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• Network Interface Card
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MAC address - Address details
The IEEE has built in several special
address types to allow more than one
network interface card to be addressed at
one time:
1
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BIOS - BIOS extensions
In addition, plug-in adapter cards
such as SCSI, RAID, network interface
cards, and video boards often include
their own BIOS (e.g
1
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Intel
Products Bluetooth chipsets, flash
memory, microprocessors, motherboard
chipsets, network interface cards
1
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Network Driver Interface Specification
1
The Network Driver Interface Specification
(NDIS) is an application programming
interface (API) for network interface cards
(NICs). It was jointly developed by Microsoft
and 3Com Corporation and is mostly used in
Microsoft Windows. However, the opensource NDISwrapper and Project Evil driver
wrapper projects allow many NDIS-compliant
NICs to be used with Linux, FreeBSD and
NetBSD. magnussoft ZETA, a derivative of
BeOS, supports a number of NDIS drivers.
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Internetwork Packet Exchange - IPX addressing
Hosts have a 48-bit node address
which by default is set to the network
interface card's MAC address. The
node address is appended to the
network address to create a unique
identifier for the host on the network.
1
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Ethernet - Shared media
Since all communications happen on the
same wire, any information sent by one
computer is received by all, even if that
information is intended for just one
destination.[note 6] The network interface
card interrupts the CPU only when applicable
packets are received: The card ignores
information not addressed to it.[note 7] Use of
a single cable also means that the bandwidth
is shared, such that, for example, available
bandwidth to each device is halved when two
stations are simultaneously active.
1
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Data Link Control
1
In the OSI networking model, Data Link
Control (DLC) is the service provided
by the data link layer. Network interface
cards have a DLC address that
identifies each card; for instance,
Ethernet and other types of cards have
a 48-bit MAC address built into the
cards' firmware when they are
manufactured.
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UT-VPN - UT-VPN Client
1
'Virtual NIC' (virtual network interface card)
is installed in OS how UT-VPN Client was
installed in. Virtual NIC is recognized as
physical NIC by OS. UT-VPN does
encapsulation to TCP (or SSL/TLS)
packets from L2 frames by Virtual NIC.
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Booting - Boot devices (IBM PC)
A modern PC BIOS supports booting
from various devices, typically a local
hard disk drive via the Master Boot
Record (MBR) (and of several MS-DOS
partitions on such a disk, or GPT
through GRUB 2), an optical disc drive
(using El Torito), a USB mass storage
device (FTL-based flash drive, SD card,
or multi-media card slot; hard disk
drive, optical disc drive, etc.), or a
network interface card (using PXE)
1
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode - Traffic shaping
Traffic shaping usually takes place in the
network interface card (NIC) in user
equipment, and attempts to ensure that the
cell flow on a VC will meet its traffic contract,
i.e. cells will not be dropped or reduced in
priority at the UNI. Since the reference model
given for traffic policing in the network is the
GCRA, this algorithm is normally used for
shaping as well, and single and dual leaky
bucket implementations may be used as
appropriate.
1
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Novell - NetWare
1
A network interface card (NIC) was
developed for the IBM PC industry
standard architecture (ISA) bus
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ExpressCard
1
Hardware that may be plugged into a
computer via an ExpressCard includes
connect cards, IEEE 1394b-2002
(FireWire 800), USB 2.0, USB 3.0,
Ethernet, Serial ATA external stick
drives, solid-state drives, external
enclosures for desktop size PCI
Express graphics cards, wireless
network interface cards (NIC), TV tuner
cards, Common Access Card (CAC)
readers, and soundcards.
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Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA
1
The Wi-Fi Alliance intended WPA as an
intermediate measure to take the place
of WEP pending the availability of the
full IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA could be
implemented through firmware
upgrades on wireless network interface
cards designed for WEP that began
shipping as far back as 1999. However,
since the changes required in the
wireless access points (APs) were more
extensive than those needed on the
network cards, most pre-2003 APs could
not be upgraded to support WPA.
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802.11 - Management Frames
*Authentication frame: 802.11
authentication begins with the Wireless
network interface card|WNIC sending an
authentication frame to the access point
containing its identity
1
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Windows 2000 - Deployment
1
RIS requires that client computers are
able to boot over the network via either
a network interface card that has a PreBoot Execution Environment (PXE)
boot Read-only memory|ROM installed
or that the client computer has a
network card installed that is supported
by the remote boot disk generator
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Digital media player - History
It included a network interface card, a
media processor for audio and video
decoding, an analog video encoder (for
video playback to a TV), an audio digital to
analog converter for audio playback, and
an IR (infrared receiver) for remotecontrol-interface.
1
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Boot ROM - Boot devices (IBM PC)
A modern PC BIOS supports booting
from various devices, typically a local
hard disk drive via the Master Boot
Record (MBR) (and of several MS-DOS
disk partitioning|partitions on such a
disk, or GUID Partition Table|GPT
through GRUB 2), an optical disc drive
(using El Torito (CD-ROM standard)|El
Torito), a Universal Serial Bus|USB mass
storage device (Flash Translation
Layer|FTL-based flash drive, SD card, or
Memory card reader|multi-media card
slot; hard disk drive, optical disc drive,
etc.), or a network interface card (using
1
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Windows XP - Removed features
Legacy Plug and Play|Plug-and-play–
incompatible communication devices (like
modems and network interface cards) are
no longer supported.
1
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Killer NIC
1
The 'Killer NIC' (Network Interface Card),
from Killer Gaming, is designed to
circumvent the Microsoft Windows
Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP stack, and
handle processing on the card via a
dedicated network processor. Most
standard network cards are host based,
and make use of the primary Central
processing unit|CPU. The manufacturer
claims that the Killer NIC is capable of
reducing network Latency
(engineering)|latency and lag. The card
was first introduced in 2006.
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HD media player - History
1
It included a network interface card, a
media processor for audio and video
decoding, an analog video encoder
(for video playback to a TV), an audio
digital to analog converter for audio
playback, and an IR (infrared
receiver) for remote-control-interface.
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PC game - Online games
Such connections require a
broadband-compatible modem
connected to the personal computer
through a network interface card
(generally integrated onto the
computer's motherboard), optionally
separated by a Router
(computing)|router
1
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Home network - Causes
1
Even while the router's role can be performed
by any commodity Personal
computer|Personal Computer with an array of
Network interface card|Network Interface
Cards, most new HAN administrators still
choose to utilize a particular class of small,
passively-cooled, table-top devices which
also provide the wireless access point
functionality necessary to access the HAN via
Wi-Fi–a virtual necessity for the multitude of
wireless mobile-optimized devices focused
around internet content consumption
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Home network - Endpoint devices
Older devices may not feature the
appropriate network interfaces
required for home network
connectivity. In some situations, USB
dongles and PCI Network Interface
Cards are available as accessories
that enable this functionality.
1
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Platform virtualization - Concept
1
Access to physical system resources
(such as the network interface
card|network access, display,
keyboard, and hard disk drive|disk
storage) is generally managed at a
more restrictive level than the host
processor and system-memory
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10 Gigabit Ethernet - 10GbE NICs
10GbE network interface cards are
available from several manufacturers.
These plug into ordinary computer
servers using PCI express and
provide one or more
#Physical_layer_modules|PHY
module, Optical fiber connector|LC
or Modular_connector#8P8C|8P8C
connectors.
1
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Backplane - Backplanes in storage
1
Midplanes are also popular in networking
and telecommunications equipment where
one side of the chassis accepts system
processing cards and the other side of the
chassis accepts network interface cards.
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List of device bit rates
This is a 'list of device bit rates', or
physical layer information rates, Net
bitrate#Physical layer net bit rate|net
bit rates, useful bit rates, peak bit
rates or digital bandwidth capacity, at
which Network interface card|digital
interfaces of computer peripheral
equipment and Networking
hardware|network devices can
communicate over various kinds of
computer bus|buses and computer
network|networks.
1
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Applications
SFP sockets are found in Ethernet
switches and network interface cards.
Storage interface cards, also called HBAs
or Fibre Channel storage switches, also
make use of these modules, supporting
different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and
8Gb. Because of their low cost, low profile,
and ability to provide a connection to
different types of optical fiber, SFP
provides such equipment with enhanced
1
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Network virtualization - Components of a virtual network
1
* Network hardware, such as switches and
network adapters, also known as network
interface cards (NICs)
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Autonegotiation - Interoperability problems
1
Problems like this with autonegotiation led
many network administrators to manually
set the speed and duplex mode of each
network interface card, and even Cisco
recommended its customers not to use
autonegotiation
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Timeline of virtualization development - Timelines
** Egenera, Inc. launches their
Processor Area Network (PAN
Manager) software and BladeFrame
chassis which provide hardware
virtualization of processing blade's
(pBlade) internal disk, network
interface cards, and serial console.[
http://www.egenera.com/companyoverview.htm]
1
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3Com - 1997-2000
1
In the lucrative server network interface card
business, 3Com remained second in market
share, after Intel. 3Com never managed to
beat Intel with its own products or even with
joint ventures with Broadcom . It started
developing Gigabit Ethernet cards in-house
but later scrapped the plans. Later, it formed
a joint venture with Broadcom, where
Broadcom would develop the main
Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC
component and the NIC would be 3Com
branded.
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3Com - 2001 and beyond
1
At this point, the company's main cashcow, the network interface card
business, was also shrinking rapidly,
mainly because the functionality was
integrated into the Southbridge
(computing)|southbridge of many
motherboards. The company started
slashing or selling divisions and going
through numerous rounds of Reduction
in force|layoffs. The company went from
employing more than 12,000 employees
to fewer than 2,000.
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IEEE 802.11a-1999 - Timing and compatibility of products
Dual-band, or dual-mode Access
Points and Network Interface Cards
(NICs) that can automatically handle a
and b/g, are now common in all the
markets, and very close in price to
b/g- only devices.
1
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
1
Wake-on-LAN and Network booting|Boot
ROM functionality is implemented in the
network interface card (NIC), which may
have PHY, MAC and other functionality
integrated into one chip or as separate
chips.
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Network adapter
1
A 'network interface controller' ('NIC',
also known as a 'network interface
card', 'network adapter', 'LAN adapter',
and by similar terms) is a computer
hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network.
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Jumbo frame
1
Some Fast Ethernet switches and Fast Ethernet
network interface cards also support jumbo frames
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LAN switching - Layer 2 switching
1
Data Link Layer|Layer 2 switching uses
the media access control address (MAC
address) from the host's network
card|network interface cards (NICs) to
decide where to forward frames
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Smart appliance - Entertainment
1
Some older devices may not feature the
appropriate network interfaces required for
home network connectivity. In some
situations, USB dongles and PCI Network
Interface Cards are available as
accessories that enable this functionality.
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Linux on System z - Virtualization
1
As compared to TCP/IP over standard
network interface cards (NICs, in the
mainframe world called Open System
Adapters, OSAs), HiperSockets can
improve end-user responsiveness
(reduce network latency and
processing overhead), security (since
there's no network connection to
intercept), and reliability (since
there's no network connection to lose).
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DOSBox - Hardware emulation
Certain third-party patches also allow
DOSBox to emulate an NE2000-class
network interface card as a passthrough to
the host computer's own network card,
essentially allowing full internet
connectivity (for example, using Windows
3.1 and Trumpet Winsock) and web
browsing using programs such as
Netscape Navigator, albeit with little real
world utility other than as a curiosity.
1
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VirtualBox - Device virtualization
For an Ethernet network adapter, VirtualBox
virtualizes these Network card|Network Interface
Cards:
1
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MTU (networking)
1
In computer networking, the 'maximum
transmission unit' ('MTU') of a
communications protocol of a OSI
model|layer is the size (in bytes) of the
largest protocol data unit that the layer
can pass onwards. MTU parameters
usually appear in association with a
communications interface (network
interface card|NIC, serial port, etc.).
Standards (Ethernet, for example) can fix
the size of an MTU; or systems (such as
point-to-point serial links) may decide
MTU at connect time.
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IPX - IPX addressing
1
* Hosts have a 48-bit node address which
by default is set to the network interface
card's MAC address. The node address is
appended to the network address to
create a unique identifier for the host on
the network.
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Networking equipment - Range
1
The most common kind of networking
hardware today is a copper-based
Ethernet Network interface
card|adapter because of its standard
inclusion on most modern computer
systems. 802.11|Wireless networking
has, however, become increasingly
popular, especially for portable and
handheld devices.
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Windows Vista networking technologies - Architecture
The Next Generation TCP/IP stack
connects to Network Interface Card|NICs
via a Network Driver Interface
Specification (NDIS) driver
1
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DE-9 - Network ports
1
The Attachment Unit Interfaces that were
used with 10BASE5 thick net in the 1980s
and 1990s used DA15 connectors for
connectivity between the Medium
Attachment Units and (Ethernet) network
interface cards, albeit with a sliding latch
to lock the connectors together instead of
the usual hex studs with threaded holes.
The sliding latch was intended to be
quicker to engage and disengage and to
work in places where jack screws could
not be used for reasons of component
shape.
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Novell Press - NetWare
1
A network interface card (NIC) was
developed for the IBM PC industry
standard architecture (ISA) bus
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FCoE - Functionality
FCoE encapsulation can be done in
software with a conventional Ethernet
network interface card, however FCoE
CNAs offload (from the CPU) the low level
frame processing and SCSI protocol
functions traditionally performed by Fibre
Channel host bus adapters.
1
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FCoE - Application
1
* reduce the number of network interface
cards required to connect to disparate
storage and IP networks
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Mini PCI Express - Interconnect
1
Low-speed peripherals (such as an
IEEE 802.11|802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless
network interface card|card) use a
single-lane (×1) link, while a graphics
adapter typically uses a much wider
(and thus, faster) 16-lane link.
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Preboot Execution Environment
1
The 'Preboot eXecution Environment'
('PXE', also known as 'Pre-Execution
Environment'; sometimes pronounced
pixie) is an environment to booting|boot
computers using a network interface
card|network interface independently of
data storage devices (like hard disks) or
installed operating systems.
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Tcpdump - Common uses
Tcpdump prints the contents of
network packets. It can read packets
from a network interface card or from
a previously created saved packet file.
Tcpdump can write packets to
standard output or a file.
1
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Internet Connection Sharing - Operation
1
In special cases, only one network interface card is
required and other connections may be logical
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David Boggs
1
'David Reeves Boggs' (born 1950) is an
electrical and radio engineer from the
United States who developed early
prototypes of Internet protocol
suite|Internet protocols, file servers,
gateway (computer
networking)|gateways, network
interface cards
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Wireless router
1
* One or multiple Network interface
card|NICs supporting Fast Ethernet
or Gigabit Ethernet integrated into the
main System on a chip|SoC
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EtherChannel - Components
1
Configuring an EtherChannel between
a switch and a computer would either
require special network interface
cards (NICs) such as the model
pictured here, or support built into the
operating system
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ARCNET - Description
1
ARCNET allowed only 255 nodes per
network. Node IDs for LAN
workstations were typically set by DIP
switches on the network interface card.
Larger networks would have to be split
into smaller networks, and bridged.
The small number of possible nodes
and the need to manually configure IDs
was a disadvantage compared with
Ethernet, particularly as large
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Virtual IP address
1
A 'virtual IP address' ('VIP' or 'VIPA') is
an IP address assigned to multiple
applications residing on a single
server, multiple domain names, or
multiple servers, rather than being
assigned to a specific single server or
network card|network interface card
(NIC). Incoming data packets are sent
to the VIP address which are routed to
actual network interfaces.
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PCIe - Interconnect
1
Low-speed peripherals (such as an
IEEE 802.11|802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless
network interface card|card) use a
single-lane (×1) link, while a graphics
adapter typically uses a much wider
(and thus, faster) 16-lane link.
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ExpressCard/34
Hardware that may be plugged into a
computer via an ExpressCard includes
connect cards, IEEE 1394|IEEE 1394b2002 (FireWire 800), USB 2.0, USB 3.0,
Ethernet, Serial ATA external stick drives,
solid-state drives, external enclosures for
desktop size PCI Express graphics cards,
wireless network interface cards (NIC), TV
tuner cards, Common Access Card (CAC)
readers, and soundcards.
1
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Wake-on-LAN - Principle of operation
1
The magic packet contains the MAC
address of the destination computer,
an identifying number built into each
Network interface controller|network
interface card (NIC) or other ethernet
device in a computer, that enables it
to be uniquely recognized and
addressed on a network
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Wake-on-LAN - Magic packet
The Wake-on-LAN implementation is
designed to be very simple and to be
quickly processed by the circuitry present
on the network interface card with minimal
power requirement. Because Wake-onLAN operates below the IP protocol layer
the MAC address is required and makes
IP addresses and DNS names
meaningless.
1
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Wake-on-LAN - Hardware implementations
In addition, in order to get Wake-onLAN to work enabling this feature on
the network interface card or on-board
silicon is sometimes required. Details
of how to do this depend upon the
operating system and the device driver.
1
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Wake-on-LAN - Mac hardware (OS X)
1
On Mac OS X Snow Leopard, the service
is called Wake On Demand or Bonjour
Sleep Proxy and is synonymous with the
Sleep Proxy Service. It comes enabled out
of the box, but for previous versions of
the operating system, the service will
need to be enabled under the Energy
Saver pane of System Preferences. The
network interface card may allow the
service to function only on WiFi, only on
Ethernet, or
both.[http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3774
Mac OS X v10.6: About Wake on Demand]
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1
Similarly, Wake-on-LAN and Network
booting|Boot ROM functionality is
implemented in the network interface
card (NIC), which may have PHY,
MAC and other functionality
integrated into one chip or as separate
chips.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-network-interface-card-toolkit.html
Generic cell rate algorithm
1
It is also given as the reference for the
timing of cells transmitted (ATM PDU
Data_Requests) onto an ATM network
by a network interface card (NIC) in a
host, i.e
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Leaky bucket
1
The Generic Cell Rate Algorithm, or an
equivalent, may also be used to traffic
shaping|shape transmissions by a
Network Interface Card onto an ATM
network (i.e
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ZLinux - Virtualization
As compared to TCP/IP over standard
network interface cards (NICs, in the
mainframe world called Open System
Adapters, OSAs), HiperSockets can
improve end-user responsiveness (reduce
network latency and processing
overhead), security (since there's no
network connection to intercept), and
reliability (since there's no network
connection to lose).
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-network-interface-card-toolkit.html
SFP transceiver - Applications
SFP sockets are found in Ethernet
switches, routers, firewalls and
network interface cards. Storage
interface cards, also called HBAs or
Fibre Channel storage switches, also
make use of these modules,
supporting different speeds such as
2Gb, 4Gb, and 8Gb. Because of their
low cost, low profile, and ability to
provide a connection to different types
of optical fiber, SFP provides such
equipment with enhanced flexibility.
1
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NDIS
The 'Network Driver Interface
Specification' ('NDIS') is an application
programming interface (API) for network
interface cards (NICs). It was jointly
developed by Microsoft and 3Com
Corporation and is mostly used in
Microsoft Windows. However, the open
source|open-source NDISwrapper and
Project Evil driver wrapper projects
allow many NDIS-compliant NICs to be
used with Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD.
magnussoft ZETA, a derivative of BeOS,
supports a number of NDIS drivers.
1
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TCP Offload Engine
'TCP offload engine' or 'TOE' is a
technology used in network interface
cards (NIC) to offload processing of
the entire TCP/IP stack to the network
controller. It is primarily used with
high-speed network interfaces, such
as gigabit Ethernet and 10-gigabit
Ethernet, where processing overhead
of the network stack becomes
significant.
1
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TCP Offload Engine - Purpose
1
Moving some or all of these functions
to dedicated hardware, a TCP offload
engine, frees the system's main CPU
for other tasks. As of 2012, very few
consumer network interface cards
support TOE.
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Ethernet port - Shared media
1
The network interface card interrupts the
central processing unit|CPU only when
applicable packets are received: The card
ignores information not addressed to it
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FORE Systems - History
1
Founded in 1990 to supply a US Naval
Research Laboratories request for
development, FORE initially
produced Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) network interface cards
for SBus- and TURBOchannel-based
computers in addition to ATM
adapters for Silicon Graphics
computers
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D-STAR - Gateway server
There should be two network interface
cards and at least 10 GB free of hard drive
space which includes the OS install
1
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Virtual Path Identifier - Traffic shaping
Traffic shaping usually takes place in the
network interface controller|network interface
card (NIC) in user equipment, and attempts
to ensure that the cell flow on a VC will meet
its traffic contract, i.e. cells will not be
dropped or reduced in priority at the UNI.
Since the reference model given for traffic
policing in the network is the GCRA, this
algorithm is normally used for shaping as
well, and single and dual leaky bucket
implementations may be used as appropriate.
1
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IP network multipathing
1
The 'IP network multipathing' or 'IPMP' is a
facility provided by Solaris (operating
system)|Solaris to provide fault-tolerance
and load spreading for network interface
cards (NICs)
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Alacritech
'Alacritech' was a Silicon Valley
company which pioneered the use of
intelligent network card|network
interface cards (NICs) to offload
TCP/IP processing from the CPU of
computer systems to dedicated
hardware on the NIC: a concept now
known as TOE (TCP Offload Engine)
1
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Alacritech - History
1
The high speed network card|network
interface cards (NICs) enhanced
performance by moving some TCP/IP
processing from the central processing
unit|CPU to the NIC
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Parallel Line Internet Protocol - Operation
The Internet Protocol Suite is the
standards-based networking model and
software specification for forming small
and large computer networks, from local
area networks to global communication
systems, such as the Internet. It is usually
implemented by software and hardware
features that use Ethernet network
interface cards, cabling, and networking
switches or hubs.
1
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Microsoft-Novell agreement - NetWare
1
A network interface card (NIC) was
developed for the IBM PC industry
standard architecture (ISA) bus
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Ping (video gaming)
For instance, wireless network
interface cards must modulate digital
signals into radio waves|radio signals,
which is often more costly than the
time it takes an electrical signal to
traverse a typical span of cable
1
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List of Cyberchase episodes - Season 4: 2005
1
After taking the NIC (Network Interface
Card) from Slider's dad, Coop (Tony
Hawk) and kidnapping Slider, the device
was complete
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Hexley - Other
1
* There are various projects that focus on
driver support: e.g., wireless drivers, wired
network interface card|NIC drivers Project
inactive since March 15, 2006. modem
drivers, card readers, and the ext2 and
ext3 file systems.
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Amstrad Mega PC - Input/Output
1
The motherboard included a 16 bit ISA slot
with a riser card connected to it, providing
a total of two 16 bit ISA slots. One of these
was populated with an ISA card which
provided connections for sound at the rear
of the machine, and a connection for the
Mega Drive cartridge at the front. The
other slot was left free for expansion (such
as a modem or Network Interface Card).
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PCI-Express - Interconnect
Low-speed peripherals (such as an
IEEE 802.11|802.11 Wi-Fi Wireless
network interface card|card) use a
single-lane (×1) link, while a graphics
adapter typically uses a much wider
and faster 16-lane link.
1
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Neptune (disambiguation) - Computing
1
* Sun Neptune, a Sun 10
Gbit/s network interface
card
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