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Sentences Types of Sentences Sentences can express four different intentions: 1. DECLARATIVE sentences make statements It rained so much the McIntyre River overflowed its banks. 2. INTERROGATIVE sentences ask questions Was that you I saw at the poster presentation in the Agora? 3. IMPERATIVE sentences give commands/orders Professor Jacobs, please give me your email address. 4. EXCLAMATORY sentences express strong feeling Oh no! I just bought this textbook and now I’ve ripped a page in it! Grammatical Structure of Sentences Four main categories of sentences reflect grammatical structure: 1. a SIMPLE sentence has one independent clause: Jocelyn is the best student on the Varsity Basketball team. 2. a COMPOUND sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or conjunctive adverb, or separated by a semi colon: We went to the Thunderwolves’ hockey game last night, and we met up with our old neighbours from Westfort. We went to a hockey game; needless to say, my team lost. 3. a COMPLEX sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses: Although three players could not make it to the game, my team still won. 4. a COMPOUND-COMPLEX sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses: The twins were together constantly as children, but they became more independent in their teens since they developed different interests and friendships. Sentence Patterns Six basic sentence patterns exist: two for sentences with linking verbs and four for sentences with action verbs: Linking verbs 1. Subject + linking verb + noun or pronoun My mother became a blackjack dealer at the casino. 2. Subject + linking verb + adjective The students in this class are hardworking and attentive. Action verbs 3. Subject + action verb + optional modifier The boys pedaled hard on their bikes. (With a modifier) The car stalled. (Without a modifier) 4. Subject + action verb + direct object The car hit the moose. 5. Subject + action verb + indirect object + direct object She gave me the book. The pitcher threw him the ball. Emily Dickenson wrote her lover many beautiful poems. Note: All of these sentences could be reworded so that the indirect object becomes the object of the preposition “to”; e.g., She gave the book to me. The pitcher threw the ball to him. Emily Dickenson wrote many beautiful poems to her lover. 6. Subject + action verb + direct object + objective complement (noun, pronoun or adjective that follows a direct object and completes its meaning) She sang the song "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts." (Noun that refers to song) The couple named their new baby Jody. (Noun that refers to baby.) The teacher called the whole class lazy. (Adjective that describes class.)