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• ECOS
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Aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
1
An extended cost–benefit analysis of
the total economic value of shrimp
aquaculture built on mangrove
ecosystems found that the external
costs were much higher than the
external benefits
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Aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
1
Salmon farms are typically sited in pristine
coastal ecosystems which they then pollute.
A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more
fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This
waste is discharged directly into the
surrounding aquatic environment, untreated,
often containing antibiotics and pesticides."
There is also an accumulation of heavy
metals on the benthos (seafloor) near the
salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc.
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eCos
1
Company / developer
eCos community, Free
Software Foundation
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eCos
1
Working state Current
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eCos
1
Supported platforms ARM, CalmRISC,
FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32, Motorola 68000,
Matsushita AM3x, MIPS, NEC V8xx, Nios
II, PowerPC, SPARC, and SuperH
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eCos
1
LicenseeCos License:
GNU General Public
License (with linking
exception)
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eCos
Official website
ecos.sourceware.org
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eCos
eCos (embedded configurable operating
system) is a free and open source real-time
operating system intended for embedded
systems and applications which need only
one process with multiple threads. It is ed to
be customizable to precise application
requirements of run-time performance and
hardware needs. It is implemented in C/C++
and has compatibility layers and APIs for
POSIX and µITRON.
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eCos - Design
eCos was designed for devices with
memory size in the tens to hundreds of
kilobytes, or with real-time
requirements. It can be used on
hardware with too little RAM to support
embedded Linux, which currently
needs a minimum of about 2 MB of
RAM, not including application and
service needs.
1
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eCos - Design
eCos runs on a wide variety of
hardware platforms, including ARM,
CalmRISC, FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32,
Motorola 68000, Matsushita AM3x,
MIPS, NEC V8xx, Nios II, PowerPC,
SPARC, and SuperH.
1
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eCos - Design
Included with the eCos distribution is
RedBoot, an open source application that
uses the eCos Hardware Abstraction
Layer to provide bootstrap firmware for
embedded systems.
1
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eCos - History
1
In January 2004, at the request of the
eCos developers, Red Hat agreed to
transfer its eCos copyrights to the
Free Software Foundation
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eCos - Non-free versions
1
The eCosPro real-time operating system is
a commercial fork of eCos created by
eCosCentric which incorporates
proprietary software components. It is
claimed as a "stable, fully tested, certified
and supported version", with additional
features that are not released as free
software.
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eCos - Criticisms
The FreeBSD TCP/IP network stack port
included with eCos is out of date—circa
2001—and exposes systems using such to
numerous security and stability vulnerabilities
(FreeBSD RELENG 4 4 0 RELEASE for IPv4
and FreeBSD's origin KAME for IPv6).
Official eCos maintainers do not appear to
monitor FreeBSD or KAME for security or
stability updates, but rather rely on minimal
and insufficient bug reports from users of
eCos.
1
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eCos - Criticisms
1
The SNMP package is rudimentary at best, once
again, apparently due to its age.
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Ecosystem engineer
1
Beavers are the stereotypical ecosystem
engineer because of the effects their dams
have on channel flow, geomorphology, and
ecology.
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Ecosystem engineer
1
Kelp are autogenic ecosystem engineers, by
building the necessary structure for kelp forests
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Ecosystem engineer
Beavers are archetypal ecosystem
engineers; in the process of clearcutting
and damming, beavers alter their
ecosystem extensively
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Ecosystem engineer
Autogenic engineers modify the
environment by modifying themselves. As
trees grow, their trunks and branches
create habitats for other living things. In
the tropics, lianas connect trees, which
allow many animals to travel exclusively
through the forest canopy.
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Ecosystem engineer
Humans are very significant allogenic
engineers, though this interaction is more
studied in the field of human ecology.
1
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Ecosystem engineer
1
The zebra mussel is an ecosystem
engineer in North America
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Ecosystem engineer
1
In marine environments, filter feeders and
plankton are ecosystem engineers
because they alter turbidity and light
penetration, controlling the depth at which
photosynthesis can occur. This in turn
limits the primary productivity of benthic
and pelagic habitats and influences
consumption patterns between trophic
groups.
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Charisma - Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity
1
The Charismatic Movement is a trend
in Christianity distinguished by its
belief in the renewal of supernatural
gifts and powers.
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
1
Ecological light
pollution
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
While light at night can be beneficial,
neutral, or damaging for individual
species, its presence invariably disturbs
ecosystems
1
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
Light pollution poses a serious threat in
particular to nocturnal wildlife, having
negative impacts on plant and animal
physiology. It can confuse animal
navigation, alter competitive interactions,
change predator-prey relations, and cause
physiological harm. The rhythm of life is
orchestrated by the natural diurnal
patterns of light and dark, so disruption to
these patterns impacts the ecological
dynamics.
1
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
1
Light pollution may also
affect ecosystems in
other ways
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
1
A 2009 study also suggests deleterious
impacts on animals and ecosystems
because of perturbation of polarized
light or artificial polarisation of light
(even during the day, because direction
of natural polarization of sun light and
its reflexion is a source of information
for a lot of animals). This form of
pollution is named polarized light
pollution (PLP). Unnatural polarized
light sources can trigger maladaptive
behaviors in polarization-sensitive taxa
and alter ecological interactions.
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
Lights on tall structures can disorient
migrating birds. Estimates by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service of the number of birds
killed after being attracted to tall towers
range from 4 to 5 million per year to an
order of magnitude higher. The Fatal Light
Awareness Program (FLAP) works with
building owners in Toronto, Canada and
other cities to reduce mortality of birds by
turning out lights during migration periods.
1
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
1
Similar disorientation has also been noted for
bird species migrating close to offshore
production and drilling facilities. Studies
carried out by Nederlandse Aardolie
Maatschappij b.v. (NAM) and Shell have led
to development and trial of new lighting
technologies in the North Sea. In early 2007,
the lights were installed on the Shell
production platform L15. The experiment
proved a great success since the number of
birds circling the platform declined by 50 to
90%.
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
1
Sea turtle hatchlings emerging from nests on
beaches are another casualty of light pollution
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
In September 2009, the 9th European
Dark-Sky Symposium in Armagh, Northern
Ireland had a session on the
environmental effects of light at night
(LAN)
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Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems
An English journal has become
alarmed at the relation of electricity
to songbirds, which it maintains is
closer than that of cats and fodder
crops
1
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Natural environment - Ecosystems
An ecosystem (also called as
environment) is a natural unit consisting of
all plants, animals and micro-organisms
(biotic factors) in an area functioning
together with all of the non-living physical
(abiotic) factors of the environment.
1
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Natural environment - Ecosystems
1
Eugene Odum, one of the founders of
the science of ecology, stated: "Any
unit that includes all of the organisms
(ie: the "community") in a given area
interacting with the physical
environment so that a flow of energy
leads to clearly defined trophic
structure, biotic diversity, and
material cycles (i.e.: exchange of
materials between living and
nonliving parts) within the system is
an ecosystem."
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Natural environment - Ecosystems
The human ecosystem concept is then
grounded in the deconstruction of the
human/nature dichotomy, and the
emergent premise that all species are
ecologically integrated with each other, as
well as with the abiotic constituents of their
biotope.
1
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Natural environment - Ecosystems
1
This is not universally the case and
there is no proven relationship
between the species diversity of an
ecosystem and its ability to provide
goods and services on a sustainable
level.
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Natural environment - Ecosystems
1
The term ecosystem can also pertain to
human-made environments, such as
human ecosystems and human-influenced
ecosystems, and can describe any
situation where there is relationship
between living organisms and their
environment. Fewer areas on the surface
of the earth today exist free from human
contact, although some genuine
wilderness areas continue to exist without
any forms of human intervention.
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Prayer - Pentecostalism
In Pentecostalism|Pentecostal
congregations, prayer is often done by
speaking in a foreign tongue, a practice
now known as glossolalia.Oxford English
Dictionary, 2nd ed, 1989 Practitioners of
Pentecostal glossolalia may claim that the
languages they speak in prayer are real
foreign languages, and that the ability to
speak those languages spontaneously is a
gift of the Holy Spirit;
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Prayer - Pentecostalism
1
73 Some of these views have allegedly
been refuted.Hine, Virginia H.:
'Pentecostal Glossolalia toward a
Functional Interpretation.' Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion 8, 2:
(1969) 211–26: quote on p
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Systems ecology - Ecosystem ecology
1
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated
study of Life|biotic and abiotic
components of ecosystems and their
interactions within an ecosystem
framework. This science examines
how ecosystems work and relates this
to their components such as
chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and
animals. Ecosystem ecology
examines physical and biological
structure and examines how these
ecosystem characteristics interact.
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Systems ecology - Ecosystem ecology
Whereas ecosystem ecology can be
defined as the scientific study of
ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a
particular approach to the study of
ecological systems and phenomena that
interact with these systems.
1
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Ecosystem services
1
This grouped ecosystem services into
four broad categories: provisioning,
such as the production of food and
water; regulating, such as the control
of climate and disease; supporting,
such as nutrient cycles and crop
pollination; and cultural, such as
spiritual and recreational benefits.
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Ecosystem services
1
To help inform decision-makers, many
ecosystem services are being assigned
economic values, often based on the cost
of replacement with anthropogenic
alternatives
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Ecosystem services - Brief history
1
In following years, variations of the
term were used, but eventually
‘ecosystem services’ became the
standard in scientific
literature.Ehrlich, P.R
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Ecosystem services - Brief history
Modern expansions of the ecosystem
services concept include socio-economic
and Conservation ethic|conservation
objectives, which are discussed below. For
a more complete history of the concepts
and terminology of ecosystem services,
see Daily (1997).
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment|The
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MA) report 2005 defines Ecosystem
services as 'benefits people obtain
from ecosystems' and distinguishes
four categories of ecosystem services,
where the so-called supporting
services are regarded as the basis for
the services of the other three
categories. The following lists
represent the definition and samples of
each according to the MA:
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
: Supporting services: ecosystem
services that are necessary for the
production of all other ecosystem
services Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment (MA). 2005. Ecosystems
and Human Well-Being: Synthesis.
Island Press, Washington. 155pp, here:
p.40.
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
: Provisioning services: products
obtained from ecosystems
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
::• food (including seafood and Game
(food)|game), crops, wild foods, and spices
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
::•minerals (including
diatomite)
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
::•
Medication|pharmaceuticals,
biochemicals, and industrial
products
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
::• energy (hydropower,
biofuel|biomass fuels)
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
: Regulating services: benefits obtained from the
regulation of ecosystem processes
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
::• carbon sequestration and climate
regulation
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
::• purification of water
purification|water and
air pollution|air
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
: Cultural services: nonmaterial
benefits people obtain from
ecosystems through spiritual
enrichment, cognitive development,
reflection, recreation, and aesthetic
experiences
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
::•cultural, intellectual and
spiritual inspiration
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
::• recreational
experiences (including
ecotourism)
1
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
BIOECON Conference, Venice 27–28
September 2010 The most recent
revision by TEEB to synthesize work in
this field and prevent double counting
in ecosystem services audits, has
revised the MA definition to remove
Supporting Services and replace it on
the one hand with Habitat Services
and on the other hand with ecosystem
functions that are defined as a subset
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
1
2012: Contributions of
cultural services to the
ecosystem services
agenda
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Ecosystem services - Four categories
(3) Those cultural values do result not
from properties produced by ecosystems
but are the product of a specific way of
seeing within the given cultural framework
of symbolic experience.Cf
1
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Ecosystem services - Cases
1
To understand the relationships between
humans and natural ecosystems through
the services derived from them, consider
the following cases:
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Ecosystem services - Cases
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), authorities opted to restore the
polluted Catskill Park|Catskill
Watershed that had previously
provided the city with the ecosystem
service of water purification
1
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Ecosystem services - Cases
1
Managing ecosystem services: what do
we need to know about their ecology?
Ecology Letters 8: 468-479
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Ecosystem services - Cases
1
An assessment of ecosystem services: water flow
regulation and hydroelectric power production
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Ecosystem services - Cases
(2006) The Vittel payments for
ecosystem services: a perfect PES
case? International Institute for
Environment and Development,
London , UK.
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
1
Note that it is often possible for multiple
services to be bundled together and when
benefits of targeted objectives are
secured, there may also be ancillary
benefits – the same forest may provide
habitat for other organisms as well as
human recreation, which are also
ecosystem services.
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
The complexity of Earth’s ecosystems
poses a challenge for scientists as they try
to understand how relationships are
interwoven among organisms, processes
and their surroundings. As it relates to
human ecology, a suggested research
agenda for the study of ecosystem
services includes the following steps:
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
1
# identification of ecosystem service
providers (ESPs) – species or
populations that provide specific
ecosystem services – and
characterization of their functional
roles and relationships;
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
# determination of community
structure aspects that influence how
ESPs function in their natural
landscape, such as compensatory
responses that stabilize function and
non-random extinction sequences
which can erode it;
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
1
# assessment of key environmental (abiotic)
factors influencing the provision of services;
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
1
# measurement of the spatial and temporal scales
ESPs and their services operate on.
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
Even so, estimating the functional
structure of an ecosystem and combining
it with information about individual species
traits can help us understand the
Resilience (ecology)|resilience of an
ecosystem amidst environmental change.
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecology
1
Many ecologists also believe that the
provision of ecosystem services can
be stabilized with biodiversity.
Increasing biodiversity also benefits
the variety of ecosystem services
available to society. Understanding the
relationship between biodiversity and
an ecosystem's stability is essential to
the management of natural resources
and their services.
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Ecosystem services - Redundancy hypothesis
Species redundancy and ecosystem
reliability Conservation Biology
(journal)|Conservation Biology 12: 39–45.
1
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Ecosystem services - Redundancy hypothesis
1
The key difference is the rate at which the loss of
species affects total ecosystem function.
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Ecosystem services - Portfolio effect
Response diversity,
ecosystem change and
resilience
1
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Ecosystem services - Portfolio effect
1
“Biodiversity and ecosystem
function: The debate
deepened.” Science 277
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Ecosystem services - Economics
Land-use choices:
balancing human needs and
ecosystem function
1
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
Economic and ecological concepts
for valuing ecosystem services
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
; Avoided cost: Services allow society to
avoid costs that would have been incurred
in the absence of those services (e.g.
waste treatment by wetland habitats
avoids health costs)
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
; Replacement cost: Services could be
replaced with man-made systems (e.g.
Restoration Ecology|restoration of the
Catskill Watershed cost less than the
construction of a water purification plant)
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
; Factor income: Services provide for the
enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved
water quality increases the commercial
take of a fishery and improves the income
of fishers)
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
; Travel cost: Service demand may require
travel, whose costs can reflect the implied
value of the service (e.g. value of
ecotourism experience is at least what a
visitor is willing to pay to get there)
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
; Hedonic pricing: Service demand may be
reflected in the prices people will pay for
associated goods (e.g. coastal housing
prices exceed that of inland homes)
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Ecosystem services - Economics
; Contingent valuation: Service
demand may be elicited by posing
hypothetical scenarios that involve
some valuation of alternatives (e.g.
visitors willing to pay for increased
access to national parks)
1
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Ecosystem services - Economics
1
A peer-reviewed study published in 1997
estimated the value of the world's
ecosystem services and natural capital to
be between US$16–54 trillion per year,
with an average of US$33 trillion per year.
However, Salles (2011) indicates 'The total
value of biodiversity is infinite, so having
debate about what is the total value of
nature is actually pointless because we
can't live without it'
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Ecosystem services - Management and policy
1
Management objectives for
the protection of ecosystem
services
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Ecosystem services - Management and policy
1
Conservation planning
for ecosystem services
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Ecosystem services - Management and policy
1
Many of the ecological functions and
processes performed or affected by
shellfish contribute to human wellbeing by providing a stream of valuable
ecosystem services over time by
filtering out particulate materials and
potentially mitigating water quality
issues by controlling nutrient
pollution|excess nutrients in the water.
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
Ecosystem services degradation can
pose a number of risks to corporate
performance as well as provide
business opportunities through
ecosystem restoration and
enhancement. Risks and opportunities
include:
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Risks such as higher costs for freshwater
due to scarcity or lower output for
hydroelectric facilities due to siltation
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
::Opportunities such as increasing
water-use efficiency or building an onsite wetland to circumvent the need for
new water treatment infrastructure
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
::Risks such as new fines, government
regulations, or lawsuits from local
communities that lose ecosystem services
due to corporate activities
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
::Opportunities such as engaging
governments to develop policies and
incentives to protect or restore
ecosystems that provide services a
company needs
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
: 'Reputational'
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
::Risks such as retail companies
being targeted by nongovernmental
organization campaigns for
purchasing wood or paper from
sensitive forests
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Opportunities such as implementing
and communicating sustainable
purchasing, operating, or investment
practices in order to differentiate
corporate brands
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Risks such as customers switching
to other suppliers that offer products
with lower ecosystem impacts or
governments implementing new
sustainable procurement policies
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Opportunities such as launching new
products and services that reduce
customer impacts on ecosystems or
participating in emerging markets for
carbon sequestration and watershed
protection other products
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Risks such as banks implementing more
rigorous lending requirements for corporate
loans
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
::Opportunities such as banks offering
more favorable loan terms or investors
taking positions in companies
supplying products and services that
improve resource use efficiency or
restore degraded ecosystems
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
1
http://www.wri.org/project/
ecosystem-servicesreview
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business
Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem
Services (ARIES), the Natural Value
Initiative (NVI) and InVEST (Integrated
Valuation of Ecosystem Services
Tradeoffs)
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions
The process of making ecosystem
services decisions must consider the
interaction of many types of information,
honor all project stakeholder|stakeholder
viewpoints and measure the impacts on all
four parts of the intersection
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions
More than most any other type of
decision, ecosystem services rely on and
affect many different classes of
stakeholders including regulatory
agencies, proposal proponents, decision
makers, residents, non-governmental
organization|NGOs, etc. Often it is the
combination of the best science
combined with the stakeholder values,
estimates and opinions that drive the
process. Science alone cannot usually
drive ecosystem services decisions as the
scientific data and analytical models are
uncertain.
1
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Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions
Various efforts have been made
integrate the stakeholder needs, in a
spatial environment while taking into
account the uncertainty
1
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Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
1
An extended cost–benefit analysis of
the Total Economic Value|total
economic value of shrimp
aquaculture built on mangrove
ecosystems found that the
Externality|external costs were much
higher than the external benefits
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Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
Hinrichsen D (1998)
[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=70Ns
JkGMPiwCpg=PR5dq=Hinrichsen+%22Co
astal+Waters+of+the+World%22,+Island+
Press,+1998.num=100ei=hmpCSCUIIrSkwTjy5DMAQcd=1#v=onepageq=f=
false Coastal Waters of the World: Trends,
Threats, and Strategies] Island Press.
ISBN 978-1-55963-383-3
1
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Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
1
[http://atlas.aaas.org/index.php?part
=2sec=natressub=meatfish Meat and
Fish] American Association for the
Advancement of Science|AAAS Atlas
of Population and Environment.
Retrieved 4 January 2010.
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Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
1
Aquaculture of salmon|Salmon farms are
typically sited in pristine coastal
ecosystems which they then pollute. A
farm with 200,000 salmon discharges
more fecal waste than a city of 60,000
people. This waste is discharged directly
into the surrounding aquatic environment,
untreated, often containing antibiotics and
pesticides. There is also an accumulation
of heavy metals on the benthos (seafloor)
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Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems
FAO: Cultured Aquatic Species
Information Programme:
[http://www.fao.org/fishery/cultured
species/Oncorhynchus_kisutch/en
Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum,
1792)] Rome. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
1
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
Australia has some of the world's most
diverse ecosystems and natural habitats,
and it may be this variety that makes them
the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when
exposed to climate change
1
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
The CSIRO predicts that the additional
results in Australia of a temperature rise of
between 2 and 3 degrees celsius will be:
1
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
* 97% of the Great Barrier Reef
bleached annually.(CSIRO (op cit)
Jones, R.N. (2004) Managing Climate
Change Risks, in Agrawala, S. and
Corfee-Morlot, J. (eds.), The Benefits
of Climate Change Policies:
Analytical and Framework Issues,
OECD, Paris, 249–298.)
1
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
1
* 10–40% loss of principal habitat for
Victoria and montane tropical
vertebrate species.(CSIRO (op cit)
Brereton, R., Bennett, S. and
Mansergh, I. (1995) Enhanced
greenhouse climate change and its
potential effect on selected fauna of
south-eastern Australia: a trend
analysis. Biological Conservation, 72,
39-354.)
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
1
* 92% decrease in butterfly species’
primary habitats.(CSIRO (op cit)
Beaumont, L.J., and Hughes, L. (2002)
Potential changes in the distributions
of latitudinally restricted Australian
butterfly species in response to
climate change. Global Change
Biology 8(10), 954-971.)
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
1
* 98% reduction in Bowerbird habitat in
Northern Australia.(CSIRO (op cit) Hilbert,
D.W., Bradford, M., Parker, T., and
Westcott, D.A. (2004) Golden bowerbird
(Prionodura newtonia) habitat in past,
present and future climates: predicted
extinction of a vertebrate in tropical
highlands due to global warming.
Biological Conservation, 116, 367)
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Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems
1
* 80% loss of freshwater wetlands in
Kakadu National Park|Kakadu (30cm
sea level rise).(CSIRO (op cit) Hare,
W., (2003) Assessment of Knowledge
on Impacts of Climate Change—
Contribution to the Specification of
Art. 2 of the UNFCCC, WGBU, Berlin,
[http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_e
x01.pdf])
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Organic matter - Natural ecosystem functions
1
Organic matter is present
throughout the ecosystem
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Climate change and ecosystems
1
This article is about
'climate change and
ecosystems'.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
Unchecked global warming could
affect most terrestrial ecoregions.
Increasing global temperature means
that ecosystems will change; some
species are being forced out of their
habitats (Extinction risk from global
warming|possibly to extinction)
because of changing conditions, while
others are flourishing. Secondary
effects of global warming, such as
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
With high confidence, they concluded
that climate change would result in
the extinction of many species and a
reduction in the diversity of
ecosystems (p.792).
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
*'Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity':
With a warming of 3°C, relative to 1990
levels, it is likely that global terrestrial
vegetation would become a net source of
carbon (Schneider et al., 2007:792). With
high confidence, Schneider et al.
(2007:788) concluded that a global mean
temperature increase of around 4°C
(above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100
would lead to major extinctions around the
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
*'Marine ecosystems and
biodiversity': With very high
confidence, Schneider et al. (2007:792)
concluded that a warming of 2°C
above 1990 levels would result in mass
mortality of coral reefs globally.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
*'Freshwater ecosystems': Above about a
4°C increase in global mean temperature
by 2100 (relative to 1990-2000), Schneider
et al. (2007:789) concluded, with high
confidence, that many freshwater species
would become extinct.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
Studying the association between
Earth climate and extinctions over the
past 520 million years, scientists from
the University of York write, The global
temperatures predicted for the
coming centuries may trigger a new
‘mass extinction event’, where over 50
per cent of animal and plant species
would be wiped out.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
Many of the species at risk are Arctic and
Antarctic fauna such as polar bears and
Emperor Penguins
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
Warmer-than-ideal conditions result in
higher metabolism and consequent
reductions in body size despite increased
foraging, which in turn elevates the risk of
predation. Indeed, even a slight increase
in temperature during development
impairs growth efficiency and survival rate
in rainbow trout.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
Rising temperatures are beginning to
have a noticeable impact on birds, and
Butterfly|butterflies have shifted their
ranges northward by 200km in Europe
and North America. Plants lag behind,
and larger animals' migration is
slowed down by cities and roads. In
Britain, spring butterflies are
appearing an average of 6 days earlier
than two decades ago.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
A 2002 article in Nature surveyed the
scientific literature to find recent
changes in range or seasonal
behaviour by plant and animal
species
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
Mechanistic studies have documented
extinctions due to recent climate
change: McLaughlin et al. documented
two populations of Bay checkerspot
butterfly being threatened by
precipitation change.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
1
Parmesan states, Few studies have been conducted
at a scale that encompasses an entire species
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
and McLaughlin et al. agreed few
mechanistic studies have linked
extinctions to recent climate change.
Daniel Botkin and other authors in one
study believe that projected rates of
extinction are overestimated. For recent
extinctions, see Holocene extinction.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
Many species of freshwater and
saltwater plants and animals are
dependent on glacier-fed waters to
ensure a cold water habitat that they
have adapted to
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts
The white lemuroid possum, only
found in the Daintree mountain forests
of northern Queensland, may be the
first mammal species to be driven
extinct by global warming in
Australia. In 2008, the White Possum
has not been seen in over three years.
The possums cannot survive extended
temperatures over , which occurred in
2005.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Forests
1
Pine forests in British Columbia have
been devastated by a pine beetle
infestation, which has expanded
unhindered since 1998 at least in part
due to the lack of severe winters since
that time; a few days of extreme cold
kill most mountain pine beetles and
have kept outbreaks in the past
naturally contained
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Climate change and ecosystems - Forests
1
As the northern forests are a carbon
sink, while dead forests are a major
carbon source, the loss of such large
areas of forest has a positive feedback
on global warming
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Climate change and ecosystems - Forests
1
Besides the immediate ecological and economic
impact, the huge dead forests provide a fire risk
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Climate change and ecosystems - Forests
1
Forest fires in Indonesia have dramatically
increased since 1997 as well. These fires are
often actively started to clear forest for
agriculture. They can set fire to the large peat
bogs in the region and the CO₂released by
these peat bog fires has been estimated, in
an average year, to be 15% of the quantity of
CO₂produced by fossil fuel combustion.BBC
News:
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/42
08564.stm Asian peat fires add to warming]
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Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains
1
Mountains cover approximately 25 percent
of earth's surface and provide a home to
more than one-tenth of global human
population. Changes in global climate
pose a number of potential risks to
mountain habitats. Researchers expect
that over time, climate change will affect
mountain and lowland ecosystems, the
frequency and intensity of forest fires, the
diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains
1
Studies suggest that a warmer climate
in the United States would cause
lower-elevation habitats to expand
into the higher alpine
zone.[http://www.epa.gov/climatecha
nge/effects/downloads/potential_effe
cts.pdf The Potential Effects Of Global
Climate Change On The United States]
Report to Congress Editors: Joel B
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Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains
1
Changes in climate will also affect the
depth of the mountains snowpacks and
glaciers. Any changes in their seasonal
melting can have powerful impacts on
areas that rely on freshwater surface
runoff|runoff from mountains. Rising
temperature may cause snow to melt
earlier and faster in the spring and shift
the timing and distribution of runoff.
These changes could affect the
availability of freshwater for natural
systems and human uses.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity
*According to a paper by Smith and
Hitz (2003:66), it is reasonable to
assume that the relationship between
increased global mean temperature
and ecosystem productivity is
parabola|parabolic. Higher carbon
dioxide concentrations will favourably
affect plant growth and demand for
water. Higher temperatures could
initially be favourable for plant
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity
1
*According to IPCC (2007:11), a global
average temperature increase
exceeding 1.5–2.5°C (relative to the
period 1980–99), would likely have a
predominantly negative impact on
ecosystem goods and services, e.g.,
water and food supply.
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Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity
*Research done by the
[http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/scc/inde
x.shtml Swiss Canopy Crane Project]
suggests that slow-growing trees only are
stimulated in growth for a short period
under higher CO2 levels, while faster
growing plants like liana benefit in the long
term
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration
1
Climate Change European Marine
Ecosystem Research (CLAMER) has
also reported that the Neodenticula
seminae alga has been found in the
North Atlantic, where it had gone
extinct nearly 800,000 years ago
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Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration
In the Siberian subarctic, species
migration is contributing to another
warming albedo-feedback, as needleshedding larch trees are being
replaced with dark-foliage evergreen
conifers which can absorb some of the
solar radiation that previously
reflected off the snowpack beneath the
forest canopy.
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration
Global ecologist Jon Bergengren
states that when plants and animals
attempt to survive by shifting their
geographical ranges, as they have in
past episodes of climate change,
they'll be blocked by farms and cities
1
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Climate change and ecosystems - Agriculture
1
Droughts have been occurring more
frequently because of global warming
and they are expected to become more
frequent and intense in Africa,
southern Europe, the Middle East,
most of the Americas, Australia, and
Southeast Asia. Their impacts are
aggravated because of increased
water demand, population growth,
urban expansion, and environmental
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Climate change and ecosystems - Agriculture
Climate change effects on human
water demand and irrigation may
intensify these
effects.[http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Pro
ducts/Publications/23228/23228.pdf
Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems
to elevated CO2 and climate change in
arid and semiarid western North
America] Global Change Biology
(2012) vol
1
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Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems
1
Past observations have indicated some of
the likely effects of climate change on
biodiversity. Global warming has already
changed timings of spring events such as
leaf unfolding, bird migration and egglaying. The population of species could
change due to the speed at which they
adapt.
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Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Changes in the ranges of plant and
animal species have been observed.
New species may move to Scotland
with the changing climate. Shifts may
occur on hillsides and species that are
already confined to high mountains
may become extinct in Scotland.
1
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Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems
There will be new risks to animals,
plants and their habitats, including
non-native pests and
diseases.[http://www.scotland.gov.uk
/Publications/2009/12/08130729/1
Scotland's Climate Change Adaption
Framework - Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Resilience], Scottish
Government
1
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Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems
1
When all these effects are combined with
human response, such as land use
change and the growth of new forests,
Scotland's ecosystems could change
drastically.
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Climate change and poverty - Ecosystems and biodiversity
Climate change is already
transforming Ecological systems
1
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Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms
1
In ecosystems, the amount of available
resources and the extent to which
those resources are used by organisms
determines the effects of additional
species on the ecosystem. In stable
ecosystems, equilibrium exists in the
use of available resources. These
mechanisms describe a situation in
which the ecosystem has suffered a
disturbance which changes the
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Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms
1
When changes such as a forest fire occur,
normal succession favors native grasses
and forbs. An introduced species that can
spread faster than natives can use
resources that would have been available
to native species, squeezing them out.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are often the
limiting factors in these situations.
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Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms
1
Every species occupies a Ecological
niche|niche in its native ecosystem;
some species fill large and varied
roles, while others are highly
specialized. Some invading species
fill niches that are not used by native
species, and they also can create new
niches.
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Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms
1
Ecosystem changes can alter species'
distributions. For example edge
effects describe what happens when
part of an ecosystem is disturbed as
when land is cleared for agriculture.
The boundary between remaining
undisturbed habitat and the newly
cleared land itself forms a distinct
habitat, creating new winners and
losers and possibly hosting species
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Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems
In 1958, Charles S. Elton claimed that
ecosystems with higher species diversity
were less subject to invasive species
because of fewer available niches. Other
ecologists later pointed to highly diverse,
but heavily invaded ecosystems and
argued that ecosystems with high species
diversity were more susceptible to
invasion.
1
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Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems
This debate hinged on the Scale
(spatial)|spatial scale at which
invasion studies were performed, and
the issue of how diversity affects
susceptibility remained unresolved as
of 2011
1
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Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems
1
Conversely, invaded ecosystems may lack
the natural competitors and predators that
check invasives' growth in their native
ecosystems, a factor that affected Guam
snake populations.
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Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems
Invaded ecosystems may have
experienced disturbance, typically humaninduced. Such a disturbance may give
invasive species a chance to establish
themselves with less competition from
natives less able to adapt to a disturbed
ecosystem.
1
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Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems
Soil erosion (especially from
agricultural activity) is considered to
be the leading global cause of diffuse
water pollution, due to the effects of
the excess sediments flowing into the
world's waterways. The sediments
themselves act as pollutants, as well
as being carriers for other pollutants,
such as attached pesticide molecules
or heavy metals.
1
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Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems
1
The effect of increased sediments loads on aquatic
ecosystems can be catastrophic
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Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems
One of the most serious and longrunning water erosion problems
worldwide is in the People's Republic
of China, on the middle reaches of the
Yellow River and the upper reaches of
the Yangtze River. From the Yellow
River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment
flows into the ocean each year. The
sediment originates primarily from
water erosion in the Loess Plateau
1
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Stem cell controversy - Pentecostalism
The Assemblies of God opposes the
practice of cultivating stem cells from
the tissue of aborted fetuses because
it perpetuates the evil of abortion and
should be prohibited.
1
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Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems
Determining ecosan systems as
ecological sanitation is not easy, for it
is not just one specific technology, but
a new approach based on an
ecosystem-oriented view of material
flows.
1
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Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems
1
The following diagram gives an overview
of the different collection, treatment and
reuse possibilities of the five flow streams
considered in ecological sanitation
systems:
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Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems
Low-cost, sanitary toilets that produce
valuable compost for crops in an African
context or in the gtz-ecosan technical data
sheets,[http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umw
elt-infrastruktur/wasser/9397.htm GTZ
technical data sheets] among other
relevant literature.
1
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Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach
The Convention on Biological
Diversity|CBD definition of the Ecosystem
Approach and a set of principles for its
application were developed at an expert
meeting in Malawi in 1995, known as the
Malawi
Principles.[http://www.fao.org/documents/s
how_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/006/Y477
3E/y4773e0e.htm Malawi Principles] The
definition, 12 principles and 5 points of
1
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Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach
1
It recognizes that humans, with their
cultural diversity, are an integral
component of many ecosystems.
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Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach
1
In Europe, the MCPFE and the Council for
the Pan-European Biological and
Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS)
jointly recognized sustainable forest
management to be consistent with the
Ecosystem Approach in 2006.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
1
The assessment measures 24 ecosystem
services concluding that only four have
shown improvement over the last 50
years, fifteen are in serious decline, and
five are in a stable state overall, but under
threat in some parts of the
world.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,
pp
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
The assessment makes use of
thorough studies and information to
call attention to its topic. It highlights
four issues that revolve around the fact
that ecosystem degradation is fast
reaching dangerous new levels:
1
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
1
*The past 50 years have faced far more
serious change to the world's
ecosystems than has ever been seen
before. The process is only
accelerating as humanity's need for
resources grows Exponential
growth|exponentially.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
1
*While ecosystem services that have
increased Human development
(humanity)|human development have
grown, there are others that have been
severely damaged as a result. The
damage to these services will have
future repercussions.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
1
*Degradation is a barrier to UNDP|UN
development goals. Plans to eradicate
famine and disease worldwide cannot
be accomplished as expected with
such environmental damage
occurring.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
1
*There are possible changes which could
resolve many of these problems and keep
development on par with demand, but
there is simply not enough effort made to
include such policies.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues
1
The assessment demanded that changes be
instituted firmly and quickly. It was
recognized that, as humanity has the power
and ability to prevent the damages to the
planet, it is also our duty to do so. One of the
most important issues brought up was the
effects apa of natural
environment|environmental damage to the
underdeveloped and poor people of the
world. The report urged the nations of the
world to work harder to achieve a sustainable
future.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
1
1. Over the past 50 years, humans have
changed ecosystems more rapidly and
extensively than in any comparable period
of time in human history, largely to meet
rapidly growing demands for food, fresh
water, timber, fiber and fuel. This has
resulted in a substantial and largely
irreversible loss in the diversity of life on
Earth.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
1
2. The changes that have been made to
ecosystems have contributed to
substantial net gains in human well-being
and economic development, but these
gains have been achieved at growing
costs in the form of:
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
* the exacerbation of
poverty for some groups of
people.
1
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
1
These problems, unless addressed, will
substantially diminish the benefits that
future generations obtain from
ecosystems.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
1
3. The degradation of ecosystem services
could grow significantly worse during the
first half of this century and is a barrier to
reducing global poverty and achieving the
[http://www.developmentgoals.org/
Millennium Development Goals].
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
4. The challenge of reversing the
degradation of ecosystem while meeting
increasing demands for ecological
services can be partially met under some
scenarios considered by the MA, but will
involve significant changes in policies,
institutions and practices that are not
currently under way.
1
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings
1
At the same time, the assessment shows
that with appropriate actions it is possible
to reverse the degradation of many
ecosystem services over the next 50
years, but the changes in policy and
practice required are substantial and not
currently underway.
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Spinoff projects
1
Twenty-nine subglobal assessments were
planned to accompany the Millennium
Assessment. They range from
examinations of the Stockholm urban
region to the coastal, small island, and
coral reef ecosystems of Papua New
Guinea; to people and the environment in
the Philippines; to the downstream
Mekong River wetlands ecosystem in
Vietnam.
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Sustainable fishery - Changing the ecosystem balance
*
[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/envi
ronment/article6256445.ece How we are
emptying our seas] The Sunday Times,
May 10, 2009.
1
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Sustainable fishery - Changing the ecosystem balance
1
* Daniel Pauly|Pauly, Daniel (2004)
[http://www.seaaroundus.org/DPkey
note.pdf Reconciling Fisheries with
Conservation: the Challenge of
Managing Aquatic Ecosystems]
Fourth World Fisheries Congress,
Vancouver, 2004.
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Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries
1
Fishing, however, is not the sole cause
of changes to marine
lifemdash;Marine pollution|pollution
is another example....No one factor
operates in isolation and components
of the ecosystem respond differently
to each individual factor.
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Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries
University of Liverpool (2006).
[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/200
6/02/060216233254.htm Marine
Ecologists To Help Rebuild Decreasing
Fish Stocks] 'ScienceDaily'.
1
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Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries
1
The traditional approach to fisheries
science and management has been to
focus on a single species. This can be
contrasted with the Ecosystem
Approach|ecosystem-based
approach. Ecosystem-based fishery
concepts have been implemented in
some regions.
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Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries
1
Villy Christensen|Christensen, Villy
(2004)
[http://www.seaaroundus.org/4WFC/
ECOSYSTEMMODELING.PDF Using
ecosystem modeling for fisheries
management and marine ecosystem
conservation: Where are we?] Fourth
World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver,
2004. In a 2007 effort to stimulate
much needed discussion and clarify
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Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries
Francis RC, Hixon MA, Clarke ME,
Murawski SA, and Ralston S (2007)
[http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsa
rch/2007/Feb07/commandments.html
Ten commandments for ecosystembased fisheries scientists] Proceedings
of Coastal Zone 07, Portland, Oregon.
[http://www.csc.noaa.gov/cz/2007/Coast
al_Zone_07_Proceedings/PDFs/Tuesda
y_Abstracts/0000.Hixon.pdf Download]
1
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Parasite - Roles in ecosystems
Modifying the behavior of infected
hosts, to make transmission to other
hosts more likely to occur, is one way
parasites can affect the structure of
ecosystems. For example, in the case
of Euhaplorchis californiensis
(discussed above) it is plausible that
the local Predation|predator and prey
species might be different if this
parasite were absent from the system.
1
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Parasite - Roles in ecosystems
1
Although parasites are often omitted
in depictions of food webs, they
usually occupy the top position.
Parasites can function like keystone
species, reducing the dominance of
superior competitors and allowing
competing species to co-exist.
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Parasite - Roles in ecosystems
1
Many parasites require multiple hosts
of the different species to complete
their life cycles and rely on predatorprey or other stable ecological
interactions to get from one host to
another. In this sense, the parasites in
an ecosystem reflect the health of that
system.
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Nature - Ecosystems
1
Ecosystems are composed of a variety of
abiotic and Biotic component|biotic
components that function in an interrelated
way. The structure and composition is
determined by various environmental
factors that are interrelated. Variations of
these factors will initiate dynamic
modifications to the ecosystem. Some of
the more important components are: soil,
atmosphere, radiation from the sun, water,
and living organisms.
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Nature - Ecosystems
The human ecosystem concept is
grounded in the deconstruction of the
human/nature dichotomy and the
premise that all species are
ecologically integrated with each
other, as well as with the abiotic
constituents of their biotope.
1
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Nature - Ecosystems
A smaller unit of size is called a
microecosystem. For example, a
microsystem can be a stone and all
the life under it. A macroecosystem
might involve a whole ecoregion, with
its drainage basin.
1
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Ecology - Ecosystem ecology
A more recent addition to ecosystem
ecology are technoecosystems, which are
affected by or primarily the result of human
activity.
1
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River - Ecosystem
1
The basic idea is that the river can be
described as a system that is
continuously changing along its
length in the physical parameters, the
availability of food particles and the
composition of the ecosystem
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River - Ecosystem
1
In rivers Ecological succession|succession
is virtually absent and the composition of
the ecosystem stays fixed in time.
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Environmental protection - Ecosystems approach
1
An ecosystems approach to resource
management and environmental
protection aims to consider the
complex interrelationships of an
entire ecosystem in decision making
rather than simply responding to
specific issues and challenges
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Human ecology - Ecosystem services
1
These ecological health services are
regularly depleted through urban
development projects that do not
factor in the common-pool value of
ecosystems.
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Human ecology - Ecosystem services
1
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,
an international UN initiative involving
more than 1,360 experts worldwide,
identifies four main ecosystem service
types having 30 sub-categories stemming
from natural capital
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Overfishing - Ecosystem overfishing
1
Ecosystem overfishing occurs when the
balance of the ecosystem is altered by
overfishing. With declines in the
abundance of large predatory species, the
abundance of small Forage fish|forage
type increases causing a shift in the
balance of the ecosystem towards smaller
fish species.
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Ecosystems
400 (although some scientists say that the
entire planet is an ecosystem).Willis (1997), p
1
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Ecosystems
1
The energy that flows
through ecosystems
is obtained primarily
from the sun
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Ecosystems
1
Although humans exist and operate within
ecosystems, their cumulative effects are
large enough to influence external factors
like climate.
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Ecosystems
1
Classifying ecosystems into ecologically
homogeneous units is an important step
towards effective ecosystem management,
but there is no single, agreed-upon way to
do this.
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Ecosystems - History and development
defined the spatial
extent of ecosystems
using the term
ecotope.
1
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Ecosystems - History and development
Odum, further developed a systems
approach to the study of ecosystems,
allowing them to study the flow of energy
and material through ecological systems.
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes
1
Energy and carbon enter ecosystems
through photosynthesis, are
incorporated into living tissue,
transferred to other organisms that
feed on the living and dead plant
matter, and eventually released
through respiration.Chapin et al.
(2002), pp. 123–150 Most mineral
nutrients, on the other hand, are
recycled within ecosystems.Chapin et
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes
This may be the difference between the
ecosystem present in wetland situated in a
small depression on the landscape, and
one present on an adjacent steep hillside.
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes
The introduced species|introduction of
non-native species can cause substantial
shifts in ecosystem function.
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes
1
Although humans exist and operate
within ecosystems, their cumulative
effects are large enough to influence
external factors like climate.
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Ecosystems - Primary production
Primary production is the production of
organic matter from inorganic carbon
sources. Overwhelmingly, this occurs
through photosynthesis. The energy
incorporated through this process supports
life on earth, while the carbon makes up
much of the organic matter in living and
dead biomass, soil carbon and fossil fuels.
It also drives the carbon cycle, which
influences global climate via the
1
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Ecosystems - Primary production
1
The photosynthesis carried out by all the
plants in an ecosystem is called the gross
primary production (GPP).Chapin et al
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Ecosystems - Energy flow
1
'Left:' Energy flow
diagram of a frog
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Ecosystems - Energy flow
1
In aquatic ecosystem|aquatic systems,
the proportion of plant biomass that
gets consumed by herbivores is much
higher.Chapin et al
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Ecosystems - Energy flow
1
In trophic systems photosynthetic
organisms are the primary
producers
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
1
In the absence of decomposition, dead
organic matter would accumulate in
an ecosystem and nutrients and
atmospheric carbon dioxide would be
depleted.Chapin et al
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
1
These are then taken up by organisms in
the soil, react with mineral soil, or are
transported beyond the confines of the
ecosystem (and are considered lost to it)
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
1
Fragmentation processes break organic
material into smaller pieces, exposing new
surfaces for colonization by microbes
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
The chemical alteration of dead
organic matter is primarily achieved
through bacterial and fungal action
1
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
1
Decomposition rates vary
among ecosystems
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
1
Decomposition rates are low
under very wet or very dry
conditions
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Ecosystems - Decomposition
The quality and quantity of the material
available to decomposers is another major
factor that influences the rate of
decomposition
1
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Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling
1
Ecosystems continually exchange energy
and carbon with the wider environment
(systems)|environment; mineral nutrients,
on the other hand, are mostly cycled back
and forth between plants, animals,
microbes and the soil. Most nitrogen
enters ecosystems through biological
nitrogen fixation, is deposited through
precipitation, dust, gases or is applied as
fertilizer. Since most terrestrial
ecosystems are nitrogen-limited, nitrogen
cycling is an important control on
ecosystem production.
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Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling
1
Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs account for about
80% of all nitrogen fluxes in ecosystems.
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Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling
1
When plant tissues are shed or are
eaten, the nitrogen in those tissues
becomes available to animals and
microbes
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Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling
1
Although magnesium and manganese are
produced by weathering, exchanges
between soil organic matter and living
cells account for a significant portion of
ecosystem fluxes
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Ecosystems - Function and biodiversity
1
265–277 Biodiversity plays an important role in
ecosystem functioning.Schulze et al
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Ecosystems - Function and biodiversity
1
Keystone species tend to have an effect
on ecosystem function that is
disproportionate to their abundance in an
ecosystem.
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem goods and services
1
While Gretchen Daily's original definition
distinguished between ecosystem goods
and ecosystem services, Robert Costanza
and colleagues' later work and that of the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
lumped all of these together as ecosystem
services.
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem management
362–365 while Norman Christensen
and coauthors defined it as
management driven by explicit goals,
executed by policies, protocols, and
practices, and made adaptable by
monitoring and research based on our
best understanding of the ecological
interactions and processes necessary
to sustain ecosystem structure and
function and Peter Brussard and
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem management
While ecosystem management can be
used as part of a plan for wilderness
conservation, it can also be used in
intensively managed ecosystems (see, for
example, agroecosystem and close to
nature forestry).
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
1
281–304 When an ecosystem is subject to
some sort of perturbation
(biology)|perturbation, it responds by
moving away from its initial state
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
Longer-term changes also shape
ecosystem processes—the forests of
eastern North America still show
legacies of cultivation which ceased
200 years ago, while methane
production in eastern Siberian lakes is
controlled by organic matter which
accumulated during the Pleistocene.
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
1
Disturbance is followed by ecological
succession|succession, a directional
change in ecosystem structure and
functioning resulting from biotically
driven changes in resources supply.
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
1
Ecosystems recover more quickly
from less severe disturbance
events.
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
1
The early stages of primary succession
are dominated by species with small
propagules (seed and spores) which
can be dispersed long distances
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics
Drawing on this methodology and
prior observations of complex
ecosystems, Ulanowicz depicts
approaches to determining the stress
levels on ecosystems and predicting
system reactions to defined types of
alteration in their settings (such as
increased or reduced energy flow, and
eutrophication.Robert Ulanowicz
(1997)
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology
1
Ecosystem ecology studies the flow of
energy and materials through organisms
and the physical environment. It seeks to
understand the processes which govern
the stocks of material and energy in
ecosystems, and the flow of matter and
energy through them. The study of
ecosystems can cover 10 order of
magnitude|orders of magnitude, from the
surface layers of rocks to the surface of
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology
Philosopher of science Mark Sagoff
considers the failure to define the kind of
object it studies to be an obstacle to the
development of theory in ecosystem
ecology.
1
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology
1
Carpenter has argued that microcosm
experiments can be irrelevant and
diversionary if they are not carried
out in conjunction with field studies
carried out at the ecosystem scale,
because microcosm experiments
often fail to accurately predict
ecosystem-level dynamics.
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Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology
The study used stream chemistry as a
means of monitoring ecosystem
properties, and developed a detailed
biogeochemistry|biogeochemical model of
the ecosystem
1
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Ecosystems - Classification of Ecosystems
American geographer Robert Bailey
(geographer)|Robert Bailey defines a
hierarchy of ecosystem units ranging from
microecosystems (individual
homogeneous sites, on the order of in
area), through mesoecosystems
(landscape ecology|landscape mosaics,
on the order of ) to macroecosystems
(ecoregions, on the order of ).Bailey
(2009), Chapter 2, pp
1
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Ecosystems - Classification of Ecosystems
1
29–40 In contrast with Bailey's methodology, Puerto
Rico ecologist Ariel Lugo and coauthors identified ten
characteristics of an effective classification system:
that it be based on georeferenced, quantitative data;
that it should minimize subjectivity and explicitly
identify criteria and assumptions; that it should be
structured around the factors that drive ecosystem
processes; that it should reflect the hierarchical nature
of ecosystems; that it should be flexible enough to
conform to the various scales at which ecosystem
management operates; that it should be tied to reliable
measures of climate so that it can anticipat[e] global
climate change; that it be applicable worldwide; that it
should be validated against independent data; that it
take into account the sometimes complex relationship
between climate, vegetation and ecosystem
functioning; and that it should be able to adapt and
improve as new data become available.
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Ecosystems - Types of ecosystems
1
* Aquatic ecosystem
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Ecosystems - Types of ecosystems
** Subsurface
lithoautotrophic
microbial ecosystem
1
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Payment for ecosystem services
1
'Payments for ecosystem services' (PES),
also known as 'payments for
environmental services (or benefits)', are
incentives offered to farmers or
landowners in exchange for managing
their land to provide some sort of
ecological service
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Payment for ecosystem services
1
The value of the world's ecosystem
services and natural capital.]
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Payment for ecosystem services
1
The providers of the ecosystem services
can be expected to be willing to accept a
payment that is greater than the cost of
providing the services.
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Payment for ecosystem services - Organizations and motives for incentivizing
production of ecosystem services
1
Though the goal of all PES programs is
the procurement of some sort of
ecosystem service, the reasons why
organizations or governments would
incentivize the production of these
services are diverse
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Payment for ecosystem services - Organizations and motives for incentivizing production
of ecosystem services
In 2000, the Chinese central
government announced an even more
expensive project under its $43 billion
Grains for Green program, by which it
offers farmers grain in exchange for not
clearing forested slopes for farming,
thereby reducing erosion and saving
the streams and rivers below from the
associated deluge of sedimentation
1
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
1
In Jesús de Otoro, Honduras, the Cumes River is
the town’s main source of clean water
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
In Jamestown, Rhode Island, United
States, farmers usually harvest the hay
in their fields twice a year
1
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
1
The Scolel Té program in Chiapas,
Mexico, aims to create a market for
positive externalities of shade-grown
coffee plantations
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
Pico Bonito Forests, near La Ceiba,
Honduras, is a mission-driven, forprofit venture between the Pico Bonito
National Park Foundation and the
EcoLogic Development Fund
1
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
London: Overseas Development
Institute The Costa Rican government
implemented laws to ensure that a
new concept could become a part of
their market place: the idea that
market incentives can be
implemented to protect natural
resources, because ecosystem
services have inherent value
1
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LabVIEW - Ecosystem
1
Due to the longevity and popularity of the
LabVIEW language, and the ability for
users to extend the functionality, a large
ecosystem of 3rd party add-ons has
developed through contributions from the
community. This ecosystem is available
on the LabVIEW Tools Network, and is a
marketplace for both free and paid
LabVIEW add-ons.
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Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems
In freshwater situations, littoral zones
occur on the edge of large lakes and
rivers, often with extensive areas of
wetland. Hence, they are sometimes
referred to as fringing wetlands. Here, the
effects of tides are minimal, so other
definitions of littoral are used. For
example, the Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources defines littoral as that
portion of the lake that is less than 15foot
1
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Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems
1
The littoral zone may form a narrow or
broad fringing wetland, with extensive
areas of aquatic plants sorted by their
tolerance to different water depths
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Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems
1
Littoral zones are at particular
risk for two reasons
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
1
The NUC was seen by some reviewers as
Intel's response (or adoption) of the Apple
Mac Mini format, although it is actually
smaller, physically. Given its kit nature,
other reviewers have seen it as a more
powerful Raspberry Pi, particularly since
the NUC boards could be bought without a
case.
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
1
Although some 3rd generation NUCs
come with an internal SATA connector
(including SATA power), reviewers
remarked that there is no room inside
the (Intel) case even for a 2.5 drive.
Some larger 3rd party cases have
appeared that can fit such drives.
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
1
The Intel case is actively cooled with a
fan. Silent PC Review note that “The
original Intel NUC had the distinction of
being the quietest fan-cooled minicomputer we've come across. The NUC
D54250WYK [Haswell-based], with the
same cooling system, sounds exactly
the same. In normal use, you can't hear
the fan until your ear is inches from the
unit.” Nevertheless, passively cooled
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
Larger and/or metallic third-party cases
provide lower operating temperatures as well.
1
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
1
A review by The Tech Report of the preproduction 2012-vintage NUC found that
the NUC would seize up after a few
gigabytes were transferred over wireless,
and that the problem could be alleviated
by better cooling of the NUC case. Intel
later increased the default fan speed for
production machines.
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
Regarding power consumption, in their
review of the the D54250WYK with a
Haswell i5-4250, Silent PC Review
concluded that An idle power level of just
6W and typical use power barely into two
digits is very impressive in one sense; in
another sense, it's what you find in current
Ultrabooks using similar components.
1
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Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem
1
Other companies have subsequently
adopted a form factor similar, but not
identical, to Intel's NUC. For example,
Gigabyte Technology launched their
BRIX series, which attempts to
differentiate itself using more
powerful components, up to the
[http://ark.intel.com/products/76642
/Intel-Core-i7-4770R-Processor-6MCache-up-to-3_90-GHz i7-4770R]
processor, which embeds Intel Iris
Pro Graphics.
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Allwinner Technology - Allwinner Processor Ecosystem
1
As a leading chipset vendor, Allwinner
Technology cooperates with around
ten IDHs based in Shenzhen, who
develops solutions based on Allwinner
processors. They are iNet Technology,
Worldchip Digital Technology, Sochip
Technology, Topwise Communication,
ChipHD Technology, Highcharacter
Science and Technology, WITS
Technology, Ococci Technology, Next
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Allwinner Technology - Allwinner Processor Ecosystem
Not only in the white-box market,
Allwinner processors can also be
found in many brand products,
including MSI, ZTE, Skyworth, MeLE,
Polaroid, Macromax,Archos,Texet,
Onda, Ramos, Teclast, Ployer,
Readboy, Noah, RF, Bmorn, Apical,
etc.
1
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Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems
1
It is possible that the ecosystem may be
restored over time, but not all species can
recover from events such as these
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Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems
Since these fish form the crux of the
entire trophic process of upwelling
ecosystems, they are highly represented
throughout the ecosystem (even if there is
only one species present)
1
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Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems
1
If the species diversity is decreased
significantly, this could cause
problems for the species in an
environment that is so variable and
quick-changing; they may not be able
to adapt, which could result in a
collapse of the population or
ecosystem.
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Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems
1
Without these nutrients, the rest of the
trophic pyramid cannot be sustained, and
the rich upwelling ecosystem will
collapse.Rasmussen EM, Carpenter TH
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Pelagic zone - Pelagic ecosystem
The pelagic ecosystem is based on the
phytoplankton which occupy the start of the
foodchain
1
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Ford Ecostar
The Ford 'Ecostar' was an
experimental electric car in the form
of a small delivery van. A sodiumsulfur battery in the floor of the cargo
area stored power for a electric motor
under the front hood. The Ecostar
introduced the road-and-leaf logo now
used on a number of Ford products.
1
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Ford Ecostar
Just over 100 Ecostars were produced,
and used in fleet tests between 1992 and
1996 with over driven. The Ecostar
averaged on a full charge, and
demonstrated miles range in one test.
However, on several occasions the battery
burst into flame during recharging. For
this, and several other reasons, Ford lost
interest in the sodium-sulfur battery and
turned to fuel cell concepts instead.
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Ford Ecostar
The product niche appeared to be a
useful one and has led to a number of
similar designs. The Citroën Berlingo
électrique was almost identical in
looks, performance and range. Ford is
re-entering the market as well, with an
electric version of the Transit Connect.
1
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Ford Ecostar - History
1
Ford developed the sodium-sulfur battery
technology in
1965,[http://media.ford.com/article_display
.cfm?article_id=14300 Today in Ford
History--Feb. 3], reprint of a 1992 article
but had not developed it commercially.
Development was later picked up in
Europe.
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Ford Ecostar - History
1
The Ecostar was introduced as a purely
experimental effort, to help develop all
aspects of electric vehicle design from
engineering to supplier development to
market development
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Ford Ecostar - History
1
A total of 80 to 105 production-prototype
sulfur-powered Ecostars were hand-built
starting in 1993, and used in fleet trials
with a number of customers starting the
next year.Seth Leitman and Bob Brant,
[http://books.google.ca/books?id=jf4jrFJtH
7cCpg=PA62 Build Your Own Electric
Vehicle], McGraw-Hill, 2008, pg
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Ford Ecostar - History
1
Throughout the tests there were problems
with the system, including two vehicles
that burst into flame while
charging.[http://articles.chicagotribune.co
m/1994-0606/business/9406060018_1_ecostarsodium-sulfur-battery-30-month-evaluation
Ford Unplugs Electric Vans After 2 Fires],
Chicago Tribune (Bloomberg Network
News), 6 June 1994 The sulfur in the
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Ford Ecostar - History
In late 1997, Ford announced a
partnership with Daimler-Benz and Ballard
Power Systems to introduce car-ready fuel
cells,Donald Nauss,
[http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/16/ne
ws/mn-64565 Ford Investing $420 Million
for Fuel-Cell-Powered Auto], Los Angeles
Times, 16 December 1997 and their
experiments with the sodium-sulfur
batteries ended.
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Ford Ecostar - Description
1
The Ecostar's chassis was based on
the Escort Van produced by Ford's
Halewood Body Assembly factory
outside Liverpool. This was
essentially a European
Ford_Escort_(Europe)#Ford Escort
Mark V (1990–1992)|Escort Mk V with
a raised cargo area forming a 2-door
panel van. Fully equipped, it weighed
.
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Ford Ecostar - Description
1
A significant portion of that weight was its
sodium-sulfur battery, which stored
37kWh. Using the Federal Urban Driving
Schedule, this gave the Ecostar a range of
. The sodium-sulfur technology was
invented by Ford in the 1960s, but the
battery for the Ecostar was built by ABB
Group in Heidelberg, Germany. In order for
the battery to work, it had to be maintained
at a temperature of , which keeps the
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Ford Ecostar - Description
To avoid heat loss, and to insulate the
cabin from its heat, the battery was stored
inside a double-walled stainless steel
vacuum bottle. This allowed it to stay
warm overnight, and keep its temperature
constant even during cold weather, when
traditional batteries are less responsive.
The container was mounted below the
floor plan of the cargo area, which gave
the vehicle a low center of gravity that give
1
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Ford Ecostar - Description
The battery powered a three-phase
electric motor located under the hood
in the area normally used for the
gasoline engine. The motor delivered
only 75hp, low for a vehicle of this
size, but up to 143foot-pounds of
torque, numbers typical of a much
more powerful gasoline engine. This
was better torque than the Ford Escort
GT, for instance, whose 1.8 litre four-
1
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Ford Ecostar - Description
One drawback of the sodium-sulfur
battery is its relatively slow discharge
rates, which limited the amount of
power that could be drawn from the
battery during acceleration. Drivers
described it as sedate, while Ford
estimated its 0-60mph (0-100km/h)
acceleration at about 16.5seconds.
While slow by car standards, this is
similar to other small European
1
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Ford Ecostar - Description
While cruising the motor used only
8kW to maintain speed,Ronald Jurgen,
[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MpS
NZCOSy6MCpg=SA33-PA21
Automotive Electronics Handbook], pg
1
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Value network - Business web and ecosystem development
1
Resource deployment, delivery, market
innovation, knowledge sharing, and
time-to-market advantage are
dependent on the quality, coherence,
and vitality of the relevant value
networks, business webs and business
ecosystems.Tapscott, D., Ticol, D.,
Lowy, A. Digital Capital, Harnessing the
Power of Business Webs. Harvard
Business School Press. May 2000
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Tropics - Tropical ecosystems
1
Some examples of important biodiversity
and/or high endemism ecosystems are: El
Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico,
Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests,
Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon
Rainforest territories, Madagascar dry
deciduous forests, Waterberg Biosphere of
South Africa and eastern Madagascar
rainforests
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Tropics - Tropical ecosystems
1
In biogeography, the tropics are divided into
Paleotropics (Africa, Asia and Australia) and
Neotropics (Caribbean, Central America, and
South America). Together, they are
sometimes referred to as the Pantropic. The
Neotropical region should not be confused
with the ecozone of the same name; in the
Old World, there is no such ambiguity, as the
Paleotropics correspond to the Afrotropical,
Indomalayan, and partly the Australasian and
Oceanic ecozones.
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Human ecosystem
'Human ecosystems' are complex
system|complex cybernetic systems
that are increasingly being used by
ecological anthropologists and other
scholars to examine the ecological
aspects of human communities in a
way that integrates multiple factors as
economics, socio-political
organization, psychological factors,
and physical factors related to the
1
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Human ecosystem - Further reading
* Basso, Keith 1996 “Wisdom Sits in
Places: Landscape and Language among
the Western Apache.” Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
1
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Human ecosystem - Further reading
* Douglas, Mary 1999 “Implicit
Meanings: Selected Essays in
Anthropology.” London and New York:
Routledge, Taylor Francis Group.
1
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Human ecosystem - Further reading
1
* Nadasdy, Paul 2003 “Hunters and
Bureaucrats: Power, Knowledge, and
Aboriginal-State Relations in the
Southwest Yukon.” Vancouver and
Toronto: UBC Press.
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Rich Communication Services - Ecosystem accreditation
Accreditation is currently available to
mobile network operators, hosted
solution providers, RCS client
manufacturers, RCS secondary client
manufacturers, and API-based RCS
products. The list of currently accredited
operators and products, including details
of their level of accreditation (e.g.
provisional or full, joyn Hot Fixes or joyn
Blackbird), is maintained on the GSMA
website
http://www.gsma.com/futurecommunicatio
ns/rcs/interoperability-andtesting/accreditation/.
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Nematode - Soil ecosystems
1
90 percent of nematodes reside in the top
15cm of soil. Nematodes do not
decompose organic matter, but, instead,
are parasitic and free-living organisms that
feed on living material. Nematodes can
effectively regulate bacterial population
and community composition - they may
eat up to 5,000 bacteria per minute. Also,
Nematodes can play an important role in
the Nitrogen cycle by way of nitrogen
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
NEPs face high pressure from old new rivals and a
stronger, more consolidated customer base.
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
- Growing importance Application
software|software applications has
led to the entry of new players: IT
solution providers like System
integrators and other ISVs. (For some
NEPs, SIs are being considered as
competitors for selected network
services i.e. application, services and
control layers of the network)
1
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- In the area of managed and hosted
services, NEPs are likely to face
competition from new players like
Google due to lower entry barriers
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
'Bargaining Power of
Suppliers:'
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
- Increasing standardization and
commoditization of network components
leads to more competition among
component suppliers, thus lowering their
bargaining position.
1
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- Overcapacities have led to lower bargaining
power of Semiconductor suppliers
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
- As more standardized networks
components are expected to be used
for NGNs, a shift in the current
supplier structure may balance the
bargaining between suppliers and
NEPs
1
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- Consolidation among communication
service providers due to convergence
leads to greater dependence on a few
large clients, which means higher
bargaining strength of customers
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- Due to pressures on their profitability,
service providers are increasingly looking
at lowering their operating costs and
capital expenditures (lowering cost per
subscriber), and this is putting pressures
on NEPs margins.
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- Enterprises increasingly demand
end-to-end principle|end-to-end
solutions through a single vendor for
their Unified Communication needs
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
'Threat of
Substitution:'
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Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem
1
- Increasing use of standardized network
components (COTS) compared to more
proprietary equipment
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Consultative Status - ECOSOC Roster
1
The primary form of Roster Status, for
NGOs with a focus on one or two of the
areas of competence of ECOSOC.
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Cloudera - Ecosystem
Technology, software, and services
providers for the Cloudera distribution of
Apache Hadoop include:
1
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Cloudera - Ecosystem
1
*Ubuntu (Operating
System)|Ubuntu
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Cloudera - Ecosystem
1
*Zuna Infotech
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Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem
1
Pervasive now offers a number of add-on
products which extend the basic features
of the PSQL DBMS. The latest versions of
each of the products, AuditMaster v7,
Backup Agent v3, and DataExchange v4,
were released in December 2010.
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Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem
1
*Pervasive AuditMaster provides real-time
auditing of all database interactions,
whether Btrieve or SQL. Logs of data
events can be queried to track changes to
sensitive data. Alerts can also be created
to notify the appropriate personnel or
launch the associated process.
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Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem
*Pervasive Backup Agent manages
PSQL's continuous operations mode and
allows backup software to reliably copy
online databases.
1
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Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem
1
*Pervasive DataExchange provides
data synchronization and replication
between two or more PSQL engines,
ensuring that critical data is always
available.
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HP3000 - HP's exit from the 3000 ecosystem
After the enterprise computing
market shifted toward commodity
Unix systems from a wide range of
vendors—systems which HP had also
been promoting—in November 2001
Hewlett-Packard announced that a
period it called the end-of-life
(product)|end-of-life for the HP 3000
would wrap up at the end of 2006, and
that no new systems would be sold by
1
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Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation
1
In this vein, Odum can be understood as
extending the analogical
models|dynamical analogies which
establish the analogies between electrical,
mechanical, acoustical, magnetic and
electronic systems, to include ecological
systems.Odum stated: In trying to solve
the ecosystem, one compares it to an
electrical system, for which the synthetic
knowledge is much greater, and also one
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Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation
Odum used an analog of electrical
energy networks to model the energy
flow pathways of ecosystems.(Golley,
p
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Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation
Electron flow in the electrical network
represented the flow of material (e.g.
carbon) in the ecosystem, charge in a
capacitor was analogous to storage of a
material, and the model was scaled to the
ecosystem of interest by adjusting the size
of electrical component.Kangas 2004,
p.102.
1
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Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem ecology and systems ecology
1
Hagen, the maximum power principle, and
the stability principle could be easily
translated into the language of
homeostasis and cybernetics
systems.(Hagen 1992, pp.130, 131)
Hagen claims that the feedback loops in
ecosystems, were, for Odum, analogous
to the kinds of feedback loops
diagrammed in electronic circuits and
cybernetic systems (Ibid.)
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International Risk Governance Council - United Nations Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) granted Special Consultative Status to IRGC
On July 27, 2012, the ECOSOC granted
Special Consultative status to IRGC. The
Consultative status enables IRGC to actively
engage with ECOSOC and its subsidiary
bodies, as well as with the United Nations
Secretariat, programmes, funds and
agencies, including opportunities to consult
with Member States and the United Nations
system at large. Consultative status also
enables the Council or one of its bodies to
seek expert information or advice from IRGC
on a subject matter relevant to IRGC’s work.
1
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Jolla - Ecosystem
1
The first element of the ecosystem is
the Jolla Harbour, which is devoted for
submitting and managing applications
at the Jolla Store. Consumers are able
to install available software directly
from their Jolla smartphones.
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Jolla - Ecosystem
1
Software can be submitted on a free
basis, utilizing either the Sailfish OS
or Android OS applications.
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Jolla - Ecosystem
1
Currently, the Jolla Harbour and Jolla
Store support only free applications.
Future plans are to develop payment
processing capabilities.
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Jolla - Ecosystem
For developers and software
enthusiasts, sailfish.org collects and
publishes here an online
compendium of knowledge, links and
instructions on:
1
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Jolla - Ecosystem
* guides on how to port MeeGo 1.2
Harmattan applications for both the Nokia
N9 and the Sailfish operating system.
1
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Jolla - Ecosystem
* application porting tutorials and
examples (QtQuick QML applications,
the Flickr application Qt 5, SDL /
OpenGL ES applications)
1
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Jolla - Ecosystem
1
* Qt Quick Components map to
Sailfish Silica
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Protestant - Pentecostalism
1
Pentecostalism swept through much of the
Holiness movement, and eventually
spawned hundreds of new denominations
in the United States
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Bishop - Pentecostal Church of God
1
In 2002, the general convention of the
Pentecostal Church of God came to a
consensus to change the title of their
overseer from General Superintendent
to Bishop. The change was brought on
because internationally, the term
Bishop is more commonly related to
religious leaders than the previous title.
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Bishop - Pentecostal Church of God
The title Bishop is used for both the
General (International leader) and the
district (state) leaders. The title is
sometimes used in conjunction with
the previous thus becoming General
(District) Superintendent/Bishop.
1
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Knowledge ecosystem
1
The idea of a 'knowledge ecosystem' is an
approach to knowledge management
which claims to foster the dynamic
evolution of knowledge interactions
between entities to improve DecisionMaking|decision-making and innovation
through improved evolutionary networks of
collaboration.
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Knowledge ecosystem
Paul Shrivastava (1998) [
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/shrivast/K
nowledgeEcology.html Knowledge
Ecology: Knowledge Ecosystems for
Business Education and Training]
1
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Knowledge ecosystem
[
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.c
fm?abstract_id=984600 Knowledge
Ecosystems: A Theoretical Lens for
Organizations Confronting
Hyperturbulent Environments]
1
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Knowledge ecosystem
1
In contrast to purely directive management
efforts that attempt either to manage or
direct outcomes, knowledge ecosystems
espouse that knowledge
strategy|strategies should focus more on
enabling self-organization in response to
changing environments.
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Knowledge ecosystem
1
Jae-Suk Yang, Seungbyung Chae, Wooseop Kwak,
Sun-Bin Kim, and In-mook Kim (2009).
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Knowledge ecosystem
1
The suitability between knowledge and
problems confronted defines the
degree of fitness of a knowledge
ecosystem. Articles discussing such
ecological approaches typically
incorporate elements of complex
adaptive systems theory. Known
implementation considerations of
knowledge ecosystem include the
Canadian Government.
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Knowledge ecosystem
William F. Birdsall et al. (2005). [
http://www.carlabrc.ca/projects/kdstudy/public_htm
l/2005/chapter7.pdf Chapter 7:
Towards an Integrated Knowledge
Ecosystem: A Research Strategy]
1
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Knowledge ecosystem
1
in Towards an Integrated Knowledge
Ecosystem: A Canadian Research
Strategy, A Report Submitted to the
Canadian Association of Research
Libraries
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Multiple layers and levels of systems may be
integrated to form a complete ecosystem
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
Paul Shrivastava. [
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/shr
ivast/KnowledgeEcology.html
Knowledge Ecology: Knowledge
Ecosystems for Business Education
and Training].
1
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Homa Bahrami,J. Stuart Evans (2005). [
http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6478
760q7066588/ The Research Laboratory:
Silicon Valley's Knowledge Ecosystem], in
[
http://books.google.com/books?id=OlFUP
UIcHoMC Super-Flexibility for Knowledge
Enterprises]. Springer
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
Manzalini, A. Stavdas, A. (2008). [
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeab
s_all.jsp?arnumber=4545635 A
Service and Knowledge Ecosystem for
Telco3.0-Web3.0 Applications]
1
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Communications between computers and
among humans permit knowledge
ecosystems to be interactive and
responsive within the wider community
and within its subsystems.
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Bray, David A., Croxson, Karen, Dutton,
William H. and Konsynski, Benn, Sermo
(2008). [
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1016483
Sermo: A Community-Based,
Knowledge Ecosystem]. Oll Distributed
Problem-Solving Networks Conference,
February 2008
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Organizational knowledge resides in
a complex network of individuals,
systems and procedures both inside
and outside the organization. This
network is established in the form of
social and technological
relationships. The relationships
reflect vital interests and mutual
histories. The elements of the network
are dependent on each other for
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
Shrivastava, Paul (1998). [
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/cus
tom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_
nfpb=true_ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_
0=ED427735ERICExtSearch_SearchType
_0=noaccno=ED427735 Implementing
Socrates Knowledge Management System
for Education and Training]
1
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
In the case of business education
knowledge ecosystem these engines
and agents include, researchers,
faculty or trainers, WWW information
resources, corporate and industry data
bases, and software systems for
accomplishing specific strategic tasks.
1
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Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements
1
Organizational knowledge is converted into
economic value through processes that involve
action
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Pacifism - Pentecostal churches
The major organisation for Pentecostal
Christians who believe in pacifism is the
PCPF, the Pentecostal Charismatic Peace
Fellowship.
1
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Pacifism - Pentecostal churches
The United Pentecostal Church, the
largest Apostolic/Oneness
Pentecostalism|Oneness denomination,
takes an official stand of conscientious
objection: its Articles of Faith read, We are
constrained to declare against
participating in combatant service in war,
armed insurrection..
1
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Doctor of the Church - Pentecostalism
It is common to find ministers from the
Pentecostalism|Pentecostal, Baptist and
Non-denominational church|Independent
churches with the honorary title Doctor
conferred upon them by their church
seminaries. Some ministers may also be
referred to as Doctor in their churches in
recognition of their academic degree from
their seminary.
1
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Environmental stewardship - Resilience-based ecosystem stewardship
1
Resilience Thinking: Sustaining
Ecosystems and People in a
Changing World
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
The 'Entrepreneurship Ecosystem'
refers to the elements – individuals,
organizations or institutions – outside
the individual entrepreneur that are
conducive to, or inhibitive of, the
choice of a person to become an
entrepreneur, or the probabilities of his
or her success following launch
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
Similarly, the formation of these
ecosystems suggests that governments or
societal leaders who want to foster more
entrepreneurship as part of economic
policy must strengthen several such
elements simultaneously.
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
1
This network is described as the
entrepreneurship ecosystem
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
* Is tailored around its own unique
environment – it does not seek to be
something it isn’t, like the “next Silicon
Valley”
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
1
* Operates in an environment with reduced
bureaucratic obstacles in which
government policies support the unique
needs of entrepreneurs and tolerate failed
ventures
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
* Actively encourages and invites
financiers to participate in new ventures,
but access to money isn’t without barriers
for those planning new business ventures
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
1
* Is relatively free from, or is able to
change, cultural biases against failure
or operating a business
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
* Promotes successes,
which in turn attract new
ventures
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
* Often is supported by dialogue among
various of the entrepreneurship stakeholders
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem
1
Retrieved 9 December, 2010.] founded
the Babson Entrepreneurship
Ecosystem Project (BEEP) in
2009,[http://www.thestreet.com/story
/10775042/babson-collegeentrepreneurship-ecosystem-projectestablished.html Babson College
Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project
Established Retrieved 4 June, 2010.]
through its subsidiary Babson Global.
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem - Related Content
'University-based Entrepreneurship
Ecosystem' – In academic settings,
entrepreneurship ecosystems commonly
refer to programs within a university that
focus on the development of
entrepreneurs and/or the
commercialization of technology or
intellectual property developed at the
university
level.[http://www.technologyreview.com/art
1
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Entrepreneurship ecosystem - Related Content
1
'Business cluster' – A business cluster is a
geographic concentration of
interconnected businesses, suppliers, and
associated institutions in a particular field
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Lake Tahoe - Ecosystem changes
Since the 1960s, the Lake's food web and
zooplankton populations have undergone major
changes
1
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Lake Tahoe - Ecosystem changes
1
In June 2007, the Angora Fire burned
approximately throughout the South
Lake Tahoe area. While the impact of
ash on the lake's ecosystem is
predicted to be minimal, the impact of
potential future erosion is not yet
known.
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California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems
1
The hotspot presents a higher level of
endemism in plants than in animals.
Of the 7,031 vascular plants (species,
subspecies or varieties) found in the
hotspot, 2,153 taxa (in 25 genera) are
endemic, meaning they are found
nowhere else.Hickman, J.C. (Ed.),
1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher
Plants of California. University of
California Press. Appendix I, Pg. 1315.
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California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems
The six largest plant families in
California by number of species (40%
of all species of vascular plants) are:
1
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California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems
1
* Scrophulariaceae
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California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems
1
Other ecosystems include Artemisia
tridentata|sagebrush steppes,
opuntia|prickly pear shrublands,
coastal sage scrub, chaparral, juniper
pine|juniper-pine woodland, montane
forest|upper montane-subalpine
forests, alpine plant|alpine forests,
riparian forests,
Cupressaceae|cypress forests, mixed
evergreen forests, and Douglas
fir|Douglas fir forests, coastal dunes,
mudflats and salt marshes.
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Ecosystem engineer
1
Positive and negative effects of
organisms as physical
ecosystem engineers
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Ecosystem engineer
*Autogenic engineers modify the
environment by modifying themselves. As
trees grow, their trunks and branches
create habitats for other living things. In
the tropics, lianas connect trees, which
allow many animals to travel exclusively
through the forest canopy.
1
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Ecosystem engineer
1
Functional Groups of Ecosystem Engineers: A
Proposed Classification with Comments on
Current Issues
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Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization movement and
The Ecosocialist Manifesto
1
David Pepper (Eco-socialist)|David Pepper
also released his important work,
Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to
Social Justice, in 1994, which critiques the
current approach of many within Green
politics, particularly Deep ecology|deep
ecologists.Pepper, D., Ecosocialism: From
Deep Ecology to Social Justice, 1994
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Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization
movement and The Ecosocialist Manifesto
In 2001, Joel Kovel, a Social
science|social scientist,
Psychiatry|psychiatrist and former
candidate for the Green Party (United
States)|Green Party of the United States
(GPUS) President of the United
States|Presidential nomination in 2000,
and Michael Löwy, an
Anthropology|anthropologist and member
of the Reunified Fourth International (a
1
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Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization movement and
The Ecosocialist Manifesto
In October 2007, the International
Ecosocialist Network was founded in
Paris.[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/
en/2007/10/383067.html UK
Indymedia - Ecosocialist International
Founded]
1
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Eco-socialists - Ecosocialist International Network (EIN) and other international
eco-socialist organisations
EIN held its second international
conference in January 2009, in association
with the next World Social Forum in
Brazil.[http://www.ecosocialistnetwork.org
Ecosocialist International Network
Website] The conference released The
Belem Ecosocialist
Declaration.http://www.ecosocialistnetwork
.org/
1
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Eco-socialists - Ecosocialist International Network (EIN) and other international ecosocialist organisations
1
Capitalist Ecoside: how do we get from
here to
there?][http://www.praxiscenter.ru
Praxis Research and Education Center
Website]
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Cambrian explosion - Ecosystem engineering
Evolving organisms
inevitably change the
environment they
evolve in
1
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Genocides in history - Decossackization
During the Russian Civil War the
Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal
campaign against the Don Cossacks.
1
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Genocides in history - Decossackization
1
* Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, JeanLouis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin,
Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois.
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes,
Terror, Repression. Harvard University
Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp.8–9
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Genocides in history - Decossackization
1
* The most reliable estimates indicate that
out of a population of three million,
between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed
or deported in 1919–20.
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Environmental assets - Ecosystems
An ecosystem (also called as
environment) is a natural unit
consisting of all plants, animals and
micro-organisms (biotic
component|biotic factors) in an area
functioning together with all of the
non-living physical (abiotic) factors of
the environment.
1
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Environmental assets - Ecosystems
1
Eugene Odum, one of the founders of
the science of ecology, stated: Any unit
that includes all of the organisms (ie:
the community) in a given area
interacting with the physical
environment so that a flow of energy
leads to clearly defined trophic
structure, biotic diversity, and
material cycles (i.e.: exchange of
materials between living and
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Environmental assets - Ecosystems
This is not universally the case and
there is no proven relationship between
the species diversity of an ecosystem
and its ability to provide goods and
services on a sustainable level.
1
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Ecosophy
1
Confusion as to the meaning (suggesting
that such a meaning should be singular
and exact) of ecosophy is primarily the
consequence of it being used to designate
different and often contradictory (though
conceptually related) concepts by the
Norwegians|Norwegian father of deep
ecology, Arne Næss, and French postMarxist philosopher and psychoanalyst
Félix Guattari.
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Ecosophy - Næss's definition
of Nature contrasts with the alternative
(and more anthropocentric) construction of
ecosophy outlined by Guattari.
1
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Ecosophy - Næss's definition
1
The term ecological wisdom, synonymous with
ecosophy, was introduced by Næss in 1973
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Ecosophy - Félix Guattari
1
Ecosophy also refers to a field of practice
introduced by psychoanalyst,
poststructuralist philosopher and political
activist Félix Guattari. In part Guattari's
use of the term demarcates what he
observes as the necessity for the
proponents of social liberation whose
struggles in the 20th century were
dominated by the paradigm of social
revolution and Marxism to embed their
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Ecosophy - Félix Guattari
Guattari holds that traditional
environmentalist perspectives
obscure the complexity of the
relationship between humans and
their natural environment through its
maintenance of the dualistic
separation of human (cultural) and
nonhuman (natural) systems; he
envisions ecosophy as a new field with
a monistic and pluralistic approach to
1
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Ecosophy - Félix Guattari
1
Guattari's concept of the three interacting
and interdependent ecologies of mind,
society, and environment stems from the
outline of the three ecologies presented in
Steps to an Ecology of Mind, a collection
of writings by cyberneticist Gregory
Bateson.
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Danube Delta - Main ecosystems
1
Musura Gulf, north of Sulina, and Saint
George Gulf are considered the most
representative for this type of ecosystem.
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Danube Delta - Main ecosystems
1
Situated on major migratory routes,
and providing adequate conditions for
nesting and hatching, the Danube
Delta is a magnet for birds from six
major eco-regions of the world,
including the Mongolian, Arctic and
Siberian
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Danube Delta - Ecosystems of running water
1
It comprises the Danube arms, as well as
a series of more important streamlets and
channels. It is an environment rich in
plankton, worms, mollusca, ephemerides,
Larva|grubs, spongiae, with numerous
species of fish, such as the carp, pike
perch, sheat fish, and freshwater
sturgeons (sterlet, Vyza and Danube
mackerel).
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Danube Delta - Ecosystem of stagnant water
1
Includes the lakes, to which various ponds,
streamlets and channels are added
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Danube Delta - Ecosystems of marshy and flooding areas
1
This type of ecosystem is noted for the
variety and large populations of birds,
some of them very rare
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Danube Delta - River banks and levees ecosystems
The firm land of the delta used to be
covered with large groves of willow trees,
cut almost entirely and replaced with
Canadian poplars
1
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Eco-tourism - Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk
Some of the world's most exceptional
biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands
1
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New Testament - United Pentecostals
Retrieved 15 April
2013.[http://www.onenesspentecostal
.com/inspiration.htm The Nature of
Inspiration] - Jason Dulle www.onenesspentecostalism.com
1
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Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers
1
Ecosystem engineers can influence nutrient cycling
efficiency rates through their actions.
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Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers
The earthworm is employed in this
process and the production of the
ecosystem depends on their capability
to create feedback loops in the
recycling process.
1
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Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers
1
Shellfish are also ecosystem engineers
because they: 1) Filter suspended
particles from the water column; 2)
Remove excess nutrients from coastal
bays through denitrification; 3) Serve as
natural coastal buffers, absorbing wave
energy and reducing erosion from boat
wakes, sea level rise and storms; 4)
Provide nursery habitat for fish that are
valuable to coastal economies.
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Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems
1
An endless stream of technological waste
accumulates in different spatial
configurations across the planet and turns
into a predator in our soils, our streams,
and our oceans
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Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems
1
In contrast and over extensive lengths
of time (billions of years) ecosystems
have maintained a consistent balance
with primary production|production
roughly equaling Ecosystem
respiration|respiratory Consumers
(food chain)|consumption rates
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Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems
1
The effect of synthetic materials, such as
nanoparticles and microplastics, on
ecological recycling systems is listed as
one of the major concerns for ecosystem
in this century.
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Organic material - Natural ecosystem functions
Organic matter is
present throughout the
ecosystem
1
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem
The 'Digital Entertainment Content
Ecosystem' ('DECE LLC') is a consortium
of major Hollywood studios, consumer
electronics manufacturers and retailers,
Networking hardware|network hardware
vendors, systems integrators and Digital
Rights Management (DRM) vendors
1
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem
1
The Walt Disney Company|Disney and
Apple Inc.|Apple are not members.
Disney had been developing its own
Keychest, which was never launched
while Apple had added movie storage
to its iCloud service.
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem
1
DECE's proposed digital locker system is now
known as UltraViolet (system)|UltraViolet.
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem
On October 21, 2009, The Walt Disney
Company announced their development of
a competing service called Keychest.
1
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members
1
*Fox Entertainment Group
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members
1
*Huawei Technologies
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members
1
*Marvell Semiconductor
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members
1
*Paramount Pictures
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Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members
1
*Samsung
Electronics
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Ecosystem based fisheries
'Fisheries management' draws on
fisheries science in order to find ways
to protect fishery resources so
Sustainable fishery|sustainable
exploitation is possible
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - History
1
Fisheries have been
explicitly managed in
some places for
hundreds of years
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Ecosystem based fisheries - History
1
The fishing banks were divided into areas
belonging to the nearest fishing base on
land and further subdivided into fields
where the boats were allowed to fish
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Ecosystem based fisheries - History
Governmental resource protectionbased fisheries management is a
relatively new idea, first developed for
North European fisheries after the first
Overfishing Conference held in London
in 1936. In 1957 British fisheries
researchers Ray Beverton and Sidney
Holt published a seminal work on North
Sea commercial fisheries dynamics. In
the 1960s the work became the
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - History
After some years away from the field of
fisheries management, Beverton criticized
his earlier work in a paper given at the first
World Fisheries Congress in Athens in
1992. The Dynamics of Exploited Fish
Populations expressed his concerns,
including the way his and Sidney Holt's
work had been misinterpreted and
misused by fishery biologists and
managers during the previous 30 years.
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - History
A report by Charles, Prince of
Wales|Prince Charles' International
Sustainability Unit, the New Yorkbased Environmental Defense Fund
and 50in10 published in July 2014
estimated global fisheries were
adding $270 billion a year to global
GDP, but by full implementation of
sustainable fishing, that figure could
rise by as much as $50 billion.
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives
Fisheries objectives
need to be expressed
in concrete
management rules
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives
1
International agreements are required in
order to regulate fisheries in international
waters. The desire for agreement on this
and other maritime issues led to three
conferences on the Law of the Sea, and
ultimately to the treaty known as the
United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). Concepts such as
exclusive economic zones (EEZ,
extending from a nation's coasts) allocate
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Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives
Other situations need additional
intergovernmental coordination. For
example, in the Mediterranean Sea and
other relatively narrow bodies of water,
EEZ of are irrelevant. International waters
beyond from shore require explicit
agreements.
1
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Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives
1
Straddling stocks|Straddling fish stocks,
which Fish migration|migrate through more
than one EEZ also present challenges.
Here sovereign responsibility must be
agreed with neighbouring coastal states
and fishing entities. Usually this is done
through the medium of a regional
organisation set up for the purpose of
Straddling Fish Stocks
Agreement|coordinating the management
of that stock.
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Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives
1
UNCLOS does not prescribe precisely
how fisheries confined only to
international waters should be
managed. Several new fisheries (such
as high seas bottom trawling
fisheries) are not (yet) subject to
international agreement across their
entire range. In November 2004 the UN
General Assembly issued a resolution
on Fisheries that prepared for further
development of international fisheries
management law.
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
1
The Sundays resume their numbering
at the point that will make the Sunday
before Advent the thirty-fourth,
omitting any weeks for which there is
no room (present-day form of the
Roman Rite) or are numbered as
Sundays after Pentecost (pre-1970
Roman Rite, Eastern Orthodoxy and
some Protestants) or as Sundays after
Trinity (some Protestants)
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
1
Feasts during this
season include:
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
1
* Trinity Sunday, the first Sunday
after Pentecost.
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
1
* Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi
(Roman Rite and some Anglican and
Lutheran traditions), Thursday of the
second week after Pentecost, often
celebrated on the following Sunday.
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
* Solemnity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
(Roman Rite), Friday in the third week after
Pentecost.
1
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide
1
* Feast of Christ the King, last Sunday
before Advent (Roman Rite, Lutherans,
Anglicans) or last Sunday in October
(1925-1969 form of the Roman Rite).
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or
Kingdomtide
1
In the final few weeks of Ordinary Time,
many churches direct attention to the
coming of the Kingdom of God, thus
ending the liturgical year with an
eschatology|eschatological theme that is
one of the predominant themes of the
season of Advent that began the liturgical
year. For instance, in the pre-1970 form of
the Roman Rite, the Gospel of the Last
Sunday is and in the later form of that rite
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Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide
1
While the Roman Rite adopts no special
designation for this final part of Ordinary
Time, some denominations do, and may
also change the liturgical colour
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Detritus - Aquatic ecosystems
1
In contrast to land ecosystems, dead
materials and excreta in aquatic
ecosystems do not settle immediately,
and the finer the particles involved are,
the longer they tend to take.
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Detritus - Terrestrial ecosystems
1
Detritus occurs in a variety of terrestrial habitats
including forest, chaparral and grassland
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
Various types of forest cover the state,
but evergreen tropical forest
dominate. The state’s ecoregion is of
great importance for many plant and
animal species. It is a center of plant
endemism and has two separate
endemic bird areas.
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
The northern part of the state as well as
the higher mountain areas, are
convergence zones between lowland
evergreen tropical forests and more
temperate flora and fauna
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
Veracruz has been described as having
one of the richest varieties of wildlife in the
western hemisphere
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
Only 20% of Veracruz’s original ecosystem remains,
with 64% transformed by human exploitation
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
The state has 31 environmentally protected areas in
21 different municipalities
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Veracruz - Ecosystems
1
Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National
Marine Park|The Veracruz Reef System
is also considered to be a national park
and is mostly off the coast of Veracruz
city, Boca del Río, Veracruz|Boca del Río
and Alvarado, Veracruz|Alvarado. The
area includes coral reefs, seaweed beds
and other marine vegetation, covering
an area of . There are seventeen reefs in
total, some of which jut above the
surface to form small islands. This
system links with the reef systesm of
Campeche and Yucatán .
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Climate Change Science Program - Thresholds in ecosystems (SAP 4.2)
1
USGS released Thresholds of Climate
Change in
Ecosystems[http://www.climatescience.
gov/Library/sap/sap4-2/default.php
CCSP, 2009] Thresholds of Climate
Change in Ecosystems (Fagre D.B., and
C.W. Charles, lead authors) U.S.
Geological Survey, Department of the
Interior, Washington D.C., USA. 156 pp.
(SAP 4.2) on January 16, 2009.
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Climate Change Science Program - Thresholds in ecosystems (SAP 4.2)
Ecosystems that already face
stressors other than climate change,
will almost certainly reach their
threshold for abrupt change sooner.
1
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Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive
ecosystems and resources (SAP 4.4)
1
EPA released Preliminary Review of
Adaptation Options for ClimateSensitive Ecosystems and
Resources[http://www.climatescienc
e.gov/Library/sap/sap44/default.php CCSP, 2008]
Preliminary review of adaptation
options for climate-sensitive
ecosystems and resources
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Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive
ecosystems and resources (SAP 4.4)
1
area to understand what strategies will increase the
resilience of each ecosystem.
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Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems
and resources (SAP 4.4)
EPA also concluded that the nation's
ability to adapt to climate change will
depend on a variety of factors including
recognizing the barriers to implementing
new strategies, expanding collaboration
among ecosystem managers, creatively
re-examining program goals and
authorities, and being flexible in setting
priorities and managing for change.
1
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Restoration ecology - Ecosystem function
Since, these ecosystem functions are
emergent properties of the Systems
theory|system as a whole, monitoring and
Natural resource
management|management are crucial for
the long-term stability of an ecosystem.
1
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Restoration ecology - Ecosystem restoration
1
According to the Society for Ecological
Restoration, ecosystem restoration is the
return of a damaged ecological system to
a stable, healthy, and sustainable state,
often together with associated ecosystem
services.
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Pentecostalism
1
The term Pentecostal is derived from
Pentecost, the Greek language|Greek
name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks
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Pentecostalism
1
For this reason, some Pentecostals also
use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel|full
gospel to describe their movement.
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Pentecostalism
1
Comprising over 700 denominations and a
large number of independent churches,
there is no central authority governing
Pentecostalism; however, many
denominations are affiliated with the
Pentecostal World Fellowship.
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Pentecostalism
Together, Charismatic
Christianity|Pentecostal and
Charismatic Christianity numbers
over 500 million adherents.
1
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Pentecostalism - Beliefs
1
The term foursquare refers to the four
fundamental beliefs of Pentecostalism:
Jesus saves according to John 3:16;
baptizes with the Holy Spirit according
to Acts 2:4; heals bodily according to
Epistle of James|James 5:15; and is
coming again to receive those who are
saved according to 1 Thessalonians
4:16–17.Dayton 1980, p
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Pentecostalism - Salvation
The fundamental requirement of
Pentecostalism is that one be Born again
(Christianity)|born again.Duffield and Van
Cleave 1983, p
1
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Pentecostalism - Salvation
1
Pentecostals believe in both a literal
heaven and hell, the former for those
who have accepted God's gift of
salvation and the latter for those who
have rejected it.Duffield and Van
Cleave 1983, p
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Pentecostalism - Salvation
For a more detailed explanation of
Oneness Pentecostal beliefs, see
below in the Statistics and
denominations section of this article.
1
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
To avoid confusion when studying
Pentecostal beliefs, it should be noted
that Pentecostals identify three distinct
uses of the word baptism in the New
Testament:
1
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
*'Baptism into the body of Christ': This
refers to salvation. Every believer in Christ
is made a part of his body, the Church,
through baptism. The Holy Spirit is the
agent, and the body of Christ is the
medium.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, pp.
281-282.
1
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
*'Water baptism': Symbolic of dying to the
world and living in Christ, water baptism is
an outward symbol of that which has
already been accomplished by the Holy
Spirit, namely baptism into the body of
Christ.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p.
282.
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
*'Baptism with the Holy Spirit': This is an
empowering experience distinct from
baptism into the body of Christ. In this
baptism, Christ is the agent and the Holy
Spirit is the medium.
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
Pentecostals define it as a definite
experience occurring after salvation
whereby the Holy Spirit comes upon
the believer to Anoint#Pentecostal
churches|anoint and empower him or
her for special service.Duffield and
Van Cleave 1983, p
1
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
The main purpose of
the experience is to
grant power for
Christian service
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
There are Pentecostal believers who have
claimed to receive their baptism with the
Holy Spirit while being water
baptized.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
For Pentecostals, there is no prescribed manner in
which a believer will be filled with the Spirit
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
It is most prominent among white
Pentecostal denominations in the United
States; elsewhere, beliefs are more
varied.Macchia 2006, p.37.Poloma 2010,
p
1
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Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1
While the baptism with the Holy Spirit
is a definite experience in a believer's
life, Pentecostals view it as just the
beginning of living a Spirit-filled life.
Pentecostal teaching stresses the
importance of continually being filled
with the Spirit. There is only one
baptism with the Spirit, but there
should be many infillings with the
Spirit throughout the believer's
life.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p.
327-329.
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Pentecostalism - Divine healing
1
In the book In Pursuit of Wholeness:
Experiencing God's Salvation for the
Total Person, Pentecostal writer and
Church historian Wilfred Graves, Jr
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Pentecostalism - Divine healing
For Pentecostals, spiritual and physical
healing serves as a reminder and
testimony to Christ's future return when his
people will be completely delivered from
all the consequences of the fall.Purdy in
Horton 1994, pp
1
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Pentecostalism - Divine healing
1
Pentecostals look to scriptures such
as James 5:13–16 for direction
regarding healing prayer.Purdy in
Horton 1994, pp
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Pentecostalism - Divine healing
1
This practice is described by Duffield and Van
Cleave in Foundations of Pentecostal Theology:
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Pentecostalism - Divine healing
For example, doctors in the United
Kingdom reported that a minority of
Pentecostal HIV patients was encouraged
to stop taking their medicines and parents
were told to stop giving medicine to their
children, trends that placed lives at
risk.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk23729684 HIV patients told by Pentecostal
pastors 'to rely on
God'][http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health23734584 'Pentecostal pastor told me
water would cure my HIV']
1
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Pentecostalism - Eschatology
1
Many, if not the majority, of Pentecostals
are Premillennial
dispensationalism|premillennial
dispensationalists believing in a
pretribulation rapture.Duffield and Van
Cleave 1983, p
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Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts
1
Pentecostals see in the biblical writings of
Paul an emphasis on having both
character and power, exercising the gifts in
love.
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Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts
For example, in a Pentecostal church
service, the gift of tongues might be
exercised followed by the operation of the
gift of interpretation.
1
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Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts
1
While Pentecostals believe in the current
operation of all the spiritual gifts within the
church, their teaching on some of these
gifts has generated more controversy and
interest than others
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Pentecostalism - Vocal gifts
1
Pentecostals believe that prophecy is the
vocal gift of preference, a view derived
from 1 Corinthians 14
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Pentecostalism - Word of wisdom and word of knowledge
The word of knowledge is often
defined as the ability of one person to
know what God is currently doing or
intends to do in the life of another
person.The New International
Dictionary of Pentecostal and
Charismatic Movements, s.v
1
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Pentecostalism - Prophecy
1
Pentecostal theologians Duffield and
van Cleave described the gift of
prophecy in the following manner:
Normally, in the operation of the gift
of prophecy, the Spirit heavily anoints
the believer to speak forth to the body
not premeditated words, but words the
Spirit supplies spontaneously in order
to uplift and encourage, incite to
faithful obedience and service, and to
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Pentecostalism - Prophecy
1
Any Spirit-filled Christian, according
to Pentecostal theology, has the
potential, as with all the gifts, to
prophesy. Sometimes, prophecy can
overlap with preaching where great
unpremeditated truth or application is
provided by the Spirit, or where
special revelation is given beforehand
in prayer and is empowered in the
delivery.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983,
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Pentecostalism - Prophecy
1
Because prophecies are subject to the
judgement and discernment of other
Christians, most Pentecostals teach that
prophetic utterances should never be
spoken in the grammatical person|first
person (e.g
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
According to Pentecostal theology, the
language spoken (1) may be an unlearned
human language, such as the Bible claims
happened on the Day of Pentecost, or (2)
it might be of heavenly (angelic) origin
1
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
From
[http://www.biblegateway.com/passa
ge/?search=Romans%208:2627version=NIV Romans 8:26-27],
Pentecostals believe that the Spirit
Intercession|intercedes for believers
through tongues; in other words, when
a believer prays in an unknown
tongue, the Holy Spirit is
supernaturally directing the
1
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
There is a division among
Pentecostals on the relationship
between the gifts of tongues and
prophecy.Aker, Benny C
1
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
1
Rather, as the word interpretation implies,
Pentecostals expect only an accurate
explanation of the utterance's
meaning.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
1
Besides the gift of tongues, Pentecostals
may also use glossolalia as a form of
praise and worship in corporate settings.
Pentecostals in a church service may pray
aloud in tongues while others pray
simultaneously in the common language of
the gathered Christians.Poloma 1989, p.
83. This use of glossolalia is seen as an
acceptable form of prayer and therefore
requires no interpretation. Congregations
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Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation
Speaking in tongues is not universal
among Pentecostal Christians. In 2006, a
10-country survey by the Pew Forum on
Religion and Public Life found that 49
percent of Pentecostals in the United
States, 50 percent in Brazil, 41 percent in
South Africa, and 54 percent in India said
they never speak or pray in tongues.
1
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Pentecostalism - Power gifts
1
The gifts of power are distinct from the vocal gifts in
that they do not involve utterance
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Pentecostalism - Worship
The final and fifth value was a
commitment to biblical authority, and
many of the distinctive practices of
Pentecostals are derived from a
Biblical literalism|literal reading of
scripture.
1
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Pentecostalism - Worship
The phrase Quench not the Spirit,
derived from 1 Thessalonians 5:19, is
used commonly and captures the
thought behind Pentecostal
spontaneity.Duffield and Van Cleave
1983, p
1
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Pentecostalism - Worship
1
Pentecostal musical and liturgical practice
have also played an influential role in
shaping contemporary worship trends,
with Pentecostal churches such as
Hillsong Church being the leading
producers of congregational music.Evans
2006, p
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Pentecostalism - Worship
In some Pentecostal churches, these
spontaneous expressions are primarily
found in revival meetings or special prayer
meetings, being rare or non-existent in the
main services.
1
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Pentecostalism - Ordinances
Many Christians call these sacraments,
but this term is not generally used by
Pentecostals and certain other Protestants
as they do not see ordinances as
imparting grace
1
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Pentecostalism - Ordinances
For more information on Oneness
Pentecostal baptismal beliefs, see the
following section on Statistics and
denominations.
1
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Pentecostalism - Ordinances
1
Other Pentecostals do not consider it an
ordinance; however, they may still
recognize spiritual value in the
practice.For the Assemblies of God USA's
position on ordinances, see Article 6 of its
Assemblies of God Statement of
Fundamental Truths|Statement of
Fundamental Truths which only lists water
baptism and holy communion.
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Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations
1
There are 740 recognized Pentecostal
denominations,The New International
Dictionary of Pentecostal and
Charismatic Movements, s.v
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Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations
Holiness Pentecostal denominations
include the Church of God in Christ,
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee),
and the International Pentecostal Holiness
Church.Rybarczyk in Patterson and
Rybarczyk 2007, p
1
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Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations
These Finished Work Pentecostals
(also known as Baptistic or Reformed
Pentecostals because many converts
were originally drawn from Baptist
and Presbyterian backgrounds) teach
that a person is initially sanctified at
the moment of conversion
1
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Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations
The 1904-1905 Welsh Revival laid the
foundation for British Pentecostalism and
especially for a distinct family of
denominations known as Apostolic
Pentecostalism (not to be confused with
Oneness Pentecostalism). These
Pentecostals are led by a hierarchy of
living apostles, prophets, and other
charismatic offices. Apostolic Pentecostals
are found worldwide in 30 denominations,
1
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Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations
Some of these churches may be
doctrinally identical to the various
Pentecostal denominations, while others
may adopt beliefs and practices that differ
considerably from classical
Pentecostalism, such as Word of Faith
teachings or Kingdom Now
Theology|Kingdom Now theology
1
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Pentecostalism - Background
1
Curtis Ward proposes the existence of an
unbroken Pentecostal lineage from the
early church to the present, with
glossolalia and gifts following.Johnson,
William, The Church Through the Ages,
Bethesda Books, 2003 However, early
Pentecostals considered the movement a
latter day restoration of the church's
apostolic power, and most historians of
Pentecostalism write that the movement
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Pentecostalism - Background
1
The earliest Pentecostals understood their
movement historically within the
framework of a Latter Rain motif—a
modified version of dispensationalism in
which the return to prominence of the
charismata within the church was a sign of
the imminence of Christ's Second Coming.
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Pentecostalism - Background
1
Edward Irving's Catholic Apostolic Church
also shared many characteristics later
found in the Pentecostal revival.
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Pentecostalism - Background
Pentecostalism's Wesleyan-holiness
heritage distinguishes it from the rest of
Evangelicalism, which has roots in
Christian Fundamentalism.Randall Herbert
Balmer
1
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
Charles Fox Parham, an independent
holiness evangelist who believed strongly
in divine healing, was an important figure
to the emergence of Pentecostalism as a
distinct Christian movement
1
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
1
At about the same time that Parham
was spreading his doctrine of initial
evidence in the Midwestern United
States, news of the 1904-1905 Welsh
Revival|Welsh Revival of 1904-1905
ignited intense speculation among
radical evangelicals around the world
and particularly in the United States of
a coming move of the Spirit which
would renew the entire Christian
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
1
Moody's revivals, the beginning of the
widespread Pentecostal movement in
the United States is generally
considered to have begun with
Seymour's Azusa Street
Revival.Blumhofer 1989, The
Assemblies of God vol
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
Though it never entirely disappeared,
interracial worship within Pentecostalism
would not reemerge as a widespread
practice until after the Civil Rights
Movement.Synan, The HolinessPentecostal Tradition, 167-186.
1
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
1
The subsiding of the early Pentecostal
movement allowed a socially more
conservative approach to women to
settle in, and, as a result, female
participation was channeled into more
supportive and traditionally accepted
roles
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Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29
The majority of early Pentecostal
denominations taught pacifism and
adopted military service articles that
advocated conscientious objection.Paul
Alexander. Peace to War: Shifting
Allegiances in the Assemblies of God
(Telford, PA: Cascadia, 2009). Jay
Beaman, Pentecostal Pacifism (Eugene,
OR: Wipf Stock, 2009)
1
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Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition
1
Early Pentecostals saw themselves as
outsiders from mainstream society,
dedicated solely to preparing the way for
Christ’s return.Blumhofer 1993, pp
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Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition
1
Cashwell (the Apostle of Pentecost to the
Southern United States|South), whose
evangelistic work led three Southeastern
United States|Southeastern holiness
denominations into the new
movement.Synan 1997, pp
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Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition
1
Other important converts of Barratt were
German minister Jonathan Paul who
founded the first German Pentecostal
denomination (the Mülheim Association of
Free Churches and Evangelical
Communities|Mülheim Association) and
Lewi Pethrus, the Swedish Baptist minister
who founded the Swedish Pentecostal
movement.Synan 1997, pp
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Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition
1
As a result of this missionary zeal,
practically all Pentecostal
denominations today trace their
historical roots to the Azusa Street
Revival.Synan 1997, p
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Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition
Simpson believed that Pentecostal
tongues speaking was a legitimate
manifestation of the Holy Spirit, but he did
not believe it was a necessary evidence of
Spirit baptism
1
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Pentecostalism - Early controversies
After 1911, most new Pentecostal
denominations would adhere to Finished
Work sanctification.Synan 1997, pp
1
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Pentecostalism - Early controversies
1
Thus, the creation of the Assemblies
of God marked an official end of
Pentecostal doctrinal unity and racial
integration.Synan 1997, p
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Pentecostalism - Early controversies
Ewart and those who adopted his
belief called themselves oneness or
Jesus' Name Pentecostals, but their
opponents called them Jesus
Only.Synan 1997, p
1
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Pentecostalism - Early controversies
1
This church later merged with another
group forming the United Pentecostal
Church International.Synan 1997, pp
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Pentecostalism - 1930-59
1
Pentecostal denominations also began
to interact with each other both on
national levels and international levels
through the Pentecostal World
Fellowship, which was founded in 1947.
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Pentecostalism - 1930-59
1
However, Pentecostal denominations
were critical of the movement and
condemned many of its practices as
unscriptural
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Pentecostalism - 1930-59
1
The Latter Rain and the Healing Revival
influenced many leaders of the charismatic
movement of the 1960s and 1970s.The
New International Dictionary of
Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements,
s.v
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Pentecostalism - 1960-present
1
The global renewal movements manifest
many of these tensions as inherent
characteristics of Pentecostalism and as
representative of the character of global
Christianity.
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Pentecostalism - Forerunners
1
* Latter Rain (1880s movement)|Richard Green
Spurling father (1810-1891) and son (1857-1935)
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Joseph Ayo Babalola (1904–59) Oke –
Ooye, Ilesa revivalist in 1930, and
spiritual founder of Christ Apostolic
Church
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* William M. Branham (1909–65)
Healing evangelist of the mid20th century
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* David Yonggi Cho – Senior pastor and
founder of the Yoido Full Gospel Church
(Assemblies of God) in Seoul, Korea, the
world's largest congregation
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Margaret Court – Tennis champion
in the 1960s/70s and founder of
Victory Life Centre in Perth, Australia;
become a pastor in 1991
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Donald Gee (1891-1966) early Pentecostal bible
teacher in United Kingdom; the apostle of balance
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Rex Humbard (1919–2007) The first
major TV evangelist (1950s–70s), and at
one time had the largest TV audience of
an evangelist in the U.S.
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
* George Jeffreys (pastor)|George
Jeffreys (1889–1962) Founder of the
Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance and
the Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship
(UK)
1
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Kathryn Kuhlman (1907–76) Evangelist who
brought Pentecostalism into the mainstream
denominations
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
* Gerald Archie Mangun (1919–2010)
American evangelist, pastor, who built one
of the largest churches within the United
Pentecostal Church International
1
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Charles Harrison Mason (1866–1961) The
Founder of the Church of God In Christ
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Aimee Semple McPherson (1890–1944)
Evangelist, pastor, and organizer of the
International Church of the Foursquare
Gospel
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
* David du Plessis (1905–87) SouthAfrican Pentecostal church leader, one of
the founders of the Charismatic movement
1
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* William J. Seymour (1870–1922) Azusa Street
Mission founder (Azusa Street Revival)
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
* Ambrose Jessup
Tomlinson|Ambrose Jessup (AJ)
Tomlinson (1865-1943) leader of
Church of God (Cleveland,
Tennessee)|Church of God movement
from 1903 until 1923, and of a minority
grouping (now called Church of God
of Prophecy) from 1923 until his death
in 1943
1
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Pat Robertson – TV evangelist, founder of the
Christian Broadcasting Network (in 1961)
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Bishop Ida Robinson (1891–1946) Founder of
the Mount Sinai Holy Church of America
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
1
* Jimmy Swaggart – TV
evangelist, pastor,
musician
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Pentecostalism - Leaders
* 'Charles G. Scott' - General Bishop of the
Pentecostal Church of God Evangelism|Evangelist
1
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Ecosystem diversity
1
'Ecosystem diversity' refers to the diversity
of a place at the level of ecosystems. The
term differs from biodiversity, which refers
to variation in species rather than
ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also
refer to the variety of ecosystems present
in a biosphere, the variety of species and
ecological processes that occur in different
physical settings.
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Consumers (food chain) - Importance to the ecosystem
Consumers dominate most of a food
chain. Consumers have important roles to
play within an ecosystem such as
balancing the food chain by keeping
animal populations at a reasonable
number. Without proper balance, an
ecosystem can collapse and cause the
decline of all affected species. This will
lead to a severely effected ecosystem, and
a nonfunctional consumer web
1
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Eutrophication - Terrestrial ecosystems
1
Terrestrial ecosystems are subject to
similarly adverse impacts from
eutrophication.APIS (2005)
[http://www.apis.ac.uk/overview/iss
ues/overview_eutrophication.htm Air
Pollution Information System]
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Eutrophication - Terrestrial ecosystems
1
Saturated terrestrial ecosystems then
can contribute both inorganic and
organic nitrogen to freshwater, coastal,
and marine eutrophication, where
nitrogen is also typically a Limiting
factor|limiting nutrient.Hornung M.,
Sutton M.A
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Lake ecosystem
The ecosystem of a lake includes
Biotic component|biotic (living)
plants, animals and micro-organisms,
as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical
and chemical interactions.
1
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Lake ecosystem
Lake ecosystems are a prime
examples of lentic ecosystems. Lentic
refers to standing or relatively still
water, from the Latin lentus, which
means sluggish. Lentic waters range
from ponds to lakes to wetlands, and
much of this article applies to lentic
ecosystems in general. Lentic
ecosystems can be compared with
lotic ecosystems, which involve
1
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Lake ecosystem
1
Lentic systems are diverse, ranging
from a small, temporary rainwater
pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal,
which has a maximum depth of 1740
m
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Lake ecosystem - Light
Light provides the solar energy
required to drive the process of
photosynthesis, the major energy
source of lentic systems (Brönmark
and Hansson 2005)
1
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Lake ecosystem - Temperature
1
Temperature is an important abiotic factor
in lentic ecosystems because most of the
biota are poikilotherm|poikilothermic,
where internal body temperatures are
defined by the surrounding system
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Lake ecosystem - Temperature
1
Temperature regimes
are very different in
large lakes (Fig
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Lake ecosystem - Wind
1
In exposed systems, wind can create
turbulent, spiral-formed surface currents
called Langmuir circulations (Fig
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Lake ecosystem - Chemistry
1
Oxygen is essential for
organismal Respiration
(physiology)|respiration
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Lake ecosystem - Chemistry
1
Phosphorus is important for all organisms
because it is a component of DNA and
RNA and is involved in cell metabolism as
a component of ATP and ADP
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Lake ecosystem - Bacteria
1
The vast majority of bacteria in lakes and
ponds obtain their energy by decomposing
vegetation and animal matter
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Lake ecosystem - Bacteria
1
The decomposition of organic materials
can continue in the benthic and
profundal zones if the matter falls
through the water column before being
completely digested by the pelagic
bacteria. Bacteria are found in the
greatest abundance here in sediments,
where they are typically 2-1000 times
more prevalent than in the water
column.
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Lake ecosystem - Primary producers
1
Lentic systems gain most of their energy from
photosynthesis performed by aquatic plants
and algae
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Lake ecosystem - Invertebrates
1
These organisms are mostly found in the
areas of macrophyte growth, where the
richest resources, highly oxygenated
water, and warmest portion of the
ecosystem are found
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Lake ecosystem - Invertebrates
Very few invertebrates are able to
inhabit the cold, dark, and oxygen poor
profundal zone. Those that can are often
red in color due to the presence of large
amounts of hemoglobin, which greatly
increases the amount of oxygen carried
to cells. Because the concentration of
oxygen within this zone is low, most
species construct tunnels or borrows in
which they can hide and make the
minimum movements necessary to
circulate water through, drawing oxygen
to them without expending much energy.
1
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Lake ecosystem - Fish and other vertebrates
1
Fish have a range of physiological tolerances that
are dependent upon which species they belong to
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Lake ecosystem - Fish and other vertebrates
Other vertebrate taxa inhabit lentic
systems as well. These include
amphibians (e.g. salamanders and frogs),
reptiles (e.g. snakes, turtles, and
alligators), and a large number of
waterfowl species. Most of these
vertebrates spend part of their time in
terrestrial habitats and thus are not
directly affected by abiotic factors in the
lake or pond. Many fish species are
important as consumers and as prey
species to the larger vertebrates
1
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Lake ecosystem - Benthic Invertebrates
1
Benthic invertebrates, due to their high
level of species richness, have many
methods of prey capture
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Lake ecosystem - Fish
Fish size, mobility, and sensory
capabilities allow them to exploit a broad
prey base, covering multiple zonation
regions
1
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Lake ecosystem - Lentic food webs
1
As noted in the previous sections, the
lentic biota are linked in complex web of
trophic relationships
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Lake ecosystem - Local species richness
1
The biodiversity of a lentic system increases
with the surface area of the lake or pond
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
Phytoplankton and zooplankton
communities in lake systems undergo
seasonal succession in relation to nutrient
availability, predation, and competition.
Sommer et al. described these patterns as
part of the Plankton Ecology Group
(Plankton Ecology Group model|PEG)
model, with 24 statements constructed
from the analysis of numerous systems.
The following includes a subset of these
1
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
1. Increased nutrient and light availability
result in rapid phytoplankton growth
towards the end of winter. The dominant
species, such as diatoms, are small and
have quick growth capabilities.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model
1
2. These plankton are consumed by zooplankton,
which become the dominant plankton taxa.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
3. A clear water phase occurs, as
phytoplankton populations become
depleted due to increased predation by
growing numbers of zooplankton.
1
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
4. Zooplankton abundance declines as
a result of decreased phytoplankton
prey and increased predation by
juvenile fishes.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
5. With increased nutrient availability and
decreased predation from zooplankton, a
diverse phytoplankton community
develops.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
6. As the summer continues, nutrients
become depleted in a predictable order:
phosphorus, silica, and then nitrogen. The
abundance of various phytoplankton
species varies in relation to their biological
need for these nutrients.
1
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
7. Small-sized zooplankton become
the dominant type of zooplankton
because they are less vulnerable to
fish predation.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model
1
8. Predation by fishes is reduced due to
lower temperatures and zooplankton of all
sizes increase in number.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
9. Cold temperatures and decreased light
availability result in lower rates of primary
production and decreased phytoplankton
populations.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG
model
1
10. Reproduction in zooplankton decreases due
to lower temperatures and less prey.
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Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model
1
The PEG model presents an idealized
version of this succession pattern, while
natural systems are known for their
variation.
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Lake ecosystem - Latitudinal patterns
1
There is a well-documented global
pattern that correlates decreasing
plant and animal diversity with
increasing latitude, that is to say,
there are fewer species as one moves
towards the poles
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Lake ecosystem - Lake creation
1
Lakes can be formed in a variety of ways, but the
most common are discussed briefly below
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Lake ecosystem - Natural extinction
1
All lakes and ponds
receive sediment
inputs
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Lake ecosystem - Acidification
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are
naturally released from volcanoes, organic
compounds in the soil, wetlands, and
marine systems, but the majority of these
compounds come from the combustion of
coal, oil, gasoline, and the smelting of ores
containing sulfur
1
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Lake ecosystem - Eutrophication
1
Eutrophication|Eutrophic systems
contain a high concentration of
phosphorus (~30+µg/L), nitrogen
(~1500+µg/L), or both
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Lake ecosystem - Invasive species
1
Invasive species have been introduced to lentic
systems through both purposeful events (e.g
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Oneness Pentecostalism
1
For a list of denominations in this
movement, see List of Christian
denominations#Oneness
Pentecostalism|List of Christian
denominations.
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Oneness Pentecostalism
1
Oneness Pentecostalism derives its
distinctive name from its teaching on
the Godhead (Christianity)|Godhead,
which is popularly referred to as the
Oneness doctrine
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Oneness Pentecostalism
They also tend to emphasize strict
holiness standards in dress, grooming and
other areas of personal conduct that are
not necessarily shared by other
Pentecostal groups, at least not to the
degree that is generally found in Oneness
churches.
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - The Oneness doctrine of God
Oneness Pentecostals claim to hold to
strict Biblical Monotheism, the belief that
God is uni-personal, one single divine
eternal person, although manifesting
Himself in various modes or faces, in
given contexts, for various reasons, on
different occasions, and in various times in
history
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
Norris, PhD,I Am: A Oneness
Pentecostal Perspective., Word Aflame
Publishers, 2009, ISBN 978-1-56722730-7
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
It rejects the view that any person can
obtain the status of God whether by works
or by grace, maintaining that Jesus Christ
did not obtain his status, but rather that he
is the one, eternal God himself manifested
in the flesh according to the Oneness
Pentecostal interpretation of 1 Timothy
3:16, as is rendered in the King James
Version.
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
1
Unlike Arianism|Arians, who present the
Son as a subordinate being to the Father,
both Oneness and Trinitarians seek to
establish an Ontology|ontological oneness
(union) between the Father and Son
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
The difference being that Oneness
Pentecostals still maintain that the Father
and Son are not actually distinct persons,
but rather are distinct modes or
manifestations.
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
Oneness Pentecostals reject the
Trinity doctrine of distinct co-equal
and co-eternal persons in one triune
Godhead as an un-Biblical distortion
or an extra-Biblical invention, which
dilutes true Biblical Monotheism, and
also, in a sense, limits God. Oneness
believers say that God can operate
using an unlimited number of
manifestations, not just three.
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God
1
The Oneness position on the Trinity places
them at odds with the members of most other
Christian churches, some of whom have
accused Oneness Pentecostals of being
Modalism|Modalists and derided them as
cultists.See, for instance,
[http://www.altupc.com/altupc/articles/agclarif.
htm Clarification from the Assemblies of
God], for an incident in which that
denomination apologized to the UPCI, a
major Oneness organization, for a publication
of theirs that openly called Oneness
Pentecostalism a cult
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
Oneness teaching asserts that God is a
singular spirit who is one person, not
three divine persons, individuals or
minds. God the Father|Father, Son of
God|Son and Holy Ghost (a.k.a. Holy
Spirit) are merely titles reflecting the
different personal manifestations of the
One True God in the universe. When
Oneness believers speak of the Father,
the Son and the Holy Spirit, they see
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
'Son of God': God incarnate in human
flesh; Son refers to either the
humanity and the deity of Jesus
together, or to the humanity alone, but
never to the deity aloneSee under The
Son in Biblical Terminology in
Chapter 5 of David Bernard
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ho
mepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm
The Oneness of God]. Retrieved on
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
Oneness teachers often quote a phrase
used by early pioneers of the movement –
God was manifested as the Father in
creation, the Son in redemption, and the
Holy Ghost in emanation.
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
Oneness theology sees that when the
one personal and omnipresent God
manifests or reveals himself, it is in a
personal way. Oneness theology sees
the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one
transcendent, personal, omnipresent
God manifesting himself in three
personal and distinct manifestations
or forms to redeem and sanctify sinful
and lost humanity, and also that all the
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
This does not imply two persons any
more than the numerous scriptural
references to a man and his spirit or soul
(such as in Luke 12:19) imply two persons
existing within one body.See under The
Lord God and His Spirit, in Chapter 7 of
David Bernard,
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepag
es/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness
of God].
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
The ambiguity of the term person has
been noted by both Oneness and
Trinitarian proponents as a source of
conflict.Daniel Segraves,
http://danielsegraves.blogspot.com/200
9_01_01_archive.html, OnenessTrinitarian Pentecostal Dialogue This
issue is addressed by Trinitarian
scholar and Christian apologist Alister
McGrath:
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentec
ostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God], Chapter 5.
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
Oneness Pentecostals believe that the
title Son only applied to Christ when he
became flesh on earth, but that Christ
was the Logos or Mind of the Father
prior to his being made human, and not
a separate person. In this theology, the
Father embodies the divine attributes
of the godhead and the Son embodies
the human aspects. They believe that
Jesus and the Father are one essential
person, though operating as different
modes.
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
1
Oneness apologist W. L. Vincent writes The
argument against the Son being his own
Father is a red herring. It should be evident
that Oneness theology acknowledges a clear
distinction between the Father and Son – in
fact this has never been disputed by any
Christological view that I am aware of.See
under heading The Son in Bernard, David K.
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages
/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of
God], Chapter 6.
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Scripture
1
Oneness Pentecostalism subscribes to the
common Protestant doctrine of Sola Scriptura
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Oneness Pentecostalism - The Word
1
Oneness Theology holds that the Word in
John 1:1 was the invisible God, or the
Mind of God, being expressed to his
creatures: first the angels, then man
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Oneness Pentecostalism - The Word
Oneness theology is similar to historical
Modalism or Sabellianism, although it
cannot be exactly characterized as
such.David Bernard,
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepag
es/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness
of God], Chapter 10
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - The name of Jesus
Oneness theology places special
emphasis on the name of Jesus
Christ,Zecharaiah 14:9, John 14:13-14,
Colossians 3:17, Isaiah 52:6, Acts 3:6,
16, 4:7-12 17-18, 30, Philippians 2:9-11,
James 5:14 and affirms that the name
of Jesus Christ, which means Jehovah
is Savior, is a divine revelation as to the
person of Christ.Matthew 1:21, Acts
3:16, 4:12, 10:43, 15:14-17, 22:16,
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - The name of Jesus
1
Oneness believers insist that while they do
indeed believe in baptism only in the name of
Jesus Christ (in accordance with how all
water baptisms in the Book of Acts were
performed)http://biblehub.com/acts/238.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/812.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/816.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/10-48.htm
http://biblehub.com/acts/19-5.htm– as
opposed to the traditional Trinitarian baptism
– to describe them as Jesus-Only Pentecostals
implies a denial of the Father and Holy Spirit
– a contention they vehemently reject
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Accusations of Modalism and Arianism
David Bernard, the General
Superintendent of the United Pentecostal
Church, or the UPC, a leading spokesman
of Oneness Pentecostalism, of teaching
Arianism
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology
31-35.See Chapter 12: Are there
exceptions? in David Bernard,
[http://web.archive.org/web/2009031
8090455/http://ourworld.compuserve.
com/homepages/pentecostal/NewTop.htm The New Birth]
1
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology
1
* water baptism in the
name of Jesus Christ
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology
1
* baptism in the Holy Spirit with
the evidence of speaking in
tongues
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Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology
1
Oneness Pentecostals generally accept that
these are minimal requirements of conversion.
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