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Battle
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490BC
Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
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480BC
Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
1
Good Strategic Decisions
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Greek battle position
Greek Delaying tactics
Greek Battle tactics
(flanking wing )
Greek decision to attack
after cavalry departed
By Who?
Poor Strategic Decisions
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Miltiades
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Persian battle position
Cavalry departs to
attack a defenceless
Athens
Persian battle tactics
By Who?
Athenian Contribution
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Artaphernes
+
Datis
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Around half of the
Greeks present at the
battle
Great leadership
1st attempt at alliance
with Sparta
Spartan Contribution
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promised Athens that they
would come to their aid,
but came when the battle
was over, due to festival
examined Persian dead
Athenians full of pride and honour
Athens now realise that the might of Persia can be defeated
Persians now want to avenge defeat even more
Persuaded by Themistocles, Athenians now prepared for further Persian invasions (fortifying the Piraeus and ship building programme)
Leonidas
Greek position, meant that
 Phocians defending Mt.
 None, did not send
 Leadership of King
massive Persian numbers
pass
any troops
Leonidas and his battle
Leonidas
Xerxes
were ineffective and easy
tactics
 Persians unaware of the
to attack, retreat
topography of the
 Illustrated courage, fury
Greek military tactics
terrain they were going
and determination to the
to fight in
last
Persians guided by
Xerxes
Panhellenic
Ephialtes, climb Mt. and
 Sending only 7000
League
attack Greeks from behind
soldiers to defend
Panhellenic
Thermopylae (now all
Sending only 7000 soldiers
League
of northern and central
to defend Thermopylae (to
Greece was handed over
stall the Persian advance)
to the Persians)
Stalling tactics of battle enabled Athens to be evacuated, and the Isthmus of Corinth to be fortified (Themistocles view)
Only sending a small contingent of troops ended in defeat, resulting in all of Northern and Central Greece to be unguarded (Herodotus view)
Highlights the importance of local knowledge
Xerxes very wary of the bravery and skills of the Spartan soldiers
Battle
Good Strategic Decisions
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480BC
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Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
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S
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480BC
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Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
2
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Position of Greek fleet,
easy to get to shelter,
retreat and attack, between
Persian fleet and army,
interrupted communication
and supplies
Greek raids on depleted
Persian fleet
By Who?
Poor Strategic Decisions
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Eurybiades
+
Themistocles
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Position of Persian fleet,
exposed, lost many
hundreds of ships to
storms and Greek
attacks
Decision to send 200
ships around the island
of Euboea, all
destroyed.
By Who?
Athenian Contribution
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???
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Over half of the 271
Greek fleet
Leadership of
Themistocles
Local knowledge
Persian fleet severely depleted, would effect the outcome at Salamis, now fleet only 500, originally 1200
Interrupted contact between Army + Navy, Persian battle tactic
Again highlights the importance of local knowledge
Illustrates Eurybiades and Themistocles as valuable battle tacticians
Themistocles
Xerxes
Themistocles sends slave
 Persians on advice of
 Athenians supplied
to Xerxes pretending to
Themistocles slave,
around 200 ships
betray Themistocles,
Siccinus, move position
 Themistocles battle
claming that Greeks are
at night to surround
tactics
trying to flee
Greek fleet, fall into trap
Themistocles
Xerxes
Greek fleet position,
 In confusion lost all
enables them to ram
battle tactics and began
Persian ships when they
to ram each other
come into position
Themistocles
Greeks worked as a whole
unit with one goal
Aristides
Greek soldiers slaughter all
Persian soldiers on the
island of Psyttaleia
Persians lost all of their fleet, had no way to supply army, Asia Minor vulnerable to attack from Greek fleet
Xerxes leaves control of army to Mardonius, sign of defeat, goes home with remaining fleet to Persia
Greeks suffered minimal losses, Themistocles seen as hero of battle again
End of the combined land-sea invasion
Spartan Contribution
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Leadership of Eurybiades
Contribution of 100 ships
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Uncertain number of
Spartan ships
Eurybiades Battle tactics
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Battle
P
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479BC
Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
Good Strategic Decisions
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M
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479BC
Assessment
of Importance
of Battle
3
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By Who?
Poor Strategic Decisions
Strong strategic position
Greeks water supply
poisoned and supply lines
raided several times
Greeks attack and slaughter
remaining troops in
stockade
Supporting huge army over
two weeks with limited
water and supplies
Mardonius
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Persians fleet at Samos
retreated to Mycale, to a 60
thousand strong army
Greek force slaughter all
Persians
Tigranes
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By Who?
Athenian Contribution
Spartan Contribution
Mardonius
Sends cavalry lead by
 8000 troops
 5000 Spartan troops
Masistius to attack
 20 – 30 thousand helot
stationary Greek
force
infantry. Masistius is
 Pausanias leadership
Pausanias
killed Persians retreat
 This was Sparta biggest
Mardonius
 Persians believe Greeks
contribution in the Persian
forces are fleeing and
Wars
Pausanias
run into battle without
formation
Artabazes
 Mardonius killed,
Persian retreat to
stockade, (there leader
and therefore motivation
is gone)
Persian invasion finished, with a combined effort, the hopelessly outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persian force of around 200,000 troops
All of the free Greek states unite to overcome the Persians – combined action
Persians never attack mainland Greece again – Asia Minor revolts soon after battle
Spartans ‘offered’ leadership of Greek alliance but Pausanias’ behaviour leads to Athenian leadership
King
Leoctychides
Persians force not strong
enough to hold
onslaught
Tigranes
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Included in the Greek
force of 250 naval
vessels and 6000
troops
The 1st time that the Greeks took an offensive tactic
The Aegean Sea was now free of Persian threat, Athenians took advantage of this and established trade routes
Revolt of the Ionian Greeks (only lasted for a short time, Persian defeated them at a later date)
Greeks combined to defeat the Persian Empire from their homeland
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King Leotychides
Included in the Greek
force of 250 naval vessels
and 6000 troops