Download Earthquakes - Earth Science

Earthquakes
Learning Guide
epicenter
surface waves
P & S waves
P wave
S wave
focus
Convergent
boundary
Divergent
boundaries
Transform
boundary
Oceanic crust
Lithosphere
Convergent
boundary
Continental
crust
magma
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Table of Contents
Lesson 1 - How an Earthquake Occurs .................................................................................... 2
Lesson 2 - Types of Stress in Crustal Rock............................................................................... 3
Pause & Review - Types of Stress ............................................................................................. 4
Lesson 3 - Faults in the Earth's Crust ....................................................................................... 5
Pause & Review - Types of Faults ............................................................................................. 7
Lesson 4 - How Earth's Surface Changes ................................................................................ 8
Pause & Review - How Earth's Surface Changes ................................................................. 10
Lesson 5 - Seismic Waves ..........................................................................................................11
Lesson 6 - Measuring Earthquakes ......................................................................................... 13
Pause & Review - Measuring Earthquakes ........................................................................... 15
Lesson 7 - Earthquake Safety................................................................................................... 16
Lab Investigation - Determining Magnitude ........................................................................ 17
Key Vocabulary Terms .............................................................................................................. 22
Vocabulary Review ................................................................................................................... 25
Assessment Review .................................................................................................................. 28
Assessment................................................................................................................................. 30
Assessment Key......................................................................................................................... 32
NGSS Correlations .................................................................................................................... 33
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Printed in the United States of America.
1
Lesson
1
How an Earthquake Occurs
Rock Experiences Stress & Releases Energy
The Earth’s tectonic plates are in motion. This movement creates forces called stress that
push and pull the rock within the Earth’s crust.
tectonic plate
crust
mantle
Stress can cause rock to break and release
stored energy in the form of seismic
waves. These waves travel through the
Earth and an earthquake occurs.
seismic
waves
epicenter
epicenter
Earthquake
epicenter/focus
focus
focus
Earthquake Focus and Epicenter
aftershocks
The point where the rock first breaks is called the
focus of an earthquake. The point directly above
the focus on the Earth’s surface is the epicenter.
After an earthquake event, smaller earthquakes
called aftershocks often occur near the focus of
the original earthquake.
2
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Lesson
2
Types of Stress in Crustal Rock
There are three types of stress that occur in the crustal rock—tension, compression and
shearing. Over long periods of geologic time, stress causes the Earth’s surface to slowly change.
Tension
When two tectonic
plates are moving
away from each
other, tension pulls
and stretches rock.
Compression
When two tectonic
plates are pushing
toward each other,
compression squeezes
rock, causing it to fold
or break.
Shearing
Shearing stress occurs when two
blocks of rock are pushing in opposite
directions. This sliding motion can
cause rock to change shape or break.
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3
Pause and Review
Label and describe each type of stress on crustal rock.
Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Type of Stress: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4
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Lesson
3
Faults in the Earth’s Crust
What Is a Fault?
A fault is a break in the Earth’s surface that is created when crustal rock breaks and the rock
surfaces move past each other. Most faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries.
Convergent
boundary
Divergent
boundaries
Transform
boundary
Convergent
boundary
Oceanic crust
Lithosphere
Continental
crust
magma
Hanging Wall & Footwall
When a fault forms, the block of
rock that is above the fault line is
called the hanging wall and the
block below is called the footwall.
Normal Fault
Normal fault
A normal fault is formed when
tension causes the blocks of earth
to pull apart and the hanging
wall moves down relative to the
footwall.
foot
wall
foot
below
fault
wall
below fault
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Normal
above fault
above
fault
hanging
hanging
wallwall
foot
wall
below fault
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5
Faults in the Earth’s Crust
Reverse Fault
Reverse fault
Reverse fault
A reverse fault is formed
when compression pushes
the blocks of earth against
each other and the hanging
wall moves up relative to
the footwall.
footfoot
wall
wall
hanging
hanging
wallwall
foot
wall
Strike-Slip Fault
A strike-slip fault is formed when blocks of rock
slide past each other and experience shearing stress.
This type of fault is usually found at tectonic plate
transform boundaries.
San Andreas fault
Strike-slip fault
earthquake damage
along the fault line
6
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S
Pause and Review
Identify each type fault and indicate what type of stress is occurring.
hanging
hanging wall
wall
footwall
footwall
Fault: __________________________________
Stress: __________________________________
hanging
hanging wall
wall
footwall
footwall
Fault: __________________________________
Stress: __________________________________
Fault: __________________________________
Stress: __________________________________
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7
Lesson
4
How Earth’s Surface Changes
Folding Rock
When two plates are pushing against each other,
rock can fold due to compression. An anticline is
an upward fold that forms arches. A syncline is a
downward fold that forms valleys.
arch
anticline
anticline
valley
syncline
syncline
Stretching Rock
Divergent plates often cause the formation
of two normal faults in a block of rock.
The downward movement of the hanging
walls causes the rock in-between to move
upward. This stretching of the crust forms
fault-block mountains.
fault-block
mountains
fault-block mountains
The Wasatch mountains in Utah are
fault-block mountains.
hanging walls
hanging
walls
8
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Uplifting Rock
Large areas of flat land and rock
called plateaus are uplifted by
plate movements that create stress
in the crust.
plateau
plateau
plateau
The Colorado Plateau is an example of uplift, elevated high above sea level.
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9
Pause and Review
Sketch and describe how each type of geologic structure is formed.
Fault block mountains: _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Plateau: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10
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Lesson
5
Seismic Waves
What Is a Seismic Wave?
When crustal rock breaks, stored energy is released
in a single, massive event called an earthquake.
The vibrations that travel through the EarthCrust
are
called seismic waves.
Types of Seismic Waves
A seismograph
detects and
Lithosphere
measures three types of
seismic waves. P waves
and S waves travel from
the focus of an earthquake
through the Earth’s interior.
When the energy reaches
the surface of the crust,
surface waves are created.
seismic
waves
epicenter
surface waves
crust
P & S waves
focus
P Waves
P waves, or primary seismic waves, are the
fastest moving waves. They travel through
solids, liquids and gases. The pulsing of
P-waves causes rock to move back and forth,
first compressing and then stretching the rock.
direction of waves
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11
Seismic Waves
S Waves
S waves, or secondary waves, are slower
than P waves and can travel through
solids, but not liquids. S waves move in
an S pattern, creating shear stresses that
cause the crust to move from side to side
and up and down.
direction
waves
direction
ofofwaves
Surface Waves
The slowest and most destructive
seismic waves are called surface waves.
One type of surface wave travels in a
circular motion, moving the surface up
and down. Another type causes back
and forth motion.
direction
waves
direction
ofofwaves
12
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Lesson
6
Measuring Earthquakes
wire
Seismographs
weight
Seismographs are machines that detect
and measure seismic waves caused
by earthquakes.
rotating
drum
seismic waves
pen
frame
base
attached to
ground
detected and
recorded on
seismogram
Earth movements
shake the base
Time
minutes
S wave
A seismogram is the tracing of an
earthquake's motion. The arrival time
and magnitude of each type of seismic
wave is recorded in a seismogram.
magnitude
P wave
arrival time
S-P interval
Surface
wave
Distance to Epicenter
Seismologists use the P and S
wave arrival times to calculate
the distance between the location
of the seismograph and an
earthquake's epicenter. The more
time that passes between the
arrival of the waves, the greater
the distance from the epicenter.
P wave
S wave
arrival
arrival
P wave
arrival
S wave
arrival
epicenter
Epicenter Location
Readings from three different
seismograms are needed to
determine the epicenter of an
earthquake. Circles are drawn
indicating epicenter distances. The
intersection of these circles is the
location of the epicenter.
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P wave
arrival
S wave
arrival
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13
Measuring Earthquakes
Richter Scale
The strength of an earthquake is recorded on a scale of 1 through 10, where 1 is the weakest
and 10 is the strongest. This is called the Richter scale and was developed in 1935.
The Richter scale
is logarithmic,
not linear. The
amplitude of waves
on a seismogram is
100 times greater
in a magnitude
7 earthquake
as compared to
a magnitude 5
earthquake. The
amount of energy
released between
each level on the
scale increases at an
even greater rate.
7 - major damage
Richter Scale Earthquake strength
10
5 - minor damage
9
Great
8
Major
7
Strong
6
Moderate
5
Light
4
Minor
3
Insignificant
2
1
XII
The Mercalli scale is
used to measure an
earthquake's intensity
as it relates to the
amount of damage
the earthquake causes.
Locations closer to
the epicenter typically
have a higher score on
the Mercalli scale.
XI
X
IX
VIII
VII
VI
V
Earthquake damage caused
Major destruction over large areas possible.
Waves over Earth’s surface visible to the eye.
Serious damage over large areas possible.
Bridges and buildings destroyed.
Buildings and roads damaged.
Cracks in the Earth visible.
Catastrophic
Great
Major
Strong
Damage to poorly built structures.
Affects areas up to 100 km across.
Moves furniture. Walls and ceilings crack.
Slight damage to small areas.
Small objects fall and windows may break.
Can be felt but little damage.
IV
Local vibrations felt.
Little or no damage.
III
Hanging objects sway.
Vibrations recorded but not usually felt.
II
Only detected by seismograph.
I
14
Weakest
0
Mercalli Scale (modified)
Mercalli Scale
Catastrophic Strongest
Moderate
Light
Minor
Insignificant
Only detected by seismograph.
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Pause and Review
Label and describe the three types of seismic waves on this seismogram.
Time
amplitude (mm)
minutes
Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________
Description: ____________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________
Description: ____________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Type of Seismic Wave: ___________________
Description: ____________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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15
Lesson
Tsunami
7
Earthquake Safety
Landslide
Ocean floor
Potential Earthquake
Destruction
The length and intensity of an earthquake determine the amount of destruction it can cause.
Earthquake
Landslides,
tsunamis and shifting ground caused by strong earthquakes can result in
significant damage to buildings, highways and city infrastructures.
Tsunami
waves increase in
height near shore
Earthquake
Landslide
Ocean floor
Earthquake
Earthquake
Risk of Earthquake
Scientists predict the risk of future earthquakes by studying the locations of faults and
analyzing the information from past earthquakes. Some places such as the western coast of
the United States are at higher risk for earthquake activity than other locations.
Earthquake
Hazard
Levels
highest
ast
st Co
e
W
lowest
Earthquakes
Magnitude ≥6.5
since1978
(data USGS)
16
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Safer Buildings in Earthquake Zones
Buildings in earthquake-prone locations are constructed to better withstand the motion
caused by seismic waves. Steel cross braces, flexible pipes,
and shock absorbers are some of
Mass damper - attached
to the roof - weight can
the technologies being used.
be shifted to counteract
building’s movement
Metal brackets
and plywood used
to secure chimney
Cross braces
for additional
support
Metal connectors reinforce
house frame
No heavy
items on walls,
bed away from
windows
Walls
reinforced
with plywood
panels
House
bolted to
foundation
lead
core
rubber
& steel
Base isolators absorb
seismic waves so they don’t
travel through building
Water heater
strapped to wall
Active
tendon system large weight can be shifted
to counteract ground movement
Individual Safety During an Earthquake
If an earthquake occurs and you are inside a building, crouch under a table or doorway away
from outer walls, and cover your head and neck. If you are outside, go to an open area that is
away from power lines and buildings, and lie face down.
inside a
building
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inside a building
inside a building
outside
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outside
outside
17
Lab Investigation - Determining Magnitude
Seismologists gather information and study data to learn more about earthquakes.
You will study a simulated earthquake and use the data to determine the epicenter and
magnitude of the quake.
Observations & Data Collection
1. Study the seismograms. Determine the S-P interval for each seismogram. Add the data to
the data table.
Los Angeles
L
300
250
200
P
150
S
P
100
50
Amplitude
0 (millimeters)
50
100
150
200
250
de
ers)
Mag 7)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
300
0
10
20
30
40
Time (seconds)
ag 7)
ag 7)
T
Las Vegas
R
300
250
200
P
150
S
P
100
50
plitude
meters)
Amplitude
0 (millimeters)
50
100
150
200
250
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
300
Time (seconds)
18
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0
10
20
30
40
Ti
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Roseburg
300
250
200
P
150
S
100
50
plitude
imeters)
Amplitude
0 (millimeters)
50
100
150
200
250
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
300
110
Time (seconds)
City
S-P interval
(sec)
Use the interval times and this graph to
determine the epicenter distance for each
location. Add the distances to the data table.
Epicenter
distance (km)
Amplitude (mm)
80
Time (seconds)
70
60
50
40
30
20
S-P interval
10
100
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200
300
400
500
600
700
Distance (kilometers)
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800
19
Lo
L
Lab Investigation - Earthquake Magnitude
2. This image shows you an epicenter
distance circle for each location.
Identify the earthquake’s epicenter
by locating the intersection of the
three circles. Mark it on the map.
WASHINGTON
OREGON
Roseburg
IDAHO
NEVADA
UTAH
CALIFORNIA
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
ARIZONA
Richter Nomogram
3. To measure the magnitude, or strength
of an earthquake, you must determine
the amplitude of the highest S
wave. Measure the amplitude on the
seismograms from each location. Add
the information to the data table.
The amplitude and epicenter distance
data are used on a Richter Nomogram to
identify the magnitude of the earthquake.
Plot your data on the nomogram by
placing a dot on the distance and
amplitude lines for Los Angeles. Then
draw a line to connect the dots. Plot the
data for Las Vegas and Roseburg the
same way. (Hint - use different colors for
S-P interval
each location.)
The intersection of the three lines on the
magnitude axis tells you the Richter scale
magnitude of this earthquake.
200
800
700
600
500
8.0
200
7.0
500
400
300
200
100
50
6.0
20
5.0
10
5
4.0
2
100
3.0
0.5
60
40
1
2.0
0.2
30
1.0
0.1
20
Distance
Magnitude
Amplitude
(kilometers)
(millimeters)
Distance (kilometers)
20
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Los
Angeles (S-Pwww.newpathlearning.com
46 sec, Amp 280 mm, Dist 450 km, Mag 7)
300
400
500
600
700
800
Las Vegas (S-P 61 sec, Amp 90 mm, Dist 600 km, Mag 7)
Conclude & Apply
1. What is the relationship between the S-P interval and the epicenter distance?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Looking at the data you collected, which city was the closest to the epicenter of the
simulated earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What information/data do you need to identify the location of the epicenter of an
earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. What information/data do you need to determine the magnitude of an earthquake?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. This simulation occurred at a location that has high seismic activity. Describe the real-life
tectonic plate activity at this location.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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21
Key Vocabulary Terms
anticline
fault
the upward
folding of rock
that forms arches
a surface
or plane on
which rock
breaks
fault line
fault
line
aftershocks
smaller earthquakes
that follow a major
earthquake and occur
near the focus of the
original earthquake
aftershocks
focus
compression
footwall
stress created when
two tectonic plates
are pushing against
each other causing
rock to fold or
break
a block of rock
below a fault
fault
fault
earthquake
a single massive event
of energy released
from breaking crustal
rock; the energy
travels through the
Earth in seismic waves
focus
seismic
waves
seismic
waves
epicenter
the point in
the Earth’s
crust where
an earthquake
originates
hanging wall
the point on the
surface of the Earth
directly above
the focus of an
earthquake
22
fault-block mountain
a mountain that is
formed when the
rock between two
normal faults is
pushed upward
due to stretching
a block of rock
above a fault
fault
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Mercalli scale
the scale used
to measure an
earthquake’s
intensity relative
to the amount of
damage it causes
Mercalli Scale (modified)
Earthquake damage caused
Major destruction over large areas possible.
Waves over Earth’s surface visible to the eye.
Catastrophic
Serious damage over large areas possible.
Bridges, buildings destroyed.
Great
Buildings and roads damaged, cracks in the
Earth visible.
Major
Damage to poorly built structures. Affects
areas up to 100 km across.
Strong
Moves furniture, cracks in walls and
ceilings. Slight damage to small areas.
Moderate
May cause small objects to fall, break
windows. Can be felt but little damage.
Light
Local vibrations felt, little or no damage.
Minor
III
Hanging objects may sway. Vibrations
recorded but not usually felt.
Insignificant
II
Only detected by seismograph.
XII
XI
X
IX
VIII
VII
VI
V
IV
I
Only detected by seismograph.
normal fault
a fault on which
the hanging
wall has moved
downward
footwall
relative to
the footwall
hanging
wall
primary waves
a fault on
which the
footwall moves
downward
relative to the
hanging wall footwall
seismic waves
energy waves
released by an
earthquake that
travel through
the Earth
seismogram
the first energy
waves released
by an earthquake
that have a
pulsing effect;
also called
P-waves
direction of waves
reverse fault
secondary waves
the second energy
waves released
by an earthquake
that move in an S
pattern; also called
S-waves
direction of waves
the record of
the arrival
of seismic
waves at a
seismograph
hanging
wall
Richter scale
the scale used by
geologists to describe
the relative strength of
an earthquake with 1
being the weakest and
10 the strongest
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seismograph
a machine that
measures the strength
and arrival times of
seismic waves from
an earthquake
shearing
stress created when
two tectonic plates
push in opposite
directions
causing rock
to slide or break
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23
Key Vocabulary Terms
stress
the amount of force
per unit area that is
pushing or
pulling on
rocks
strike-slip fault
a fault that forms
when rocks slide
past each other and
experience shearing
stress; usually found
at a transform tectonic
plate boundaries
surface waves
seismic waves
that travel along
the surface of the
Earth’s crust in a
circular motion
direction of waves
syncline
the downward
folding of rock
that forms a
valley
tension
stress created when
two tectonic plates
are moving apart
causing rock to pull
and stretch
24
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Vocabulary Review
anticline ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
aftershocks _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
compression ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
earthquake _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
epicenter____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
fault _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
fault-block mountain _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
footwall ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
focus _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
hanging wall ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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25
Vocabulary Review
Mercalli scale________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
normal fault_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
primary waves ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
reverse fault_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Richter scale ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
secondary waves_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
seismic waves _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
seismogram _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
seismograph ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
shearing ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
26
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stress ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
strike-slip fault ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
surface waves _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
syncline ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
tension _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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27
Assessment Review
1. Describe an earthquake using the words stress, energy, seismic waves, focus and epicenter.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Draw three simple illustrations of tension, compression and shearing.
3. Complete the table below.
Type of Fault
Hanging wall
movement
Footwall
movement
Type of stress
normal
reverse
strike-slip
28
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4. How do fault-block mountains form?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe each type of seismic wave.
P wave: ________________________________________________________________________
S wave: ________________________________________________________________________
Surface wave: ___________________________________________________________________
6. What do seismographs measure?
________________________________________________________________________________
7. The S-P interval is the amount of time between the arrival of the P waves and the arrival
of the S waves. How does the S-P interval relate to the distance between a seismograph
station and the epicenter of an earthquake?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
8. Compare and contrast the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Name three technologies that are used to make buildings safer during earthquakes.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. What should you if an earthquake occurs and you are inside a building?
________________________________________________________________________________
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29
Assessment
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
30
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9
13
10
14
11
15
12
16
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31
Assessment Key
1.
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
B
5.
A
6.
C
7.
C
8.
B
9.
C
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. False
15. A - aftershocks, B - fault, C - epicenter
16. A - P-wave, B - surface wave, C - S-wave
32
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scales.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-ESS2-6.
Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of
the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that
determine regional climates.
NGSS Correlations
STRAND
NGSS.MS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
TITLE
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-ESS3.
MS-ESS2-2.
Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding
Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience
can:
processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial
Crosscutting
Concepts
scales.
MS-ESS3.CC.
Middle
School (Grades 6, 7, 8)
Stability and
Develop
and Change
use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of
ELEMENT
MS-ESS3.CC.3.
PERFORMANCE
EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-ESS2-6.
States: Next Generation
Science Standards
(NGSS
Comprehensive)
the Earth cause patterns
of atmospheric
and oceanic circulation that
Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes
INDICATOR
MS-ESS3.CC.3.1.
determine regional climates.
that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5)
Earthquakes
EARTH AND Lesson
SPACE SCIENCE
STRAND
NGSS.MS-ESS.Multimedia
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
Grade: 8 - Adopted 2013
TITLE
STRAND
MS-ESS3.
NGSS.MS-ESS.
TITLE
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-ESS2.
MS-ESS3.CC.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
ELEMENT
MS-ESS2-2.
MS-ESS3.CC.3.
Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
can:
Earth’s Systems
- Students who demonstrate understanding can:
Crosscutting
Concepts
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
Constructand
an Change
explanation based on evidence for how geoscience
Stability
processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial
Stability
MS-ESS3.CC.3.1.
scales. might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes
that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5)
Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of
MS-ESS2-6.
Grade: 8 - Adopted
2013 cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that
the Earth
determine
regional
climates.
EARTH AND
SPACE
SCIENCE
NGSS.MS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
NGSS.MS-ESS.
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
MS-ESS2.
Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding
MS-ESS3.
Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience
MS-ESS2-2.
can:
processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial
Crosscutting
Concepts
MS-ESS3.CC.
scales.
ELEMENT
PERFORMANCE
EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-ESS3.CC.3.
MS-ESS2-6.
INDICATOR
MS-ESS3.CC.3.1.
STRAND
NGSS.MS-ESS.
TITLE
STRAND
MS-ESS3.
NGSS.HS-ESS.
INDICATOR
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
STRAND
STRAND
TITLE
TITLE
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
Stability and
Develop
and Change
use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of
the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that
Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes
determine regional climates.
that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5)
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Grade: 9 - Adopted 2013
Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
can:
Earth’s
PlaceConcepts
in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding
HS-ESS1.
Crosscutting
MS-ESS3.CC.
can:
Stability and Change
MS-ESS3.CC.3.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
HS-ESS1.DCI.
Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes
MS-ESS3.CC.3.1.
Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions
ESS2.B:
that accumulate over time. (MS-ESS3-5)
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current
ESS2.B:1.
Grade: 9 - Adopted
2013
movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for
EARTH
AND SPACE
SCIENCE
NGSS.HS-ESS.
understanding
its geologic
history. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (secondary to
HS-ESS1-5)
Earth’s
Place in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding
HS-ESS1.
High School (Grade 9)
States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)
Earthquakes Multimedia Lesson
INDICATOR
TITLE
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
ELEMENT
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
INDICATOR
ELEMENT
STRAND
TITLE
STRAND
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
TITLE
ELEMENT
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
INDICATOR
NGSS.HS-ESS.
HS-ESS1.DCI.
HS-ESS2.
ESS2.B:
HS-ESS2-1.
ESS2.B:1.
can:
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Disciplinary Core Ideas
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions
Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes
operate
at different
spatial
andtheory
temporal
to the
formpast
continental
and
Plate
tectonics
is the
unifying
that scales
explains
and current
ocean-floor features.
movements
of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for
understanding
its geologic
history. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (secondary to
EARTH AND SPACE
SCIENCE
HS-ESS1-5)
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Disciplinary Core Ideas
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
Earth Materials and Systems
Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes
operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and
ocean-floor features.
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
TITLE
STRAND
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
TITLE
ELEMENT
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS2.
NGSS.HS-ESS.
HS-ESS2.DCI.
HS-ESS2.
ESS2.A:
HS-ESS2-1.
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-ESS2.
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS2.DCI.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
ESS2.A:
Earth Materials and Systems
INDICATOR
ESS2.A:2.
Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of
historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an
understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of
Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle
and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through
thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the
outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement
of denser materials toward the interior. (HS-ESS2-3)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
HS-ESS2.
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS2.DCI.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
ESS2.B:
Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions
TITLE
© Copyright NewPath Learning
www.newpathlearning.com
33
INDICATOR
Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of
historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an
understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of
Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle
and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through
thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the
outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement
of denser materials toward the interior. (HS-ESS2-3)
ESS2.A:2.
NGSS Correlations
High School (Grade 9) continued
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-ESS2.
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS2.DCI.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
ESS2.B:
Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions
INDICATOR
ESS2.B:1.
The radioactive decay of unstable isotopes continually generates new
energy within Earth’s crust and mantle, providing the primary source of
the heat that drives mantle convection. Plate tectonics can be viewed as
the surface expression of mantle convection. (HS-ESS2-3)
INDICATOR
ESS2.B:2.
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current
movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for
understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for
most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most
rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (HSESS2-1)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-ESS2.
Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS2.DCI.
Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
PS4.A:
Wave Properties
INDICATOR
PS4.A:1.
Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between
layers to probe structures deep in the planet. (secondary to HS-ESS2-3)
STRAND
NGSS.HS-ESS.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
TITLE
HS-ESS3.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
HS-ESS3.DCI.
Earth and Human Activity - Students who demonstrate understanding
can:
Disciplinary Core Ideas
ELEMENT
ESS3.B:
Natural Hazards
INDICATOR
ESS3.B:1.
Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of
human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human
populations and have driven human migrations. (HS-ESS3-1)
Earth's Climate Multimedia Lesson (19)
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)
Science
Grade: 6 - Adopted 2013
STRAND
NGSS.MS-LS.
LIFE SCIENCE
TITLE
MS-LS2.
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION
MS-LS2-4.
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics - Students who
demonstrate understanding can:
Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to
physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.
34
© Copyright NewPath Learning
www.newpathlearning.com
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Earthquakes
Learning Guide
About the Learning Guide Series...
Each comprehensive student learning guide listed below, includes self-directed readings,
easy-to-follow illustrated explanations, guiding questions, inquiry-based activities, a lab
investigation, key vocabulary review and assessment review questions, along with a post-test.
Titles in the Series Include:
Life Science:
1. All About Cells
2. Osmosis and Diffusion: Cell Transport
3. Mitosis: Cell Growth and Division
4. Photosynthesis and Respiration
5. Six Kingdoms of Life
6. Protists: Pond Microlife
7. Food Chains and Webs
8.Meiosis
9. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
10.Genetics: The Study of Heredity
Human Biology:
1.
2.
3.
Moving and Controlling the Body
Providing Fuel and Protection
Maintaining Life – Protection,
Reproduction & Cooperation
Earth Science:
1. Our Solar System
2. The Sun-Earth-Moon System
3. Plate Tectonics
4.Earthquakes
5. Earth’s Atmosphere and Weather
6. Earth’s Climate
7.Minerals
8.Rocks
9.Volcanoes
10.Earth’s Surface
Physical Science:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Properties and States of Matter
Atoms and Chemical Bonding
Elements and the Periodic Table
Chemical Reactions
Forces and Motion
Electricity and Magnetism
Energy: Forms and Changes
8. Work, Power and Simple Machines
9. All About Sound
10.All About Light
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Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.
© Copyright NewPath Learning
14-6824