Download Human body

4/3/2015
What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of a
constant environment
in the body is called
Homeostasis



Controlling body temperature

Body cells work best if they have the correct
Temperature
Water levels
 Glucose concentration
Homeostasis

What is Homeostasis?
Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a
constant environment.
Penguins huddling to keep warm
All mammals maintain a constant body
temperature.
Human beings have a body temperature of
about 37ºC.
What is one mechanism used to cool
the body down?
Sweating


E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37ºC
 If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37ºC




When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.
The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)
To do this, it needs heat.
It gets that heat from your skin.
As your skin loses heat, it cools down.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Sweating
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The
skin
Males
 Sex
Organ: Penis
In males, the testes produce
testosterone which causes sperm
production to occur. In addition,
testosterone causes further development of
the penis, prostate gland, deeper voice,
broader shoulders, and increased upper
body muscle mass. Sperm live in the
testes for approximately 30 days, after
which their mortality causes an increase
in testosterone to produce more sperm.
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VAGINA
MENSTRUATION
FERTILIZATION
 At

the beginning of the cycle, estrogen and
progesterone levels that are very low begin to rise
and around day 14 of the cycle, there is a slight
surge in estrogen as the egg is released from the
ovary (ovulation). Levels of estrogen and
progesterone rise causing the uterine lining to
thicken in preparation for a potentially fertilized
egg. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone
levels drop, the uterine lining dies, and muscle
contractions of the uterus cause the lining to
exit the body through the vagina thereby starting
her “menstrual cycle or period.” Once estrogen
and progesterone levels drop below a particular
level the cycle (feedback loop) begins again.
Females
 Sex
Organ: Ovaries/Vagina
In females, hormonal cycles occur in
both estrogen and progesterone. On an
approximately 28 day cycle, one ovary
will release an ovum (egg) to potentially
become fertilized and produce a new
life. The development of the egg and the
inner lining of the uterus, the organ
where the fetus will develop, are caused
by fluctuations in the hormones
estrogen and progesterone.

DEVELOPMENT
There are 3 stages of birth



1. Contractions/breaking of water
2. Expulsion of the baby/birth
3. Expulsion of the placenta/afterbirth
After birth, children go through several different
developmental changes including infancy (birth – 2 years),
childhood (2-13 years), adolescence (13 – 18/20 years),
and finally adulthood (20 years until death).
Fertilization occurs when a sperm meets a egg creating a zygote.
 Once
an egg is fertilized, it will bury into the
uterine lining. The developing embryo
produces a chemical called human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG). The hCG circulates in the
blood and is filtered out in the urine. The
presence of hCG triggers a positive response
on an Early Pregnancy Test (EPT). Once the
embryo is embedded in the uterine lining
(implantation), a temporary organ known as
the placenta will develop. Cell division in the
embryo will increase as different organs and
organ systems develop until the fetus is born.
The Respiratory System
• Functions of the Respiratory System
1. Intake of Oxygen
•
Respiration (Cellular): chemical reaction involving
oxygen & glucose that results in the release of energy
to fuel various cellular processes.
– Respiration ≠ Breathing
•
Body uses only 5% of the oxygen you inhale with each
breathe.
Oxygen is carried throughout the body via the
circulatory system (network of arteries, veins &
capillaries)
»
•
2. Removal of Carbon dioxide & Water
•
•
Carbon dioxide & small amounts of water are byproducts of cellular respiration.
They are then removed via the Respiratory &
Excretory systems.
Organs of the Respiratory System
– Nose
• Nasal cavities located just inside the nose are lined with
mucus to trap foreign particles from entering lungs.
• Cilia: hair-like structures that move mucus to the throat
to be swallowed & destroyed in the stomach as well as
trap foreign particles.
– Pharynx
• throat; shared with Digestive System
– Trachea
• windpipe; lined with cartilage that strengthens & keeps
the windpipe open.
• Lined with mucus & cilia which helps to trap foreign
particles & moisten the air as it enters the windpipe.
Breathing: the movement of air into & out of the lungs
– Bronchus (Bronchi)
• muscular tubes that extend from the trachea & direct
air into the lungs
• Divides into smaller & smaller tubes inside the lungs
– Alveoli: tiny hollow sacs of specialized lung tissue surrounded
by capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
– 300 million in the average adult lung allowing for large intake
of oxygen.
– Lungs
•
•
•
•
Primary organs of the Respiratory System
“pulmo”- prefix that means “of the lungs”
Located on both sides of the heart
Elastic tissue that expands & contracts as you inhale &
exhale.
– Diaphragm
• Dome shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs.
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• The Gas Exchange Process
1. Carbon dioxide/Oxygen rich blood flows into
capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
2. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the
capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
3. At the same time, Carbon dioxide moves from
the capillaries into the alveoli replacing the
Oxygen.
4. The Oxygen rich blood is then carried through
the arteries back to the heart.
5. The Carbon dioxide is then expelled from the
lungs as the lungs deflate.
• Respiratory diseases
– Bronchitis
• Bronchial passages within the lungs narrow & then
become clogged with mucus.
• Breathing
– Inhalation
• Rib muscles contract lifting the chest wall up and out.
• Diaphragm contracts & moves downward increasing
the size of the chest cavity & decreasing the pressure
within the cavity.
• The pressure of air is now higher than you chest forcing
air into your chest cavity.
– Exhalation
• Speaking
– Larynx: voice box
• Vocal cords: folds of connective tissue that stretch
across the opening of the larynx.
– Muscles make the vocal cords contract narrowing the
opening.
– Air rushes through the opening.
– The movement of the vocal cords makes the air vibrate.
– This vibration creates a sound, your voice.
• Rib muscles relax lowering the chest wall.
• Diaphragm relaxes & moves upward forcing the lungs to
flatten & carbon dioxide to be forced out of the lungs.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
P. 45
– Emphysema
• Alveoli within the lungs become damaged or destroyed
preventing the effective exchange of oxygen & carbon
dioxide.
– Lung cancer
• Uncontrolled growth of lung cells that produce tumors
that prevent the lung from operating effectively.
– Atherosclerosis
• Speeds up the buildup of fatty material within arteries
& veins.
INSIDE THE HEART
THE HEART
 The
heart is responsible for
pumping blood around your body.
 At rest, it usually beats around 70
beats per minute.
 Each “beat” is really a squeeze that
pushes blood through your blood
vessels.
Inside
the heart is divided into 4
sections called “chambers”.
The top two chambers are called
the left and right atrium.
The bottom, larger chambers
are called left and right
ventricles.
A
V
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VESSELS
An
artery carries blood AWAY
from the heart. (Usually has
bright red blood with lots of
oxygen)
A vein carries blood back
TOWARDS the heart. (Usually
after the oxygen has been used
up)
Capillaries connect veins and
arteries.
ARTERIES AND VEINS
BLOOD
 Red
blood cells:
 which carry oxygen, are red due to the
iron content.
 (This is why your blood looks red.)
 Hemoglobin is the protein that is in a
red blood cell that allows the oxygen to
stick to it.
BLOOD CELLS
ARTERIES AND VEINS
Platelets make up the third part of the
blood.
Platelets allow blood to clot
and form scabs!
Plasma is the clear liquid that makes
up the rest of the blood.
 White

blood cells:
Fight off infection inside your body.
DOUBLE LOOP
 Blood
must be pumped to the lungs to
get filled with oxygen, then return to the
heart.
 This
oxygen rich blood is then pumped
out to the rest of the body where the
oxygen gets used.
 This
means that our heart is actually a
“double loop”- one loop to the lungs, one
loop to and from the body.
PATH OF BLOOD
 Starting at your big toe:
 1. Deoxygenated Blood flows in veins to the
heart, enters the right atrium.
 2. The right atrium pushes blood into right
ventricle.
 3. The right ventricle pushes blood to the
lungs and passes through capillaries
exchanging CO2 for O2.
 4. Coming back from the lungs the
oxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
 5. The left atrium pushes blood to the left
ventricle.
 6. The left ventricle squeezes and pushes
blood through the aorta out to the body.
Link to animation: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_heartmap/
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 Digestion: The process of breaking food down into it’s
The Digestive System
 Total Length from mouth
to anus
 29 feet 8 inches/9 meters
molecular components so that the nutrients may be
absorbed into the blood and then into cells of the
body.
2 Types:
 Mechanical: Takes place in the mouth, teeth
physically break food into smaller pieces.
 Total Time food spends in
the system
Esophagus
 The muscular tube connecting
the throat to the stomach.
 A small “flap” near the top, the
epiglottis, closes over the
trachea (windpipe) when you
swallow so that food cannot
get into the lungs.
 Up to 49 hours
 Chemical: Happens in mouth and stomach when
enzymes and acids to break down food into a
“chemical soup”.
 The stomach is a muscular hollow
 The esophagus
pushes food toward
the stomach by
making muscular
“wave” motions called
“peristalsis”.
 This is why you can
swallow your food
while upside-down or
in space.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18Uyc
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.
WRsaA
cfm?guidAssetId=F11F4DC2-6C5E-48268AC20C51AD634FC7&blnFromSearch=1&produ
ctcode=DETB
The Large Intestine
organ that dissolves food using strong
acids- chemical digestion.
 The stomach also churns and grinds
food- mechanical digestion.
 The lining of the stomach is covered in
mucus. This prevents the stomach
acids from digesting itself.
 When a problem occurs and the lining
of the stomach starts to get eaten
away, we call it an “ulcer”.
Small Intestines
 The small intestines can be
up to 26 feet long, are
called “small” because
they are not very wide in
diameter.
 They absorb nutrients into
your blood.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWs
OXlBwE
Exiting the body!
Liver
 called the large intestine because it is 2-3 inches wide
but only about 5 feet long.
 squeezes the last water and nutrients out of the
leftovers.
 the “holding tank” for anything that cannot be
digested and absorbed.
 “Poop” aka “feces”, is the squeezed remains of the
food you didn’t digest. Feces smells because of
bacteria that live in the Large Intestine and help us
digest our food.
 The bacteria give off a nice mixture of foul smelling
gasses also known as flatulence (farts)
 Diarrhea happens when the intestines are irritated and
release the feces before the last water has been
absorbed.
 Poop with higher gas content will stay on the surface
of the water, thus the name “floater”.
2 main roles:
1. Adds “bile,” a digestive chemical to the small
intestine which helps digest fats. (bile is stored in an
organ connected behind the liver called the
gallbladder)
2. All the blood in the body passes through the liver
every 3 minutes and is filtered of impurities and
toxins.
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Pancreas
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
that help break down protein, starches, and fats that
we eat.
 The pancreas helps to regulate insulin levels that
control the amount of sugar in the blood.
BODY SYSTEMS INCLUDED

Respiratory System

Digestive System


Waste = Carbon Dioxide
Waste = Solid Waste

Urinary System

Integumentary System (Skin)



Waste = Liquid Waste
Sweat
 It
is the body system that removes excess,
unnecessary or dangerous materials from
the body.
 It helps to maintain homeostasis within
the body and prevent damage to the body.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM…
THE URINARY SYSTEM…
 Removes
waste produced by the
activities of cells.
 Many of these wastes are eliminated
as liquid urine.
 Urine is formed by the Urinary
System.
 The
THE URINARY BLADDER…
THE URETERS…
1.
2.
3.
4.
urinary system is made up of:
The Kidneys
The Urinary Bladder
The Ureters
The Urethra
Since all of these systems remove waste, they
are ALL part of the EXCRETORY SYSTEM!
THE KIDNEYS…
 Blood enters the
kidneys and passes
through millions of tiny filters called
Nephrons.
 Liquid waste carried in the blood
collects in the filters and forms Urine.
 Urine is
stored in the urinary
bladder until it is eliminated from
the body.
Moves
urine out of the
kidneys and into the urinary
bladder through long tubes
called ureters.
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Game Board
THE URETHRA…
Urine
exits the body through
the urethra.
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Board
What is Mechanical?
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What is the function of the
digestive system?
Human
Body
Review
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This type of digestion helps
to break down your food by
chewing it in your mouth.
Final
Jeopardy
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What is the major function
of the reproductive
system?
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Break down
foods to be
absorbed into
blood and
delivered to
cells.
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To ensure survival
of an organism
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List from simplest to most
complex the organization of
the human body.
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Cells, tissues,
organs, organ
systems,
organism
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Which two human body
systems are responsible
for the gas exchange
between air and blood?
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Circulatory
System
Mouth, Pharynx,
Esophagus,
Stomach, Liver,
Pancreas, Gall
Bladder, Small
Intestines, Large
Intestines, Anus.
List six organs in the
digestive system
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Circulatory and
Respiratory.
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What is the function of
the circulatory system?
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Which human body system
would be most immediately
impacted if a person was
exposed to harmful
bacteria through a cut?
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Transport materials
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$400
Explain two ways food is
digested?
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When body
temperature
is high, sweat
evaporates
cools the
body.
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Which human body system
receives and distributes
nutrients that are
absorbed into the blood
from the lining of the
digestive tract?
To Game
Board
Mechanical and chemical
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Describe how sweating helps
maintain homeostasis.
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What process do your cells
do to make energy, and
make carbon dioxide as a
waste?
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Circulatory
System
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Cellular
respiration
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What body system takes in
nutrients for the use in the
body?
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What body system is responsible
for elimination of liquid and
gaseous wastes?
Digestive System
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Which of the following least
affects a persons metabolism?
Exercise, hormones,
intelligence, or diet?
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Small intestine by
absorption
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Intelligence
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What organ system are the
kidneys a part of?
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Excretory system
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Nutrients from digested food
enter the blood stream in
what organ?
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Excretory
system
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Board
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The male sex cell is the
what?
List the 4 organs of
the Excretory System
in order.
Sperm cell
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Board
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What is homeostasis?
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and
Urethra.
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What is a cell?
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It is the smallest
structural and
functional unit of an
organism.
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Ability for the body to maintain a
constant internal environment
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Which human body system are
smokers directly affecting?
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Respiratory
System
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List the 5 human body
systems we have discussed.
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What is a tissue?
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A group of cells working
together to carry out one
job
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Reproductive, Circulatory,
Respiratory, Digestive, and
Excretory.
The flow of
blood through
arteries- it
measures your
heart rate
What is your pulse?
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When a person breathes, the
lungs absorb oxygen, which is
used by cells to carry out the
process of what?
Final Jeopardy
Category:
Body Processes
Click for
“Answer”
Click to see the correct response!
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Cellular, aerobic respiration
Exit Game
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