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Timeline #5 Diplomatic Developments, 1919-1945 1918-19 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1928 1929 1930 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 Massive (but Basic) Chronology Victory of conservative & nationalist parties in elections of principal Allies Treaty of Versailles signed American Congress refuses to ratify Versailles Treaty and League Covenant Conclusion of Franco-Belgian alliance Outbreak of Russo-Polish war Conclusion of Franco-Polish alliance Formation of Little Entente: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia & Romania Treaty of Rapallo between Germany & Soviet Russia1 French occupation of the Ruhr region Introduction of the Dawes Plan Locarno Agreements (guarantee existing frontiers in western Europe) Admission of Germany to League of Nations Briand & Stresemann jointly receive the Nobel Peace Prize Kellogg-Briand pact (originally between France and US) Cominterm Congress orders communists to oppose reformist socialists. French begin construction of Maginot Line French withdrawal of occupation from Rhineland completed Japanese invasion of Manchuria Creation of the Second Spanish Republic Hitler becomes Chancellor of German Reich (January) Germany withdraws from the League of Nations (October) Polish-German non-aggression pact signed USSR joins the League of Nations Unsuccessful coup attempt by Austrian Nazis against Dollfuss regime Cominterm begins to encourage broad opposition to fascism Hitler reinstitutes draft & announces formation of air force Pact of mutual assistance between France, USSR, & Czechoslovakia Creation of Popular Front in France US Congress passes Neutrality Act: no arms shipments to belligerents.2 Seventh Comintern officially announces new policy on popular fronts Italian troops invade Ethiopia Electoral victory of French Popular Front Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland (March) Italian King Victor Emmanuel III declared emperor of Ethiopia Anti-fascist Popular Front coalition gains electoral victory in Spain Conservative generals initiate Spanish Civil War (July) Mussolini and Hitler form the Rome-Berlin Axis (Nov.) German Condor Legion air units bomb Basque market town of Guernica 1 Weimar Germany was thus in effect the first country to recognize Soviet Russia on a formal diplomatic level. 2 Neutrality Act reflected isolationist sentiment in US–that is, the desire to avoid any kind of association that might draw the US into war. Month-by-Month! 1938 March Sept Hitler invades Austria, thus creating a greater Germany (the Anschluss) Munich conference grants Sudetenland to Germany 1939 March Germany occupies remainder of Czechoslovakia.3 Britain offers unilateral guarantee of security to Poland Conservative insurgents capture Madrid, ending Spanish Civil War Soviets propose Anglo-Soviet-French triple alliance against Germany Italians invade & occupy Albania Germany annexes Memel (Klaipeda) area from Lithuania Britain & France guarantee Romania's independence Soviet negotiations with France and Britain stall USSR signs non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany German invasion of Poland precipitates the Second World War (1 Sept) Soviet occupation of eastern Poland (17 Sept) Second Nazi-Soviet Pact: German-Soviet Boundary & Friendship Treaty.4 German decree subjects Poles to "compulsory public labor" Soviet invasion of Finland initiates the "Winter War" US Congress authorizes revision of Neutrality Act (see 1935).5 April Aug Sept Oct Nov 1940 March April May June Aug Sept Oct Dec Finnish surrender to Soviets at Vyborg after considerable resistance German invasion and occupation of Denmark & Norway Germans launch attack against France, enter Paris in June Evacuation of British & French forces from Dunkirk Incorporation of Baltic states into USSR, as well as Bessarabia & Bukovina Germans begin bombing Britain, initiating "Battle of Britain" (until Nov) Romania cedes part of Transylvania to Hungary, South Dobruja to Bulgaria Italy, Germany and Japan sign Tripartite Pact to coordinate military efforts.6 Pact of Mutual Assistance between USSR & Estonia Pacts of Mutual Assistance between USSR, Latvia & Lithuania German troops stationed in now pro-Nazi Romania to protect oil fields Unsuccessful Italian invasion of Greece Danubian conference: conflict over predominance in Rumania Hitler issues orders for preparation of Operation Barbarossa (against USSR) 3 Slovakia thus became an independent country (of sorts), though it was forced to cede southern & eastern territories to Hungary. 4 This was a follow-up pact after Poland had been occupied from both sides. Lithuania was reassigned to Soviet sphere (it had been under German sphere by August pact), while a portion of Soviet-occupied Poland was assigned to Germany. In effect, border between Germany & the USSR now coincided with boundary between predominantly Polish regions and predominantly non-Polish (Ukrainian & Belarusian) ones. 5 By this revision, US would sell arms, but only for cash and only if the purchaser transported them. 6 Eventually almost all the states of eastern Europe join the Tripartite Pact, thus formally becoming Axis states: Slovakia, Hungary & Romania joined by the end of 1940; Bulgarian & Yugoslavia technically become Axis states by March, 1941. 1941 March April (End) US Lend-Lease Act vastly broadens US ability to provide material aid German invasion of the Balkans (Yugoslavia & Greece) to bail out Mussolini USSR signs pact of neutrality with Japan German invasion of USSR Atlantic Charter between Roosevelt & Churchill.7 First Soviet counteroffensive recaptures Rostov-on-the-Don Soviet General Zhukov counterattacks against Germans just outside Moscow Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brings US into war Permanent killing centers established for Jews & other "subhumans" 1942 Jan Nov Nov Roosevelt & Churchill discuss military planning, decide on North Africa Germans reach Stalingrad, initiating Battle of Stalingrad Allied landing in North Africa against Rommel (Operation TORCH) 1943 Jan Feb April May July Nov Roosevelt & Churchill decide on Italian campaign at Casablanca conference German forces, under Field Marshal Paulus, surrender at Stalingrad Uprising in the Warsaw ghetto (about 50,000 Jews killed) Stalin dissolves Comintern as good-will gesture towards allies Allied invasion of Italy; Hitler rushes to reinforce Italians Soviet victory over Nazis at massive tank battle at Kursk (USSR) Teheran Conference: Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill meet together for 1st time 1944 June Sept Dec Allies open second front in West with D-Day invasion of Normandy Soviet troops begin advance into Yugoslavia and Hungary German counterattack leads to Battle of the Bulge 1945 Feb May Conference of Big Three at Yalta Unconditional German surrender to Allied forces in West & East June Aug Nov Dec 7 The Charter spelled out ultimate aims of US and Britain: to seek no territory for themselves; to create a world in which people could choose their own form of government; to seek the "final destruction of Nazi tyranny."