounded to pyramidal crown. Leaves are needle-like crowded and spreading at end of twigs. Growth conditions for optimum productivity Pinus caribaea grows best in frost-free areas with an altitude of 1 to 500 m.a.s.l., mean annual temperature of 22 to 370C and mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 3000 mm/year. It does well in sites that are fertile,with good subsoil drainage such as loam or sandy loam and with a pH of 5.0 to 5.5. In Coast region, 13,634 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 29, Figure 27). Propagation methods The species is propagated through seed. Seedlings are pricked into soil media inoculated with mycorrhizae. Management Trees are planted at espacements of 2.5 x 2.5 m, 3.0 x 3.0 m and 4.0 x 4.0 m for pulp, timber and resin production respectively. Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and thinning. The rotation age for timber is 20 to 30 years. Economic value The P. caribaea wood is moderately durable, but susceptible to marine borer and termite attacks. It is resistant to powder-post beetles and fungi. Uses Uses for P. caribaea include; pulpwood, fuelwood, timber, resin and medicine. 58 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 27: Capability map for growing Pinus caribaea in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 59 3.2.25 Araucaria cunninghamii Family: Araucariaceae Common names: Christmas tree (English), Mkirismasi (Swahili) Description Araucaria cunninghamii is an evergreen exotic tree species attaining a height of 36 m. The branches are widely spaced, upward growing bearing dense clusters of branchlets. The bark is shiny with a copper hue when young, and when old becoming rough, flaking, exposing shiny brown under bark with hoop-like rings made by horizontal cracking. The young leaves are triangular, sharply pointed 1-2 cm while mature leaves are softer, narrow and curved inwards; overlapping crowded along the branchlets all dark green. Growth conditions for optimum productivity The species grows best at an altitude at 0 to 1000 m.a.s.l., and on loam, clay- sand soil. In Coast region 11,573 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 30, Figure 28). Propagation method Araucaria cunninghamii is propagated through seed. Seed germination is poor. There are 2,400 to 4,000seeds/kg. Management Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and thinning. Economic value The tree is used at the Coast region of Kenya as a Christmas tree where a tree of 3 m high is worth Ksh. 3,000-5,000. Uses The tree uses include: ornamental and timber. 60 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Figure 28: Capability map for growing Araucaria cunninghamii in the Coast region of Kenya Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 61 4.0 Conclusions The Coast region is diverse in terms of soils, climate and altitude, the main factors determining the capability of land to support growing of trees. The maps show that the area with highest capability for most high value trees were those within the low lying coastal belt. These areas receive good amount of rainfall making tree establishment and growth possible. However, the low lying coastal belt is densely populated with crop farming activities being main economic activity and this limits available land for tree growing. Application of modern tree growing technologies including improved provenances and water harvesting and conservation technologies can push tree growing to areas of lower capability and even in areas of no capability. Therefore, expansion of tree farming in Coast region will depend on technological advancement especially in breeding for tolerance to extreme ecological and climatic conditions and improved tree water management practices. Site-species matching is also key to enhanced performance of trees and therefore, it is recommended that farmers should use this guide when undertaking tree investments. Expert consultations are necessary especially when introducing new species in new areas. 62 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya Bibliography Beentje, H. J. (1994). Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. BirdLife International (2005). BirdLife’s online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. 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A review paper on overview of wood carvings industry developments in Kenya. International Journal of Current Research. Vol. 4, Issue, 09, pp.086-091. Wekesa, L., Muturi, G., Mulatya, J., Esilaba, A.O., Keya, G.A. and Ihure, S. (2012). Economic viability of Melia volkensii (Gurkii) production on smallholdings in drylands of Kenya. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 2, 8, 364-369. Available online http://www. interesjournals.org/IRJAS. Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya 63 64 Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya