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CAPABILITY MAP FOR GROWING
HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES
IN THE COAST REGION OF KENYA
A Guide for Farmers, Forest Managers, Extension Agents and Investors
March 2016
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
i
© KEFRI, 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape or mechanical, including photocopying or recording,
on any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from Director
KEFRI or Director KMFRI, except for short extracts in fair dealing, critical scholarly review or
discourse with acknowledgement.
PREPARED BY
Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development,
Department of Physical Planning
PHOTOS BY
Francis Gachathi, Joseph Muthini, Joram Mbinga and Peter Mukirae
CONTRIBUTORS
Musingo T. E. Mbuvi1; Linus Wekesa1; Chemuku Wekesa1 ; Nereoh Leley1; Mogeni Ntabo2; Alfred
Eshitera2; Monica Karangi2; Lynnete Cheruiyot1; Paul Manyala2; Michael Okeyo1; Mohamed Sheikh1;
Kimani Kihara1; Mbae Muchiri1; Paul Ongugo1; Adan Kala3 and Bernard Owuor1
THE KEFRI EDITORIAL TEAM
Paul Tuwei, Josephine Wanjiku and Dorothy Ochieng
COVER CAPTION: Top: Casuarina equisetifolia woodlot in Msambweni
Bottom: Msitu Women Group tree nursery in Gede
PRINTED BY: Print Maxim. P.O. Box 6657-00300. Nairobi Tel: +254 722 830 924
1.
2.
3.
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Kenya Forestry Research Institute
Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development, Department of Physical Planning
Kenya Wildlife Service
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Acknowledgement
This capability mapping process was made possible by the support provided by the Government of
Kenya through financing by the World Bank. All those involved in expediting the process especially the
Director, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) and the Kenya Coastal Development
Project (KCDP) Management team are highly appreciated for their inputs. Equally, the Directors of
KEFRI and DPP who provided the expertise that made this document possible are acknowledged. All
the participating institutions staff and community members, who were involved in data collection and
information gathering are acknowledged.
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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Contents
Copyright......................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. v
List of Tables................................................................................................................................... vi
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................vii
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................viii
1.0
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
2.0
METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Data collection..................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Land capability modelling and mapping.............................................................................. 3
3.0 AREAS FOR GROWING PRIORITIZED HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES............. 8
3.1
Prioritized high value trees species...................................................................................... 8
3.2. Percentage land capable for growing prioritized trees in the Coast region......................... 9
3.3
Capability maps of high value trees....................................................................................11
3.3.1 Mangifera indica................................................................................................................ 12
3.2.2 Azadirachta indica............................................................................................................. 14
3.2.3 Casuarina equisetifolia...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Senna siamea..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.5 Gmelina arborea................................................................................................................ 20
3.2.6 Tamarindus indica.............................................................................................................. 22
3.2.7 Eucalyptus camaldulensis.................................................................................................. 24
3.2.8 Melia volkensii................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.9 Afzelia quanzensis.............................................................................................................. 28
3.2.10 Moringa oleifera................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.11 Grevillea robusta............................................................................................................... 32
3.2.12 Terminalia spinosa............................................................................................................. 34
3.2.13 Eucalyptus Hybrids............................................................................................................ 36
3.2.14 Tectona grandis.................................................................................................................. 38
3.2.15 Milicia excelsa................................................................................................................... 40
3.2.16 Cupressus lusitanica.......................................................................................................... 42
3.2.17 Dalbergia melanoxylon...................................................................................................... 44
3.2.18 Albizia lebbeck................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.19 Acacia polyacantha............................................................................................................ 48
3.2.20 Brachyllaena huillensis...................................................................................................... 50
3.2.21 Eucalyptus urophylla......................................................................................................... 52
3.2.22 Landolphia kirkii................................................................................................................ 54
3.2.23 Pinus patula....................................................................................................................... 56
3.2.24 Pinus caribaea................................................................................................................... 58
3.2.25 Araucaria cunninghamii.................................................................................................... 60
4.0 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 62
Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 63
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
List of Figures
Figure 1. Altitude, rainfall, soil depth and texture maps................................................................ 4
Figure 2. Land Capability model................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3. Location and key features of Coast region of Kenya....................................................11
Figure 4. Capability map for growing Mangifera indica............................................................. 13
Figure 5. Capability map for growing Azadirachta indica.......................................................... 15
Figure 6: Capability map for growing Casuarina equisetifolia................................................... 17
Figure 7: Capability map for growing Senna siamea.................................................................. 19
Figure 8: Capability map for growing Gmelina arborea............................................................. 21
Figure 9: Capability map for growing Tamarindus indica.......................................................... 23
Figure 10: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis............................................... 25
Figure 11: Capability map for growing Melia volkensii................................................................ 27
Figure 12: Capability map for growing Afzelia quanzensis........................................................... 29
Figure 13: Capability map for growing Moringa oleifera............................................................. 31
Figure 14: Capability map for growing Grevillea robusta............................................................ 33
Figure 15: Capability map for growing Terminalia spinosa.......................................................... 35
Figure 16: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus GCs............................................................... 37
Figure 17: Capability map for growing Tectona grandis............................................................... 39
Figure 18: Capability map for growing Milicia excelsa................................................................ 41
Figure 19: Capability map for growing Cupressus lusitanica....................................................... 43
Figure 20: Capability map for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon................................................... 45
Figure 21: Capability map for growing Albizia lebbeck................................................................ 47
Figure 22: Capability map for growing Acacia polyacantha......................................................... 49
Figure 23: Capability map for growing Brachyllaena huillensis................................................... 51
Figure 24: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus urophylla...................................................... 53
Figure 25: Capability map for growing Landolphia kirkii............................................................. 55
Figure 26: Capability map for growing Pinus patula.................................................................... 57
Figure 27: Capability map for growing Pinus caribaea................................................................ 59
Figure 28: Capability map for growing Araucaria cunninghamii................................................. 61
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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List of Tables
Table 1. Altitude and rainfall knowledge matrix for capability mapping of Casuarina
equisetifolia...................................................................................................................... 5
Table 2: Knowledge matrix for allocating soil characteristics for Casuarina equisetifolia.......... 6
Table 3: Land capability classes for Casuarina equisetifolia........................................................ 6
Table 4: Prioritized high value tree species................................................................................... 8
Table 5: Percentage capable land for growing each of the 25 tree species.................................. 10
Table 6: Capable area for growing Mangifera indica.................................................................. 12
Table 7: Capable area for growing Azadirachta indica............................................................... 14
Table 8: Capable area for growing Casuarina equisetifolia........................................................ 16
Table 9: Capable area for growing Senna siamea........................................................................ 18
Table 10: Capable area for growing Gmelina arborea.................................................................. 20
Table 11: Capable area for growing Tamarindus indica................................................................ 22
Table 12: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis.................................................... 24
Table 13: Capable area for growing Melia volkensii..................................................................... 26
Table 14: Capable area for growing Afzelia quanzensis................................................................ 28
Table 15: Capable area for growing Moringa oleifera.................................................................. 30
Table 16: Capable area for growing Grevillea robusta.................................................................. 32
Table 17: Capable area for growing Terminalia spinosa............................................................... 34
Table 18: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus GCs.................................................................... 36
Table 19: Capable area for growing Tectona grandis.................................................................... 38
Table 20: Capable area for growing Milicia excelsa..................................................................... 40
Table 21: Capable area for growing Cupressus lusitanica............................................................. 42
Table 22: Capable area for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon........................................................ 44
Table 23: Capable area for growing Albizia lebbeck..................................................................... 46
Table 24: Capable area for growing Acacia polyacantha.............................................................. 48
Table 25: Capable area for growing Brachyllaena huillensis........................................................ 50
Table 26: Capable area for growing Eucalyptus urophylla............................................................ 52
Table 27: Capable area for growing Landolphia kirkii.................................................................. 54
Table 28: Capable area for growing Pinus patula......................................................................... 56
Table 29: Capable area for growing Pinus caribaea..................................................................... 58
Table 30: Capable area for growing Araucaria cunninghamii...................................................... 60
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
ABBREVIATIONS
ASL
DBH
FAO
FDG
GEF
GIS
ICRAF
IDA
KCDP
KEFRI KMFRI
WRI
Above Sea Level
Diameter at Breast Height
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
Focus Group Discussion
Global Environmental Facility
Geographic Information System
International Centre for Research in Agro-Forestry (World Agro-forestry Centre)
International Development Association
Kenya Coastal Development Project
Kenya Forestry Research Institute
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
World Resource Institute
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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FOREWORD
The tree species capability map for the Coast Region is aimed at contributing to national development
goals of meeting the 10% forest cover, enhancing adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change
and attainment of self-sufficiency in wood supply as articulated in Vision 2030. The development of
the tree capability map falls within the mandate of Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and
Department of Physical Planning (DPP) who played a key role in coming up with this important
document through the support of Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP).
The Coast region is diverse in terms of soils, rainfall amount and patterns, and altitude, the main factors
determining the capability of land to support growing of trees. The tree capability mapping focused on
spatial aspects of the biophysical requirements for each targeted tree species independently. The aim
of developing the capability map was to provide a spatial framework for planning, use, and sustainable
management of the tree resources in the Coast Region. The map was specifically developed to zone
capable areas for growing targeted 25 high value commercial tree species in the Coast Region counties
of Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Mombasa, Taita Taveta and Tana River.
It is clear that the areas with highest capability for most high value commercial tree species is the low
lying coastal belt with most of the other parts being of either lower capability or not capable. This
capability map will guide application of modern tree growing technologies including water harvesting
and conservation technologies to expand tree growing to areas of lower capability and no capability.
The map also emphasizes on species-site matching for enhanced performance of the target trees.
This guide will assist county governments and other stakeholders in forestry to properly coordinate
investments in tree farming for economic development and environmental conservation.
Use of this guide will enhance environmental conservation and improve livelihoods of communities
in the Coast Region of Kenya and other areas with similar ecological conditions. I am optimistic that
wider dissemination of information contained in this guide shall enable local communities, county
governments, private investors and other stakeholders to direct tree farming to suitable areas for
maximum returns.
Prof. Judi Wakhungu, EGH
Cabinet Secretary
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES
AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
1.0INTRODUCTION
Forest cover in Kenya is estimated at 6.6 % and falls below the internationally recommended minimum
of 10%. The low forest cover has contributed to decline in environmental quality and reduction of tree
goods and services in the country. The impact of reduced forest cover is evident in the Coast region
which supports 17% of Kenyan population and accounts for about 62.5% of the country’s tourism
industry. The region provides finfish, shellfish, marine algae, mangrove timber, poles and fuelwood.
The region is the gateway for imports and exports to and from Eastern Africa. The region is also
important for Titanium mining, tourist attraction and has a potential for petroleum and gas deposits.
All these activities require support of trees and forests.
The Coast region of Kenya comprises of six counties; Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Mombasa, Taita-Taveta
and Tana-River which covers an area of about 79,968.1 km2 (7,968,610 ha). The approximate area
of land under forest in the Coast is 665,343.82 ha representing about 8.4% of the total land area. The
gazetted protected areas in the region include; national parks, game reserves, national monuments,
forest reserves, sacred forests, community forests and mangroves. The forests in the Coast region
include; mangroves, indigenous Coastal forests, inland dry woodlands and trees on farms. The mangrove
forests are; critical habitats for marine biodiversity, breeding grounds for turtles, and nurseries for fish.
The woody vegetation plays an important role of reducing soil erosion, source of construction poles,
timber, and fuelwood. The protected sites also act as habitats for wild animals.
Kenya’s Coastal forests have been subjected to significant degradation due to conversion of forest
land to agriculture, urbanization and extraction of resources. The degraded forests have led to
decline in environmental quality and reduction of tree goods and services in the region. To address
these challenges, the Government of Kenya received financing from the International Development
Association (IDA) and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) through the World Bank to implement
a developmental project known as Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). One of the key project
development objectives is to promote environmentally sustainable management of Kenya’s Coastal
and marine resources by strengthening the capacity of existing relevant government agencies and rural
micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in Kilifi, Kwale, Mombasa, Lamu, Taita Taveta and Tana
River Counties. The project is implemented by seven government institutions; Kenya Marine and
Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS), Coast Development Authority (CDA), State Department of Fisheries (SDF), National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and the Department of Physical Planning (DPP).
The project has four components: sustainable management of fisheries resources; sound management
of natural resources; support for alternative livelihoods; and capacity building, monitoring and
evaluation system, project management and communication. KEFRI spearheads tree promotion
activities including; establishment of high quality tree seed sources, rehabilitation of degraded sites,
establishment of commercial tree farms (woodlots of high value tree species), expanding production of
seedlings, identification, development and promotion of most viable natural resource-based products,
dissemination of forest based technologies, and capacity building of stakeholders including extension
agents and communities.
Generally, tree planting on farms in the region is not based on adequate information on potential
areas for growing. Further, the available information is presented in a manner that is challenging to
managers and farmers in making decisions on tree growing. This study was therefore undertaken to
generate information on land capability for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of
Kenya. This booklet provides user friendly information to guide tree planting in the region. The booklet
summarizes information on 25 high value tree species in the region and presents maps showing areas
with potential for their growing. This guide is recommended to forest managers, extension officers and
farmers involved in tree growing.
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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2.0METHODOLOGY
2.1 Data collection
The Coast region of Kenya was stratified into five zones based on soil, climate and altitude. The subregions were; Coastal low lying belt, the Kwale ecosystem, Nyika Plateau, Tana River Plains and Taita
Hills. Ranking of tree species in the zones was done using a criterion on a scale of 0 to 35 scores. The
ranking criteria comprised of eight weighted parameters depending on their importance in influencing
tree growing. The criteria were developed by experts (foresters, socio-economists, physical planners
and extension officers). Ranking was done in participatory sessions by experts, farmers and community
members with wide knowledge in tree growing taking into account gender and age. The parameter
description and maximum scores were as follows:
1. Popularity of the species among the local communities based on; the level of acceptance, its
presence on the farms and demand for seeds and seedlings. The parameter was scored using Likert
scale; very high (4), high (3), medium (2) and low (1). Thus a maximum score of four (4).
2. Major uses of the species were categorized into; timber, firewood, charcoal, posts, poles, carving,
food, medicine, fodder and other uses not listed. Each use was scored (1), maximum score of ten
(10).
3. Species propagation was categorized in relation to ease of propagation from seeds or cuttings,
accessibility and availability of planting materials to local communities. Accessibility was viewed
as the ability of farmers in terms of cost to acquire planting materials whenever needed whereas
availability refers to actual presence of planting materials within the region. Each was scored
between three (3) and one (1). In cases where planting materials were neither accessible nor
available a score of (0) was assigned, maximum score of six (6).
4. Availability of harvesting and utilization technologies for each species. The technologies refer to
availability of skills to harvest and utilize the tree. Each was scored between three (3) and one (1),
maximum score of six (6).
5. Local demand of the target tree products were scored as; high (3), medium (2) and low (1),
maximum score of three (3).
6. The species ecological range was categorized as; wide, medium and limited. Tree species spreading
across all eco-zones of the Coast region was scored as widespread (3). Similarly, those trees which
were localized in some eco-zones were scored either as medium (2) when coverage was wide or
limited (1) when coverage was narrow, maximum score of three (3).
7. The contribution of individual tree species to Vision 2030 in terms of: 10% forest cover, adaptive
measure to climate change and contribution to self-sufficiency in wood production. Tree species
with potential to provide core benefits by mitigating the impacts of climate change and generating
income were regarded as direct contributors to the policy orientation and were scored as either (1)
or (0) for none, maximum score of one (1).
8. Impact of target species on the general environment and water conservation. Positive impact
including enhancing soil fertility, rehabilitation of degraded sites and shelter belts was scored two
(2) and negative were scored (-2), maximum score of two (2).
Based on the ranking, the first 25 high value tree species were selected for land capability mapping.
Secondary spatial data for soil texture, soil depth, altitude and rainfall for each zone were used to
develop land capability maps. Ground truthing of the 25 tree species was undertaken in 101 model
farms randomly selected from among 600 farmers supported by KCDP. The breakdown of the farms
by county was; Kilifi 45, Lamu 35 and Kwale 21. Data collected from the farms included; tree growth
data, soil texture, soil depth and altitude.
The tree species were classified as either indigenous or exotic and its habitat recorded. Tree Diameter at
Breast Height (DBH), total height and crown (diameter and height) were measured. Other information
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
collected on each tree species included; uses, products and their marketing, propagation methods,
availability of planting materials and occurrence. The data were supplemented with information
collected from KEFRI trials and ecological studies. Ground truthing data and information were used
to validate the land capability maps.
Soil sampling was done using Z-approach method where samples were collected at four cardinal
points. The soil samples were then mixed in equal proportion to obtain a composite for the farm. At
the cardinal points, the samples were collected by a soil auger at three different depths of 0 to 20, 20
to 40 and 40 to 60 cm. The soil profile pits of 1m x 1m x 1m were dug at the center of the farm. The
profiling was done to ascertain soil depths as different species thrive at varying depth. The depth of
each soil horizon was measured and core samples collected from each layer for analysis of moisture
and bulk density. Mean annual rainfall and distribution data were obtained from meteorological stations
at Mtwapa, Msabaha, Matuga and Ngerenya in the study area which represent ecological zones of the
Coast. The altitude data were collected using Geographic Positioning System (GPS).
In addition, a total of 29 Focus Group Discussions (FDGs) were held with groups of 3 to 5 farmers
in each zone. Key informant interviews were held with KEFRI research scientists, forest managers,
agriculture extension officers and farmers with long term knowledge and experience on tree growing.
Farmers’ selection included consideration of gender and age. Discussion focused on perceptions,
opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards each of the selected 25 high value tree species.
Primary data on bio-physical and socio-economic survey together with existing secondary data were
used to develop knowledge tables for capability mapping of the 25 high value tree species.
2.2 Land capability modelling and mapping
Land Capability refers to the inherent ability of the land to remain productive under sustained use
without degradation. Thus, the model for determining land capability for growing trees was developed
from the primary parameters that influence tree growth. The parameters used were soil physical
properties (soil texture and depth), rainfall and altitude. Each parameter was presented spatially with
information sourced from existing spatial databases including; Kenya Environmental Sensitivity Atlas
(KENSEA, 2006), SOTIS, World Resources Institute (WRI), Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) and DIVA Geographic Information System (GIS). The generated spatial data were converted
to raster data format which was presented in uniform analysis zones (grids) each measuring 100 m by
100 m and used to generate land capability maps (Figure 1). The land capability was delineated into
four classes presented below:
1. High capability class where the combination of parameters presents optimal natural conditions
for the growing of the specific tree species.
2. Moderate capability class where the combination of parameters presents average natural
conditions for the growing of the specific tree species.
3. Low capability class where the combination of parameters presents bio-physical conditions
which in aggregate limit the sustained growing of the specific tree species.
4. Not capable class where the combination of parameters presents severe bio-physical limitations
which preclude any possibilities of successful sustained growing of the specific tree species
unless supplementary support like irrigation and creation of micro-catchments. In this zone
alternative land use can be advised.
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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Figure 1. Altitude, rainfall, soil depth and texture maps (Source: KENSEA, WRI, FAO and SOTIS)
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
The total area for each capability class was calculated using Marten (1982):
Where, yk represents the total area under each capability class
is the contribution (per Ha) to
objective k (allocation of optimal conditions) when land type is allocated to tree species . The
allocation objective is accomplished where constraint
exist. Land type is defined by its biophysical
and climatic factors/parameters. The constraint
refers to the conditions that are unfavourable for
optimum survival of a specified tree species.
The delineation of land capability classes was based on the relationship between various spatial
parameters in three phases. The first phase involved generation of a knowledge table for each species
through interactive discussion by experts to determine capability of land for growing of each of
the 25 tree species by combining altitude and rainfall spatial data to derive climatic conditions for
tree growing classes using a Likert scale of highly favourable, favourable and unfavourable. For
example, the combination of a grid 250 to 500 metres above sea level and rainfall of 800 to 1200 mm
is categorized as having favourable climatic conditions for growing of Casuarina equisetifolia (Table
1). The second phase involved application of soil texture and depth spatial data to generate knowledge
matrix depicting soil-physical conditions for tree growing on the scale of very good to poor (Table
2). The third phase was to overlay spatial soil physical and climatic conditions to generate a land
capability knowledge matrix (Table 3) and land capability map (Figure 2).
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Casuarina
Capabilty map
Soil Physical
Map
Climatic
Condition Map
Altitude Map
Rainfall Map
Soil
Depth
Soil
Depth
Map
Map
Soil Texture
Map
Figure 2: Land Capability model (Source: Department of Physical Planning)
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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3.0 AREAS FOR GROWING PRIORITIZED HIGH VALUE TREE SPECIES
3.1
Prioritized high value trees species
The prioritized 25 species consisted of nine indigenous and sixteen exotic tree species (Table 4).
The top five ranked tree species with highest scores were Mangifera indica (30), Azadirachta
indica (29), Casuarina equisetifolia (28), Senna siamea (27) and Gmelina arborea (24) (Table
4). The ranked tree species with lowest scores were; Eucalyptus urophylla (15), Landolphia kirkii
(15), Pinus patula (15), Pinus caribaea (15) and Araucaria cunnighamii (13). Mangifera indica
had the highest score since it is a fruit tree widely cultivated in the Coastal region as a source
of livelihood. The tree also provides timber and fuelwood among many other uses. Araucaria
cunnighamii was least scored because of its limited ecological distribution, poor seed and limited
use of seed at lower altitude.
8
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
3.2. Percentage land capable for growing prioritized trees in the Coast region
The percentage capable land per capability class for growing each of the 25 high value tree
species was computed as a proportion of the total land available excluding gazetted protected
areas. The gazetted protected areas include game reserves, national parks and gazetted forests.
However, areas of water masses, Kaya forests and towns were not eliminated. The total
percentage capable land for growing each tree species was computed by summing percentages
of high, moderate and low capability (Table 5). The species with the highest growth capability
in the Coast region included S. siamea (90), E. camaldulensis (76), T. indica (46), M. volkensii
(46) and Eucalyptus hybrids (44). The species with the least capability included; A. polyacantha
(8), A. cunnighamii (7), P. caribaea (3), P. patula (1) and C. lusitanica (0.3). The location and
key features including the protected areas of Coast region of Kenya are shown in Figure 3.
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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10
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 3: Location and key features of Coast region of Kenya
3.3
Capability maps of high value trees
This section presents information on growing of the ranked 25 high value tree species. The
information provided includes; species description, growing conditions for optimum productivity,
propagation methods, management, economic value and uses. Potential area for growing of target
tree species in the Coastal region is also presented. Specific sites for growing of each species are
shown in a capability map of the region.
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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3.3.1 Mangifera indica
Family: Anacardiaceae
Common names: Mango (English), Mwembe (Swahili)
Description
Mangifera indica is a large evergreen exotic tree
species growing to 20 m tall with a dark green,
umbrella-shaped crown. Trunk: stout, 90 cm in
diameter. Bark: dark brown, smoothish, forming
fissures with age. Branchlets: stout, pale green and
hairless.
Growing conditions for optimum productivity
The tree grows well in areas with an altitude of
0 to 1200 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), mean
annual temperature of 19 to 350C and mean annual
rainfall of 500 to 2500 mm. It grows well in deep
well-drained soils with pH of 5.5 to 7.5. The tree
can tolerate drought and survives occasional
flooding. It is grown in Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu,
Kwale and Mombasa counties. The Coastal region has 325,845 ha classified as area of high capability
(Table 6, Figure 4).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated through seed. Grafting and budding are used for production of high quality fruit
trees.
Management
Wide spacing of 12.0 x 12.0 m is used to allow for wider crown formation for enhanced fruit
productivity and intercropping. Topping of young mango trees when 1m tall is necessary for welldistributed branches for optimum productivity.
Economic value
A mango tree yields 200 to 1200 fruits annually depending on the variety and age. Mango fruits are
marketed locally or exported earning an average of Ksh. 2,000 to 12,000 per tree per year.
Uses
The tree is used mainly for fruit production but provides other services and products including soil
conservation, shade, charcoal, firewood, timber, carvings, furniture, herbal medicine and fodder.
12
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 4: Capability map for growing Mangifera indica in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
13
3.2.2 Azadirachta indica
Family: Meliacea
Common names: Neem (English), Mwarobaini or Mkilifi (Swahili)
Description
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a fast growing
medium sized exotic tree species, growing to a
height of 20 m. It has a dense leafy often rounded
canopy, evergreen except in driest areas. The bark is
grey-brown and grooved. The leaves are compound,
pinnate, with 5 to 8 pairs of leaflets which are
toothed along the edge. Flowers are small, fragrant
white and hanging in long graceful sprays. The tree
has naturalized in Kenya.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species is drought tolerant and does well in
poor soils. The roots grow deep and wide. The tree
does not withstand water logging. It grows well at
an altitude of 0 to 1500 m.a.s.l. and average annual
rainfall of 400 to 1200 mm. The species is common
in Kilifi, Malindi and Mombasa. The Coastal region
has 645,340 ha classified as area of high capability
(Table 7, Figure 5).
Propagation methods
Neem is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings. The average germination percentage of
mature and healthy seeds is 70 to 80%.
Management
Lopping, pollarding and pruning are recommended after the tree attain one year. It is usually planted
along boundaries and for shade in pasture fields. In plantation, a spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m gives good
results for timber production.
Economic value
The main commercial products are timber, herbal tea and oil extracted from the seeds.
Uses
Neem is highly valued at the Kenyan Coast for its medicinal properties. The species also provides
shade, timber, charcoal, fuelwood and is also used in the carving industry.
14
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 5: Capability map for growing Azadirachta indica in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
15
3.2.3 Casuarina equisetifolia
Family: Casuarinaceae
Common names: Whistling pine (English), Mvinje (Swahili)
Description
Casuarina equisetifolia is an evergreen exotic
tree species attaining a maximum height of 30 m
with ‘weeping’ foliage. The bark is grey-black and
cracks with age. The leaves are minute scales just
visible on the green branchlets. Fruits are woodycones occurring in clusters, young cones are green
while mature ones are prickly brown.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Casuarina does well at an altitude of 0 to 1100
m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 800 to 1500
mm. The tree grows best in well drained fertile
sandy soils and can tolerate saline conditions. The
tree is common along the Coast where it has been
naturalized with 371,982 ha classified as area of
high capability (Table 8, Figure 6).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated through seed. It is a prolific seeder with an average of 600,000 to 900,000 seeds
per kg. Pre-treatment of seeds is not necessary. The species can also be propagated through wildlings.
Management
Spacing of 2.0 x 2.0 m is recommended. Casuarina is a fast growing tree attaining an average height of
2.5-3.0 m annually. Pruning should be done in the first three years. The tree can be grown with crops
during the first two years before the canopy closes.
Economic value
Casuarina is the most widely grown tree by farmers in the Coast region. It can be harvested after 3 to
7 years depending on level of management. One hectare of Casuarina woodlot at a spacing of 2.0 x 2.0
m can earn on average Ksh.1, 850, 000 to 2,200,000.
Uses
Casuarina is used mainly for construction poles and is suitable for electricity transmission poles. It is
also used for fuelwood, charcoal, furniture and rehabilitation of degraded areas such as coral/limestone
mines and sand dune stabilization.
16
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 6: Capability map for growing Casuarina equisetifolia in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
17
3.2.4 Senna siamea
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: Cassia tree (English), Msonobari (Swahili), Mrabai (Mijikenda)
Description
Senna siamea is an evergreen exotic tree species
attaining a maximum height of 20 m with a smooth
pale-grey brown bark. Leaves are compound dark
and shiny green above. Pods are in dense clusters.
The species is naturalized in Kenya.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species is common at the Coast and can grow
at an altitude of up to 1800 m.a.s.l. and average
annual rainfall of 500 to 2800 mm. It prefers deep
well drained fertile soils and is intolerant to saline
conditions. It also prefers high water table but can
also tolerate drought. The tree does well in Mokowe,
Mpeketoni, Hindi, Garsen, Kilifi, Mombasa, Kwale,
Mazeras and Taru areas. The Coast region has
586,816 ha classified as area of high capability (Table
9, Figure 7).
Propagation methods
The species is mainly established through seed. The tree can also be propagated through wildlings and
coppices. Seed pre-treatment is recommended (pour hot water on the seeds, allow to cool then soak for
24 hours before sowing). However, fresh seeds require no pre-treatment.
Management
The species is usually planted along boundaries and woodlots. In woodlot planting, a spacing of 3.0
x 3.0 m is recommended. Lopping, coppicing and pruning are advised for compatibility with crops.
Economic value
One hectare of S. siamea at a rotation age of 8 years can generate an income of Ksh. 185, 000 from
charcoal.
Uses
The tree is used mainly for fuelwood. It is also used for charcoal, timber, ornamental, fodder and soil
conservation. The species is poisonous to pigs.
18
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 7: Capability map for growing Senna siamea in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
19
3.2.5 Gmelina arborea
Family: Verbenaceae
Common names: Gmelina (English), Mwaborea (Swahili)
Description
Gmelina arborea is a deciduous exotic tree species that
attains a height of 30 m with a Diameter at Breast Height
(DBH) of approximately 80 cm, with a clear bole of 6 to
9 m. The species bark is smooth, pale ashy-grey or grey to
yellow with black patches and conspicuous corky circular
lenticels. The leaves are heart-shaped on long stalks and
with a pointed tip. The flowers are yellow and bell-shaped.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Gmelina grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1400 m.a.s.l. and
average annual rainfall of 750 to 1800 mm. The tree does
well in fertile, well-drained loam soils. In the Coast region
a total area of 342,754 ha is classified as areas of high
capability for the species (Table 10, Figure 8).
Propagation methods
Gmelina is mainly propagated through seed. It has 1,400 seeds/kg. Seeds are pre-treated by soaking
in cold water for 24 hours and germinates 14-20 days after sowing. Fresh seeds give high germination
percentage compared to those stored for long period of time.
Management
Gmelina pure stands are established at a spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m or with crops at a spacing of 8.0 x 8.0
m. Mature trees are harvested for timber after 20-25 years. Pruning is done by removing axillary buds
to a height of at least 4 m. The tree coppices well after cutting and can be managed as a coppice tree.
Economic value
A mature tree harvested at the age of 20 years is estimated to give a total value of Ksh. 10,000 from
timber and fuelwood combined which translates to about Kshs.1, 600, 000/hectare.
Uses
Gmelina is used mainly for timber. Other uses include; pulp, fodder, particle board, dye and bee forage.
20
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 8: Capability map for growing Gmelina arborea in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
21
3.2.6 Tamarindus indica
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: Tamarind (English), Mkwaju (Swahili)
Description
Tamarindus indica is a slow-growing large evergreen
indigenous tree species growing up to 30 m tall. The
bole grows up to 2 m diameter. Crown is dense, widely
spreading and rounded. The bark is rough, fissured and
greyish-brown. Leaves are alternate, compound, with
10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets. The fruits are sausagelike hairy pods cracking when mature.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Tamarind tolerates a wide range of soil and climatic
conditions and occurs in low-altitude woodland,
savannah, bushes and riverbanks. Tamarind grows at
an altitude of 0 to 2000 m.a.s.l., mean annual rainfall
of 500 - 1500 mm and temperatures of 9.5 to 370C.
The species is a light demanding tree and thrive in well
drained alluvial soils.The Coast region has 463,455 ha
classified as area of high capability (Table 11, Figure
9).
Propagation methods
Tamarind is propagated through seed. There are 1,400 seeds per kg. Seeds are scarified or briefly
immersed in boiled water to enhance germination.
Management
Tamarind can be established in a pure plantation at a spacing of 13.0 x 13.0 m. The tree can yield up to
150 kg of fruits per tree per year or about 2 MT/ha/year. Minimal care is required but in pure plantation
intensive intercropping and pruning can be practised.
Economic value
Vegetatively propagated Tamarind start fruiting from the fourth year after planting and has a pod yield
of 40 kg /tree giving a gross return of Ksh. 400/tree/year. When the tree reaches maximum bearing
at 10 years, a yield of about 150 kg/tree could be harvested with gross return of Ksh. 1,500/tree/year.
Uses
Tamarind has many uses including; edible fruit pulp, timber, medicine, firewood, charcoal, floor tiles
and shade.
22
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 9: Capability map for growing Tamarindus indica in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
23
3.2.7 Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Family: Myrtaceae
Common names: River red gum (English), Msanduku (Swahili)
Description
Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an evergreen exotic tree species
attaining a height of 30 m. The species has a straight, long and
clear bole. The bark is white to brown, thin and peeling in long
strips. The leaves are grey-blue, long and drooping.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species grows well in deep silt or clay soil, it tolerates
salinity, acidic soils, waterlogging and periodic flooding and
drought. The tree grows well at an altitude of 0 to 1600 m.a.s.l,
with average rainfall of 250 to 2500 mm per year. Due to concerns
of its negative impacts on water sources and vegetation, care
should be exercised in site selection to minimize the effects. The
Coast region has 275,135 ha classified as area of high capability
(Table 12, Figure 10).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated through seed and cuttings. There are approximately 2,100,000 seeds/kg.
Management
Spacing varies with the intended end use. For production of poles, spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m is recommended
while for fuelwood or pulpwood production, closer spacing of 2.0 x 2.0 m is used. Weeding is done
until the tree is 12 months old. The species has good coppicing ability and can be expected to produce
at least 3 coppice rotations after the initial seedling rotation. The tree is self-pruning but initial pruning
may be necessary.
Economic value
First harvest from 1 ha at rotational age of 10 years can yield poles worth about Ksh. 214,500.
Uses
Eucalyptus camaldulensis is used mainly for fuelwood production and as poles. It is also used for
timber and bee forage.
24
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 10: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
25
3.2.8 Melia volkensii
Family: Meliaceae
Common names: Melia (English), Mpenda bure/Kirumbutu (Taita), Mukau (Kamba)
Description
Melia volkensii is a deciduous, open crowned and
laxly branched indigenous tree species. Mature trees
grow to a height of 20 m. The bark is grey, fairly
smooth and furrowing with age. The leaves are
bright green, pinnate with sub opposite leaflets and
are densely hairy when young. The fruits are drupelike and green and turning yellow when mature.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species prefers sandy clay and shallow stony soils
with good drainage. The tree grows at an altitude of
3-1200 m.a.s.l. and average annual rainfall of 3001200 mm. Coast region has 864,282 ha classified as
area of high capability (Table 13, Figure 11).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated mainly through seed. It can also be propagated through wildlings, root and
stem cuttings. An elaborate pre-treatment process is required for maximum germination of seed: 1. depulp collected fruits; 2. wash nuts and dry them under shade for a day; 3. extract seeds from the nuts
using either nut cracker or sharp object; 4. carefully cut the sharp end of seed coat using razor blade;
5. soak seed in cold water for 24 hours; 6. slit the seed coat longitudinally; 7. sow seed under humid
conditions. Under ideal conditions, the seed germinate within 15 to 35 days.
Management
Pruning involving removal of auxiliary buds is initiated soon after planting to reduce development of
heavy lateral branching. When intercropped, canopy thinning may be necessary. A spacing of 4.0 x 4.0
m is optimal but for drier areas, a wider spacing is recommended.
Economic value
A mature tree harvested at the age of 10 to 15 years is estimated to produce timber and fuelwood worth
Ksh. Ksh. 4,860,000/ha with 625 mature trees at a spacing of 4.0 x 4.0 m.
Uses
The tree has valuable timber, close grained and termite resistant. The timber is used for making furniture,
window/door frames, rafters and poles. Other uses include; fodder, soil conservation and pesticide.
26
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 11: Capability map for growing Melia volkensii in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
27
3.2.9 Afzelia quanzensis
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: Mahogany bean (English), Mbambakofi (Swahili)
Description
Afzelia quanzensis is a deep-rooted, deciduous
indigenous tree species growing to 35 m. The tree
has a huge crown, grey-brown smooth bark and
glossy leaves. New foliage is copper coloured and
glossy, becoming dark green with age. Fruits are
large, thick, hard, smooth, dark brown, flat, woody
pod with 6-10 seeds. The seeds are hard, shiny,
oblong, black beans, with a red or orange aril.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Afzelia is found mainly in the Coast region of Kenya. The tree grows in low lying woodland and
tolerates drought. It is normally a dominant species when it occurs in areas with deep sandy soils. The
tree grows best at an altitude of 0 to 300 m.a.s.l. and prefers light, medium, well-drained sandy soils.
Coast region has 269,957 ha classified as area of high capability (Table 14, Figure 12).
Propagation methods
Afzelia is established through seed. Pre-treatment of the seeds is not necessary. However, removal of the
aril and nicking any side of the seed may hasten germination. Seeds germinate easily and evenly within
11-28 days; the expected germination percentage of mature and healthy lots under ideal conditions is
over 90%. On average there are about 250-480 seeds/kg.
Management
Afzelia is fast growing when young, with growth rate of about 50-60 cm/year. The species should be
planted with other trees to encourage faster vertical growth.
Economic value
The tree is slow growing. The leaves are food for butterfly larvae, reared by coastal farmers for export
and good fodder for wildlife. The tree is highly valued for timber for furniture and making doors,
commonly known as Lamu doors.
Uses
The species produces hard wood timber which is durable and resistant to termites. Other uses include;
medicine, fuelwood, poles, shade and ornamental.
28
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 12: Capability map for growing Afzelia quanzensis in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
29
3.2.10Moringa oleifera
Family: Moringaceae
Common names: Drumstick tree (English), Mzunze (Swahili)
Description
Moringa oleifera is a small to medium deciduous exotic tree
species attaining a height of 12 m and a diameter of 60 cm. The
trunk is often crooked and forked from near the base. Its bark is
smooth and dark grey. Fruits are large and distinctive, up to 90
cm long and 12 mm wide. The fruit splits along each angle to
expose rows of rounded blackish oily seeds, each with 3 papery
wings.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species does well at an altitude of 0 to1000 m.a.s.l. and mean
annual rainfall of 500 to 1300 mm. Moringa is well adapted to
a wide range of soil types but does well in well-drained clay
or clay loam soils. The species cannot withstand prolonged
waterlogging. Moringa oleifera has naturalized in Kenya. In
Coast region, 622,148 ha is classified as area of high capability
(Table 15, Figure 13).
Propagation methods
Moringa is easily established by seed and cuttings. No seed pre-treatment is required and seeds
germinate readily within 1 to 2 weeks. On average there are about 4,200 seeds/kg.
Management
Moringa is a fast-growing tree and can attain a height of 2.5 m within the first 3 months. The
recommended spacing for production of leaves as vegetables and powder is 1.0 x 1.0 m while a spacing
of 4.0 x 4.0 m is recommended for production of fruits, seeds and oil. The species coppices well after
pruning or pollarding. Total weeding is necessary for high productivity.
Economic value
Moringa is used locally and exported. Key products are leaves, flowers and juvenile pods. One kg of
leaf powder is worth Ksh. 1,600 in the local market.
Uses
Moringa is used as food, fodder, medicine, cooking oil and stimulant. It is also used in water purification
and in industry for production of paints, lubricants and perfumes.
30
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 13: Capability map for growing Moringa oleifera in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
31
3.2.11Grevillea robusta
Family: Proteaceae
Common names: Silky oak (English), Mukima (Kikuyu)
Description
Grevillea robusta is a semi-deciduous exotic tree species
attaining a height of 20 m or more with a straight trunk,
angular branches and oval leafy crown. The bark is dark grey,
rough and vertically grooved. The leaves are generally long,
pale green on upper side and silver grey on the underside. The
fruits are dark brown capsule about 1 cm, with a slender beak.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The tree grows well on neutral to acidic loam or light sandy
soils but does not tolerate waterlogging or heavy clays. The
species does well at an altitude of 200 to 2000 m.a.s.l. and
a mean annual rainfall of 500 to 1700 mm. In Coast region,
18,648 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 16,
Figure 14).
Propagation methods
Grevillea is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings.
However, Grevillea seed is difficult to collect as it is easily
dispersed by wind. No pretreatment of seed is required. There
are averagely 83,000 seeds/kg.
Management
The tree is preferred for boundary planting at single or double line (s) spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m. Pollarding,
lopping and pruning should be carried out repeatedly during early growth to yield straight bole and to
regulate shading and competition with adjacent crops.
Economic value
It is estimated that one mature tree at rotation age of 15 to 20 years can produce timber and fuelwood
worth Ksh. 25,000.
Uses
Grevillea is used for timber, plywood, paneling, fuelwood, charcoal, furniture and fencing. It is also
used as bee forage, ornamental, shelterbelts, shade trees, mulch and for soil conservation.
32
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 14: Capability map for growing Grevillea robusta in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
33
3.2.12 Terminalia spinosa
Family: Combretaceae
Common names: Spiny desert tree (English), Mwangati (Swahili) Description
Terminalia spinosa is a deciduous indigenous tree
species that can attain a height of 20 m. The tree
branches horizontally in plane. The bark is rough, gray
and longitudinally fissured. The leaves are rounded at
the apex, clustered on short shoots. Flowers are pinkish
white and in clusters. The fruits are orange brown, oval
and winged.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The tree grows best at an altitude of 10 to 1200 m.a.s.l.
and an average annual rainfall of 700 to 1300 mm. It
is drought tolerant and does well in sandy and clay
alluvial soils and rocky areas. In Coast region, 431,082
ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 17,
Figure 15).
Propagation methods
The species is propagated through seed. Seeds
germinate well when soaked in cold water for 12 hours.
There are 14,000 seeds/kg.
Management
Trees are planted at a spacing of 5.0 x 5.0 m giving 400 stems per hectare. Pruning is done to improve
the bole as Terminalia trees develop heavy lateral branching. Where natural regeneration occurs
thinning and pruning is recommended.
Economic value
Terminalia can be harvested for posts and timber at a rotational age of between 25 to 30 years and a
stocking density of 400 trees per hectare. At maturity, each tree fetches an average income of Ksh.
15,000 translating to Ksh. 6,000,000 per hectare.
Uses
Terminalia wood is hard and termite resistant. It is widely used in house and boat construction, carving,
posts and poles. Other uses include charcoal, fuelwood, bee forage, medicines, shade and ornamental.
34
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 15: Capability map for growing Terminalia spinosa in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
35
3.2.13 Eucalyptus Hybrids
Family: Myrtaceae
Common names: Eucalypt (English), Msanduku (Swahili)
Description
Eucalyptus hybrids and clones are crosses between
two Eucalyptus species. The most popular hybrids are
commonly known as GC’s after hybridization of the
highlands Eucalyptus grandis and lowlands Eucalyptus
camaldulensis. The GC’s like other Eucalyptus tree species
are tall with straight clear bole and are self-pruning.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The GCs in Coast region do well at an altitude of 0 to
200 m.a.s.l. and average rainfall of 800 to 2200 mm per
year. The trees do well in deep silt or clay loam soil and
tolerate salinity, acidity and periodic flooding. The most
suitable areas in the Coast for growing Eucalyptus hybrids
include: Msambweni, Shimba hills, Kilifi, Mpeketoni and
Witu. In Coast region, 784,058 ha is classified as area of
high capability (Table 18, Figure 16).
Propagation methods
The hybrids are propagated through cuttings collected from clonal hedges. Seeds from existing clones
should not be used for establishing new plantations since this will reduce growth vigour and expose
the trees to pest and diseases.
Management
Trees are planted at different spacing depending on the intended end uses. Young trees require protection
from termites and weeds. There is need for species-site matching for optimum productivity.
Economic value
Although Eucalyptus clones in the Coast region are being grown for poles and posts, there is an
emerging market for fuelwood and charcoal. At an age of 12 to 15 years, one hectare of GCs can yield
275 stacks of fuelwood resulting to Ksh. 330,000 (at a price of Ksh. 1,200 per stack).
Uses
The tree is used mainly for fuelwood and poles. It is also used for timber and bee forage.
36
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 16: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus GCs in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
37
3.2.14 Tectona grandis
Family: Verbenaceae
Common names: Teak (English), Msaji or Mtiki (Swahili)
Description
Tectona grandis is a large, deciduous exotic tree species
reaching to 35 m in height in favourable conditions. The
crown is open with many small branches. Bark is brown,
distinctly fibrous with shallow longitudinal fissures. The
leaves are large, 4-sided, shiny above and hairy below.
Growth conditions for optimum and productivity
Teak grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1200 m.a.s.l, mean annual
rainfall of 600 to 4000 mm and mean annual temperature of 14
to 360C. Teak does well in deep, well-drained, fertile alluvialcoalluvial soil. In Coast region, 179,574 ha is classified as
area of high capability (Table 19, Figure 17).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated mainly through seed and can also be
propagated vegetatively through grafting and cuttings. Pretreatment of the seeds is necessary to enhance germination
percentage by soaking the fruit for 48 hours in warm water
before sowing. Each fruit may contain up to 4 seeds. There
are 4,000 to 14,000 seeds per kg.
Management
Initial growth of the tree is fast. At age of 5 years, the tree can attain an average height of 13 m and
DBH of 10 cm. After 15 to 20 years, growth rate slows down. Thinning is recommended at ages 5, 10,
18 and 28 years.
Economic value
Currently, Teak produces one of the most valuable timber. Average plantation yield is 60 to 100 m³/ha,
including thinnings. Prices of timber from teak averages Ksh. 36,000 per cubic meter.
Uses
The tree is used mainly for timber production. Other uses include; fuelwood, charcoal, medicine,
building poles, transmission poles and posts.
38
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 17: Capability map for growing Tectona grandis in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
39
3.2.15Milicia excelsa
Family: Moraceae
Common names: African teak (English), Mvule (Swahili)
Description
Milicia excelsa is a big, deciduous, indigenous tree species
attaining a maximum height of 40 m. The tree has a straight
clear bole up to 21 m and diameter of 2m, and has an umbrella
crown. The species is dioecious with female trees having
hanging branches while male trees have upright branches. The
bark is thick, pale grey to brown when old, exudes slightly
milky sap. The leaves are large and oval up to 18cm long and
also exudes the milky sap.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species does well at an altitude of 0 to 1400 m.a.s.l. and
a mean annual rainfall of 100 to 2200 mm in well drained
relatively fertile soils. Milicia is also found in low lying areas
with high water table and near water sources/rivers. In Coast
region, 96,075 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table
20, Figure 18).
Propagation methods
Milicia is propagated through seed, coppices and wildlings.
There are about 475,000 seeds/kg; pre-sowing treatment for
the seeds is not necessary.
Management
For on farm planting, it is recommended that the species be planted on boundary or scattered in
the farmland. Young trees need protection from termites. Weeding is necessary at initial stages of
establishment. Milicia in pure stands is prone to attack by gallfly pest (Phytolyma lata).
Economic value
The rotation age for Milicia grown under good management is 30 years with a standing tree of the
same age estimated to be worth Ksh. 15,000. Its timber is highly valued and conversion of 30-year old
tree into timber can fetch Ksh. 297,000 at farm gate. The timber is termite resistant.
Uses
The tree is grown mainly for timber. Locally, it is used for furniture making, boat building and general
purpose building timber. Other uses include; medicine, shade, soil erosion control and ornamental.
40
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 18: Capability map for growing Milicia excelsa in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
41
3.2.16 Cupressus lusitanica
Family: Cupressaceae
Common names: Mexican cypress (English), Msumbeso (Taita)
Description
Cupressus lusitanica is an evergreen exotic
tree species attaining a height of 35 m with a
straight trunk, generally conical but irregular
in shape with branches that hang down. The
bark is red-brown with vertical grooves, grey
with age. Leaves are dull blue- green, scale
-like with pointed tips and 2 to5 mm long.
Growth
conditions
for
optimum
productivity
Cupressus lusitanica grows best at an altitude
of 1000 to 4000 m.a.s.l. with average rainfall
of 1000 to 2500 mm per annum. It flourishes
in deep, moist, well drained, fertile loam soil
with neutral to slightly acidic pH. In Coast
region, 16,552 ha is classified as area of high
capability (Table 21, Figure 19).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated from seed and grafting. There are 215,000 seeds/kg and pre-sowing treatment
is not necessary.
Management
Cypress is a fast growing tree. The recommended spacing is 3.0 x 3.0 m. Weeding is absolutely
necessary during the first year for good establishment. Pruning is done in years 3, 6, 9 and 13 after
establishment. Thinning is necessary. It produces poles after 10 years and general purpose timber after
20 years. The species is not good for inter-cropping.
Economic value
At rotation age of 20 years, a standing tree is estimated to be worth Ksh. 6,000. Conversion into timber
would fetch Ksh. 30,000 at farm gate.
Uses
The main use of the tree is timber production. Other uses include; veneer, pulp and paper, poles, posts,
fuelwood, wind breaks and live fence.
42
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 19: Capability map for growing Cupressus lusitanica in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
43
3.2.17 Dalbergia melanoxylon
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: African ebony (English), Mpingo (Swahili)
Description
Dalbergia melanoxylon is a much branched,
spiny often multi-stemmed shrub or well
branched indigenous tree species attaining a
height of 7 m. Trunk diameter rarely exceeds 30
cm, often twisted. The grey white often spinytipped branchlets bear the leaves which cluster
at the nodes. The bark is light grey and smooth
when young, rougher and flaking with age. The
leaves are compound on stalks to 20 cm, the
flowers are small, white and sweet scented. The
fruits are branches of grey papery pods with thin
and flat to 7 cm long, pointed at both ends with
1 to 2 seeds.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Dalbergia melanoxylon grows well at an altitude
of 0 to 1350 m.a.s.l. often found in deciduous
woodland or bushlands, wooded grassland, in rocky sites or in black cotton soils. In the Coast region,
622,755 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 22, Figure 20).
Propagation methods
The species is propagated mainly through seed but can also be propagated through wildlings, cuttings
and root suckers. There are about 42,000 seeds/kg.
Management
The species can be established in a plantation at a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. The tree coppices easily thus
side pruning is essential to get a clear bole.
Economic value
The tree provides valuable hard wood which is durable and termite resistant. At 20 years of age, a
D. melanoxylon tree can be converted into carvings worth Ksh. 9,000.
Uses
Dalbergia melanoxylon is used mainly for carving due to its purple-black heartwood and pale yellow
sap wood. Other uses include; fuelwood, charcoal, timber, furniture, poles, walking sticks, musical
instruments, medicine, fodder, bee forage, mulch and nitrogen fixation.
44
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 20: Capability map for growing Dalbergia melanoxylon in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
45
3.2.18 Albizia lebbeck
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: Woman’s tongue tree (English), Mkingu (Swahili)
Description
Albizia lebbeck is a multi-stemmed deciduous exotic
tree species growing to a height of 20 m. The bark is
rough, leaves bipinnate, leaflets 3 to 11 pairs initially
bright green and folding at night. The fruits are shiny
yellow brown pods in clusters decorating the tree for
a long time.
Growth condition for optimum productivity
The tree grows best at an altitude of 0 to 1800 m.a.s.l.
and an average annual rainfall of 600 to 2500 mm.
It is drought tolerant and has been found in areas
with rainfall as low as 300 to 400 mm/year. It prefers
black cotton soils but can grow in a wide range of
soils that are either acidic, alkaline or saline but not
waterlogged soils. In Coast region, 520,480 ha is
classified as area of high capability (Table 23, Figure
21).
Propagation methods
The species it is propagated through seed and root
suckers.
Management
It is fast growing on good sites. Lopping, pollarding and pruning are recommended.
Economic value
The main commercial product of the tree is fuelwood. A mature A. lebbeck may yield about two stacks
(2m3) of fuelwood. It also provides timber, at the age of 25 to 30 years and can yield timber of 10 to
12 m3/ha.
Uses
The species is used for fuelwood, charcoal, timber, poles, fodder, bee forage, shade, ornamental,
medicine, soil conservation and nitrogen fixation.
46
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 21: Capability map for growing Albizia lebbeck in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
47
3.2.19 Acacia polyacantha
Family: Mimosoideae
Common names: White thorn (English), Mgunga, Mkengewa (Swahili)
Description
Acacia polyacantha is a large, deciduous
indigenous tree species growing up to 20 m
high. The bark is yellow-brown, inclined
to be thick or peeling in thick corky flakes
and loose strips, giving the trunk a whitish
appearance. Thorns are in pairs just below the
nodes, sometimes absent from the branchlets.
Fruit is straight, flat pod, brown and dehiscent
tapering at both ends.
Growth
conditions
for
optimum
productivity
Acacia polyacantha grows well at an altitude
of 0 to 1800 m.a.s.l. and average rainfall of
300 to 1000 mm/year. It prefers sites with
a high groundwater table. It occasionally prospers on stony slopes and compact soils. It occurs in
wooded grasslands, deciduous woodland and bushland, riverine and groundwater forests. In the Coast
region, 193,962 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 24, Figure 22).
Propagation methods
The species is propagated through seed. Seeds should be pre-treated by soaking in hot water and left
for 24 hours to cool or nicking of the seed coat to improve on germination. There are about 15, 000
seeds/kg.
Management
The tree can be established in a plantation at a spacing of 3.0 x 3.0 m. at initial stages. For charcoal
production, pruning may not be necessary. However, for timber and post production, thinning and
pruning is recommended.
Economic value
Currently, the tree is being promoted for charcoal production at a rotation age of 15 years. One hectare
managed for charcoal production can fetch gross income of about Ksh. 326,000.
Uses
The tree produces high quality charcoal. Its wood burns well and the smell of the tree is useful
repellent against snakes and crocodiles. It is also good forage for bees.
48
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 22: Capability map for growing Acacia polyacantha in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
49
3.2.20 Brachyllaena huillensis
Family: Asteraceae
Common names: Silver oak (English), Muhuhu (Swahili)
Description
Brachyllaena huillensis is an evergreen dioecious
indigenous tree species attaining a height of 15 to 30 m
and a diameter of 60 cm. It has steeply ascending branches
forming a narrow crown with grey-green foliage. The bark
is grey-brown, peeling vertically and fibrous. Mature leaves
are white hairy below and shiny above. The fruits are small
winged urchins and seeds are tiny, hairy and falling to look
like white fluff on the ground.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The tree grows well in well-developed red, volcanic clayey
loam soil. The tree grows best at an altitude of 150 to 2000
m.a.s.l and average rainfall of 900 to 1200 mm per annum.
In the Coast region, the tree is found in Arabuko Sokoke,
Dzombo, Mrima forests and in lower dry highland forests. In
the region, 79,322 ha is classified as area of high capability
(Table 25, Figure 23).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated through seed and wildlings. There are
approximately 850,000 seeds/kg.
Management
The species does well when grown with other trees but poorly in the open. The species is usually found
growing in the wild but can be planted on-farm and plantations.
Economic value
The wood is termite resistant and highly valued for carving. The rotation age for Brachylaena is
between 25 to 40 years. At the age of 25 years, the tree can produce carvings worth about Ksh. 35,000.
Uses
The species is highly valued for carving as it carves easily and polishes well with good finish. It is also
used for fencing, musical instruments and firewood.
50
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 23: Capability map for growing Brachyllaena huillensis in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
51
3.2.21Eucalyptus urophylla
Family: Myrtaceae
Common names: Timor white gum (English), Mgamu (Swahili)
Description
Eucalyptus urophylla is an evergreen exotic tree
species attaining a height of 45 m. The species has
a branchless straight bole up to 30 m and 2 m in
diameter. The bark is variable depending on moisture
and altitude, usually persistent and sub fibrous,
smooth to shallow close longitudinal fissures, redbrown to brown; sometimes rough especially at base
of trunk. The seeds are black and small.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The tree does well at an altitude of 3 to 3000 m.a.s.l
and a mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 1500 mm in
deep, moist, well drained, acidic or neutral soils
derived from volcanic or metamorphic rocks. In
Coast region, 269,310 ha is classified as area of high
capability (Table 26, Figure 24).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated mainly through seed and
occasionally cuttings. No pre-sowing treatment for
seeds is required. On average, there are 210,000 to 470,000 seeds/kg.
Management
Spacing varies with the intended end use. For pulpwood production, 3.0 x 2.0 m is commonly used
while for fuelwood or poles, spacing may be closer. However, wider spacing is recommended for
dry areas. Weeding is done until the tree is 6 months old. Eucalyptus urophylla has good coppicing
ability and can produce at least 3 coppice rotations. The tree is self-pruning but initial pruning may be
necessary.
Economic value
Eucalyptus urophylla in the Coast region is grown for production of poles and posts. However, there is
an emerging market for fuelwood and charcoal. At rotation age of 12 to 15 years for poles production,
it is estimated that one hectare of E. urophylla can yield 110 stacks of fuelwood worth Ksh. 330,000.
Uses
The tree is grown mainly for fuel wood and timber. The round wood is used for building poles, pulp
wood and fencing posts.
52
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 24: Capability map for growing Eucalyptus urophylla in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
53
3.2.22 Landolphia kirkii
Family: Apocynaceae
Common names: Sand apricot-vine (English), Kitoria (Swahili)
Description
Landolphia kirkii is an evergreen indigenous
climber with numerous strong tendrils formed
by inflorescence branches. The stem is narrow,
dark brown, with tendrils. The leaves are oblong
to narrowly ovate, up to 9 cm long, glossy green
above, midrib channeled, 10 to 12 pairs of lateral
veins and net-veining slightly raised above.
Flowers are white or pale pink, borne in axillary
or terminal inflorescences and the fruits are round
to 5 cm in diameter, green, turning reddish yellow
when ripe.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
It grows in Arabuko Sokoke forest at forest
margins, in Brachystegia woodland and Coast
bushland at an altitude of 0 to 1600 m.a.s.l on sandy
soils. In Coast region, 254,671 ha is classified as
area of high capability (Table 27, Figure 25).
Propagation methods
The tree is propagated through seed, wildlings, cuttings and root suckers.
Management
It grows along forest edges where the tree canopy is open. Attempts to domesticate it have never been
successful.
Economic Value
The main product is the fruits which are sold locally and in major coastal towns like Mombasa, Malindi
and Kilifi when in season in March - April and November - December.
Uses
Mainly as edible fruit. Stem used as string, latex for rubber and medicine and leaves as vegetable.
54
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 25: Capability map for growing Landolphia kirkii in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
55
3.2.23 Pinus patula
Family: Pinaceae
Common names: Mexican weeping pine (English), Msindano (Swahili)
Description
Pinus patula is an evergreen, coniferous
exotic tree species which grows to a height
of 35 m with a DBH of 70 to 120 cm, with
light green drooping foliage. The trunk
is straight and cylindrical but sometimes
forked, with a wide crown. Branches are
more or less horizontal turning up at the
tips. The bark is grey to dark brown, fairly
smooth and papery. Leaves are long slender
needle-like. Cones are green and turn to pale
brown at maturity.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Pinus grows best at an altitude of 1500 to 3300 m.a.s.l. with an average annual rainfall of 1000 to 2200
mm.
It does well on a wide range of soils, but prefers well drained, fertile loam soil of neutral to acidic pH.
In Coast region, 14,067 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 28, Figure 26).
Propagation methods
Pine is propagated through seed, wildlings and cuttings. The seeds are sown and seedlings pricked into
a soil media inoculated with mycorrhizae by adding some soil collected beneath mature pine trees. The
species has about 143, 000 seeds/kg.
Management
Pines are planted at an espacement of 2.5 x 2.5 m and 3.0 x 3.0 m for pulp and timber production
respectively. Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and thinning.
Economic value
For production of pulpwood at rotation age of 15-20 years, the total yield (including thinnings) under
favourable conditions is about 630-700 m³/ha.
Uses
Pinus patula is an important source of timber and pulpwood. Other uses include fuelwood and
reclamation of gullies.
56
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 26: Capability map for growing Pinus patula in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
57
3.2.24 Pinus caribaea
Family: Pinaceae
Common names: Caribbean pine (English), Msindano (Swahili)
Description
Pinus caribaea is an exotic tree species growing to a
height of 30 m, with a DBH of 40 to 80 cm; its trunk
is generally straight and well formed. Lower branches
are large, horizontal and drooping; upper branches often
ascending to form an open, rounded to pyramidal crown.
Leaves are needle-like crowded and spreading at end of
twigs.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
Pinus caribaea grows best in frost-free areas with an
altitude of 1 to 500 m.a.s.l., mean annual temperature of
22 to 370C and mean annual rainfall of 1000 to 3000
mm/year. It does well in sites that are fertile,with good
subsoil drainage such as loam or sandy loam and with a
pH of 5.0 to 5.5. In Coast region, 13,634 ha is classified
as area of high capability (Table 29, Figure 27).
Propagation methods
The species is propagated through seed. Seedlings are pricked into soil media inoculated with
mycorrhizae.
Management
Trees are planted at espacements of 2.5 x 2.5 m, 3.0 x 3.0 m and 4.0 x 4.0 m for pulp, timber and
resin production respectively. Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and
thinning. The rotation age for timber is 20 to 30 years.
Economic value
The P. caribaea wood is moderately durable, but susceptible to marine borer and termite attacks. It is
resistant to powder-post beetles and fungi.
Uses
Uses for P. caribaea include; pulpwood, fuelwood, timber, resin and medicine.
58
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 27: Capability map for growing Pinus caribaea in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
59
3.2.25 Araucaria cunninghamii
Family: Araucariaceae
Common names: Christmas tree (English), Mkirismasi (Swahili)
Description
Araucaria cunninghamii is an evergreen exotic
tree species attaining a height of 36 m. The
branches are widely spaced, upward growing
bearing dense clusters of branchlets. The bark
is shiny with a copper hue when young, and
when old becoming rough, flaking, exposing
shiny brown under bark with hoop-like rings
made by horizontal cracking. The young
leaves are triangular, sharply pointed 1-2 cm
while mature leaves are softer, narrow and
curved inwards; overlapping crowded along
the branchlets all dark green.
Growth conditions for optimum productivity
The species grows best at an altitude at 0 to 1000 m.a.s.l., and on loam, clay- sand soil. In Coast region
11,573 ha is classified as area of high capability (Table 30, Figure 28).
Propagation method
Araucaria cunninghamii is propagated through seed. Seed germination is poor. There are 2,400 to
4,000seeds/kg.
Management
Management of the species involves; weeding and slashing, pruning and thinning.
Economic value
The tree is used at the Coast region of Kenya as a Christmas tree where a tree of 3 m high is worth
Ksh. 3,000-5,000.
Uses
The tree uses include: ornamental and timber.
60
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
Figure 28: Capability map for growing Araucaria cunninghamii in the Coast region of Kenya
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
61
4.0 Conclusions
The Coast region is diverse in terms of soils, climate and altitude, the main factors determining the
capability of land to support growing of trees. The maps show that the area with highest capability for
most high value trees were those within the low lying coastal belt. These areas receive good amount of
rainfall making tree establishment and growth possible. However, the low lying coastal belt is densely
populated with crop farming activities being main economic activity and this limits available land for
tree growing.
Application of modern tree growing technologies including improved provenances and water harvesting
and conservation technologies can push tree growing to areas of lower capability and even in areas
of no capability. Therefore, expansion of tree farming in Coast region will depend on technological
advancement especially in breeding for tolerance to extreme ecological and climatic conditions and
improved tree water management practices. Site-species matching is also key to enhanced performance
of trees and therefore, it is recommended that farmers should use this guide when undertaking tree
investments. Expert consultations are necessary especially when introducing new species in new areas.
62
Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya
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Capability map for growing high value tree species in the Coast region of Kenya