Download WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact

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WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact
Date:
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The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 A.D. by
a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire;
b) identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and describing the expansion of the
Byzantine Empire and economy;
c) characterizing Byzantine art and architecture and the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions;
d) explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church;
e) assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe.
Notes
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Essential Understandings of Byzantines and Russians Interact
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The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide
political, economic, and military advantages.
As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western
Europe.
Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Greek
Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a
unique
style of art and architecture.
Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.
The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire
weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.
Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its
religion, culture, and trade.
Essential Questions about Byzantines and Russians Interact
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Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and
later legal codes?
What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?
What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?
How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?
What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?
Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in
Russia and Eastern Europe?
Why do I need to know this?
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2.
Notes
Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern
Christianity.
The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunderstandings
that still exist today.
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Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
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What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? Constantinople
For which four reasons was it in a good location?
a. Located far enough away from the Germanic invasions of the West
b. Was a crossroads of trade on the Bosporus Strait
c. Could protect the rich Eastern provinces more easily
d. Easily fortified, surrounded on three sides by water bordering a natural harbor
What was the role of Constantinople?
a. True center of Byzantine power
b. Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture
Notes
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Byzantine Empire
The Emperor Justinian
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What were Justinian’s achievements?
a. Justinian Code – sorted through old Roman laws and established a new code of law for the Byzantine Empire. It
lasted for over 900 years.
decided issues such as marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights and crimes
significance – had a huge impact on European legal code
b. reconquered former Roman territories, but not Rome
unfortunately the conquests did not last and the empire lost many of its territories
c. expanded trade and made Constantinople very wealthy
d. acted as head of the church and state
e. placed a heavy emphasis on church building which displayed his leadership of both the government and church
Hagia Sophia – beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building program
f. Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, and parks
g. Had the fortifications of Constantinople repaired
Who was Theodora?
a. Born into lower class, worked as an actress and dancer as a teenager.
b. Loved adventure, new friendships and travel
c. Married Justinian while in her 20’s, sometimes equaled or surpassed husband’s wisdom and skills.
d. Convinced her husband to crush Nika rebellion
e. Established social welfare programs for the poor
f. Worked for the rights of women
Notes
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Analyzing Justinian’s Code
In A.D. 528 the Emperor Justinian began a review of the old Roman laws. There were thousands of Roman laws
that ordered life in the empire. The emperor chose ten men to review 1,600 books full of Roman Law and create a
simpler legal code. These men were able to create the Justinian Code with just over 4,000 laws.
Read these two laws from the Justinian Code. Think about what they tell you about the Roman and Byzantine
empires. Answer the questions that follow the samples.
Book I, Of Persons
VIII. Slaves
1. Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations: for among all nations it may be
remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the
slave is acquired for the master.
Book II, Of Things
I. Division of Things
28. If the wheat of Titus is mixed with yours, when this takes place by mutual consent, the mixed heap
belongs to you in common because each body, that is, each grain, which before was the property of one or
other of you, has by your mutual consent been made your common property; but, if the intermixture were
accidental, or made by Titus without your consent, the mixed wheat does not then belong to you both in
common; because the grains still remain distinct, and retain their proper substance. ...if either of you keep the
whole quantity of mixed wheat, the other has a real actio [claim or suit] for the amount of wheat belonging to
him, but it is in the province of the judge to estimate the quality of the wheat belonging to each.
1. The Justinian Code has four different parts called books. What books do you see here?
2.
What does the first sample tell you about slavery in both empires? How do you think slaves were treated?
3. Review Law Number 28. Under this law, what happens if someone takes your property without your
permission? How do you think this law helped the government maintain order?
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Why do you think it was important for the Roman and Byzantine empires to have extensive legal code?
Notes
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Byzantine Empire
Culture
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Art and architecture inspired by Christian Religion and Imperial Power
Hagia Sophia – beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building program
a. Built during Justinian’s reign. Took 5-6 years to build
b. Known as the “Church of Holy Wisdom”
c. When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque; now it is a museum
d. Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life
e. Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe
f. Cathedral’s size, thick pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence.
g. Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influences
Mosaics with gold-covered stones added more light to the huge interior of the Hagia Sophia
Icons – religious images
Hippodrome – entertainment venue for chariot races and circuses
Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
Greek was the primary language (as opposed to Latin in the West)
Church – Greek Orthodox Christianity
Byzantine Empire
The Division of the Christian Church
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Background - Distance and lack of contact slowly caused the doctrines and rituals of Western and Eastern Christianity to
th
split in the 11 Century.
emperors were crowned by the patriarch (bishop of Constantinople)
Conflict about power of Pope (in west) and Emperor (in east)
a. 730AD Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches
b. iconoclasts broke into churches to destroy icons
Notes
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c. the pope supported the use of icons
The Great Schism - In 1054, the split between the Eastern and Western Churches was made permanent when the Pope
(in the West) and the Patriarch (in the East) excommunicated each other.
a. Excommunication – cast out from the church
b. This permanent split was called the schism
Created the Roman Catholic (West) and Greek (Eastern) Orthodox (East)
the Catholics and Orthodox began competing for souls
Roman Catholic v. Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Similarities
Differences
Differences
1. services were in Latin
The base their faith on the gospel of
Jesus and the Bible
1. services were in Greek or local
languages
2. Pope had authority over all
bishops
Their religious leaders are priests
and bishops
2. patriarch and bishops headed the
church as a group
3. the emperor claims authority
over the patriarch and bishops
3. Pope claims authority over kings
and emperors
4. priests may not marry
They seek to convert people
4. priests may marry
5. divorce is not permitted
They use sacraments such as
baptism
5. divorce is allowed under certain
conditions
Byzantine Empire
Why did the Byzantine Empire Decline?
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Justinian’s Plague – In 542, 10,000 people were dying every day
Military Attacks – began facing constant attacks from all sides
a. By 700, only the Greek areas were left
Notes
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The Fall
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Unsuccessfully tried to maintain power through political marriages, bribes and diplomacy
late 1300s – only Constantinople and immediate area left
a. its walls, fleet and location helped it hold out
1453 – the Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul
How did Byzantine Culture influence Eastern Europe and Russia?
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Trade routes between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea let to exchange of ideas and culture
Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread their faith to the Slavic people of Russia and Eastern Europe
a. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who translated Bible
b. created the Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs (Russians) could read the Bible and would accept Christianity
Also influenced Church architecture and religious art
Notes
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Glossary WHI.07: Byzantines and Russians Interact
Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed. Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR
write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting.
Justinian Code
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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Patriarch
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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Icon
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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Iconoclast
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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Excommunication
Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Schism
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Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence)
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Notes
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Summary
DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following:
a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture
b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words)
c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page)
Notes
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