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The First Intermediate Period, the Seventh to Eleventh dynasties, spanned approximately one hundred years and was characterized by political instability and conflict between the Heracleopolitan and Theban Kings. LEARNING OBJECTIVE [ edit ] Describe the processes by which the First Intermediate Period occurred, and then transitioned into the Middle Kingdom KEY POINTS [ edit ] The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in history where rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases. One of those bases resided at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region. The other resided at Thebes in Upper Egypt. The Old Kingdom fell due to problems with succession from the Sixth Dynasty, the rising power of provincial monarchs, and a drier climate that resulted in widespread famine. Little is known about the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties due to a lack of evidence, but the Seventh Dynasty was most likely an oligarchy, while Eighth Dynasty rulers claimed to be the descendants of the Sixth Dynasty kings. Both ruled from Memphis. The Heracleopolitan Kings saw periods of both violence and peace under their rule, and eventually brought peace and order to the Nile Delta region. Siut princes to the south of the Heracleopolitan Kingdom became wealthy from a variety of agricultural and economic activities, and acted as a buffer during times of conflict between the northern and southern parts of Egypt. The Theban Kings enjoyed a string of military successes, the last of which was a victory against the Heracleopolitan Kings that unified Egypt under the Twelfth Dynasty. TERMS [ edit ] oligarchy a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people who might be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control Mentuhotep II a pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty who defeated the Heracleopolitan Kings and unified Egypt. Often considered the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. First Intermediate Period a period of political conflict and instability lasting approximately 100 years and spanning the Seventh to Eleventh Dynasties. Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT [ edit ] The First Intermediate Period, often Register for FREE to stop seeing ads described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history after the end of the Old Kingdom, spanned approximately one hundred years, from ca. 2181–2055 BC . It included the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and part of the Eleventh dynasties. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially towards the beginning of the era. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in history where rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases. One of those bases resided at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region. The other resided at Thebes in Upper Egypt. It is believed that during this time, temples were pillaged and violated, existing artwork was vandalized, and statues of kings were broken or destroyed as a result of alleged political chaos. Towards the end of the period, these two kingdoms eventually came into military conflict. The Theban kings conquered the north, which resulted in the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the Eleventh dynasty. Events Leading to the First Intermediate Period The fall of the Old Kingdom is often described as a period of chaos and disorder in ancient Egyptian literature. The causes that brought about the downfall of the Old Kingdom are numerous. One reason often quoted is the extremely long reign of Pepi II, the last major pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty. Ruling from his childhood into his nineties, he outlived many of his heirs and therefore created problems with succession in the royal household. The regime of the Old Kingdom disintegrated amidst this disorganization. Another major problem was the rise in power of the provincial nomarchs. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, the positions of the nomarchs had become hereditary, and families often held onto the position of power in their respective provinces. As these nomarchs grew increasingly powerful and influential, they became more independent from the king. They erected tombs in their own domains and often raised armies. The rise of these numerous nomarchs inevitably created conflicts between neighboring provinces, which resulted in intense rivalries and warfare. A third reason for the dissolution of centralized kingship was the low levels of the Nile inundation, which may have resulted in a drier climate and lower crop yields. These changes in weather brought about famine across ancient Egypt. The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties at Memphis The Seventh and Eighth dynasties are often overlooked because very little is known about the rulers of these two periods. The Seventh Dynasty was most likely an oligarchybased in Memphis that attempted to retain control of the country. The Eighth Dynasty rulers, claiming to be the descendants of the Sixth Dynasty kings, also ruled from Memphis. Little is known about these two dynasties since very little textual or architectural evidence survives to describe the period. However, a few artifacts have been found, including scarabs that have been attributed to king Neferkare II of the Seventh Dynasty as well as a green jasper cylinder of Syrian influence which has been credited to the Eighth Dynasty. A small pyramid believed to have been constructed by King Ibi of the Eighth Dynasty has also been identified at Saqqara. The Heracleopolitan Kings After the obscure reign of the seventh and eighth dynasties kings, a group of rulers rose out of Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and ruled for approximately 94 years. These kings comprise the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties, each with nineteen listed rulers. The founder of the Ninth Dynasty, Wahkare Khety I, is often described as an evil and violent ruler who caused much harm to the inhabitants of Egypt. He was seized with madness, and, as legend would have it, was eventually killed by a crocodile. Kheti I was succeeded by Kheti II, also known as Meryibre, whose reign was essentially peaceful but experienced problems in the Nile Delta. His successor, Kheti III, brought some degree of order to the Delta, although the power and influence of these ninth dynasty kings were still relatively insignificant compared to that of the Old Kingdom pharaohs. A distinguished line of nomarchs rose out of Siut (or Asyut), which was a powerful and wealthy province in the south of the Heracleopolitan kingdom. These warrior princes maintained a close relationship with the kings of the Heracleopolitan royal household, as evidenced by the inscriptions in their tombs. These inscriptions provide a glimpse at the political situation that was present during their reigns and describe the Siut nomarchs digging canals, reducing taxation, reaping rich harvests, raising cattle herds, and maintaining an army and fleet. The Siut province acted as a buffer state between the northern and southern rulers and bore the brunt of the attacks from the Theban kings. The Theban Kings This Theban line of kings is believed to have been descendants of Intef or Inyotef, the nomarch of Thebes, often called the "Keeper of the Door of the South. " He is credited for organizing Upper Egypt into an independent ruling body in the south, although he himself did not appear to have tried to claim the title of king (that job fell to his successors in the Eleventh and Twelfth dynasty, who did so for him.) Intef II began the Theban assault on northern Egypt, and his successor, Intef III, completed the attacked and moved into Middle Egypt against the Heracleopolitan kings. The first three kings of the Eleventh Dynasty (all named Intef) were, therefore, also the last three kings of the First Intermediate Period and were succeeded by a line of kings who were all called Mentuhotep. Mentuhotep II, also known as Nebhepetra, would eventually defeat the Heracleopolitan kings around 2033 BCE and unify the country to continue the Eleventh Dynasty and bring Egypt into the Middle Kingdom. Mentuhotep II Painted sandstone seated statue of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.