Download 1. Name the components of the formed elements in the blood and

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1. Name the components of the formed elements in the blood and mention one major
function of each of them.
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Solution:
The components of formed elements are Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and platelets. Its functions are :
(a) Erythrocytes or RBC
These play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases.
(b) Leucocytes or white blood cells (WBC)
There are two types of WBC granulocytes and agranulocytes. The granulocytes include neutrophils,
eosinophils and basophils and the agranulocytes include lymphocytes and neutrophils. Each of these
cells help the body in fighting against the invading pathogen and protect the body.
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Neutrophil and Monocyte
These cells are phagocytic. They engulf and destroy the foreign organism entering the body.
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Basophils
It secrets histamine, serotonin, heparin etc. which are involved in inflammatory reaction.
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Eosinophils
It helps in resisting infection and also helps in allergic reaction.
Lymphocytes: These are of two types ‘B’ and ‘T’ forms which are responsible for immune responses
of the body.
(c) Platelets or thrombocytes
They are mainly involved in coagulation or clotting of blood.
2. What is the importance of plasma proteins?
Fibrinogen is essential for clotting or coagulation of blood.
Globulins are mainly involved in the defense mechanism of the body.
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Albumins maintain the osmotic balance of the body.
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Solution:
The plasma protein include fibrinogen, globulins, and albumins.
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3. Why do we consider blood as a connective tissue?
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Solution:
Blood is a special connective tissue as it plays a major role in providing all the cells in the body with
nutrients, O2 and essential substance. It also removes the harmful substances continuously from the
different cells where it is produced. Since blood circulates and connects to all the parts of the body to
perform the above function it is called as a special connective tissue.
4. What is the difference between lymph and blood?
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Solution:
Lymph
Blood
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1. Lymph is colourless fluid.
1. Blood is red in colour.
2. It contains specialized lymphocytes responsible 2. Blood consist of fluid matrix, plasma and
for immune response.
formed elements.
3. Lymph moves out into spaces between the cells 3. Blood supply O2 & nutrients to the tissues and
of the tissues and are collected by lymphatic
collect the waste from the tissue by diffusion and
capillaries which join to form larger vessels from passes from the capillaries into the venules which
join to form the large veins and open into the
where it passes into lymph nodes.
heart.
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5. What is meant by double circulation? What is its significance?
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Solution:
In man as in all mammals two circulations of blood takes place one is systemic circulation or body
circulation and the other is pulmonary circulation or lung circulation.
In systemic circulation the oxygenated blood received by the left atrium is forced into the left
ventricle, when the ventricles contract the blood leaves the heart through the aorta. Through
successive branchings the aorta gives rise to hundred of arteries which again branch to arterioles and
capillaries. These carry blood to different parts of the body where exchange of nutrients and gases
take place. From the organs similar number of venules converges to form veins which reunite to form
two large veins, the superior and inferior venacava and open into the right atrium. This course of
blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is one type of circulation, which is the systemic
circulation.
The second type of circulation is the pulmonary circulation. In this circulation the venous blood from
the right atrium is pushed into the right ventricle, which is carried by the pulmonary artery to the
lungs. In the lungs the deoxygenated blood exchanges the gases, becomes oxygenated and is
carried by the pulmonary vein back to the heart. This course of the blood from right ventricle to the
left atrium is pulmonary circulation.
Significance of double circulation is
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1. Systemic circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and
collects CO2 and other harmful substances for elimination.
6. Write the differences between:
(b) Open and Closed system of circulation
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(a) Blood and Lymph
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3. There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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2. The pulmonary circulation helps in carrying deoxygenated blood to the alveoli which are site for
exchange of gases. It carries the oxygenated blood from the alveoli back to the heart.
(c) Systole and Diastole
(d) P-wave and T-wave
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Solution:
(a)
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Blood
Lymph
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1. Blood is red in colour due to presence of
Lymph is colourless due to absence of haemoglobin.
haemoglobin
2. Blood consist of fluid matrix, plasma, and Lymph consists of specialised lymphocytes.
formed elements.
(b)
Open System of Circulation
Closed System of Circulation
1. The blood pumped by the heart passes
The blood pumped by the heart passes through a
through the large vessels into the open spaces closed network of blood vessels called arteries veins
of the body cavity.
and capillaries.
2. Open system of circulation is seen in
Closed system of circulation is seen in Annelids and
arthropods and molluscus.
Chordates.
(c)
Systole
Diastole
The contraction of ventricles is called systole The relaxation of the atria is called diastole.
(d)
P- wave
T- Wave
This represents the electrical excitation of the This wave represents the return of the ventricles from
atria leading to the contraction of both the
excited state to normal state.
atria.
7. Describe the evolutionary change in the pattern of heart among the vertebrates.
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Solution:
A comparative study of the structure of heart of vertebrates reveals that there is a gradual
development in the structure of heart in the evolutionary line. Among the vertebrates the lowest
forms include the fishes which possess 2 chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle. The next
higher form, which is amphibians, possess 3 chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle.
The same structure is seen in reptiles also. In these two groups both the pure blood and impure
blood gets mixed in the ventricle. The remaining higher forms which include the aves, the reptiles
and the mammals possess 4 chambered heart - two atrium and two ventricle. All these groups
exhibit double circulation and hence there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Solution:
Heart is called myogenic because all the normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically or
the activities are auto regulated by specialised muscles known as nodal tissues. The nodal tissues are
SA node and AV node which are present in the heart.
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8. Why do we call our heart myogenic?
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9. Sino-atrial node is called the pacemaker of our heart. Why?
Solution:
The Sino – artrial node is a patch of nodal tissue present in the right upper corner of the right
atrium. These nodal tissues have the ability to generate action potential without any external stimuli.
The maximum action potential can be generated by SAN which is around 70-75 mm – and this action
potential is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contraction of the heart. Due to
this ability of the SAN, it is called as the pace maker of the heart.
10. What is the significance of atrio-ventricular node and atrio-ventricular bundle in the
functioning of heart?
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Solution:
The atrio- ventricular node is a mass of tissue seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close
to the antrio- ventricular septum and the atrio ventricular bundle is the continuation of AVN which
passes through the atrio ventricular septa and it divides immediately into right and left bundle. Both
AVN and AN have the ability to generate action potential and their main function is to get excited by
the action potential initiated by the Sino- atrial node and conduct the stimulus to the remaining part
of the heart through which they branch thus helping in the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the
heart.
11. Define a cardiac cycle and the cardiac output.
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Solution:
The sequential events taking place in the heart which is the contraction or systole and relaxation or
diastole of both the atria and ventricles is called cardiac cycle. The amount of blood pumped by the
ventricle during this cardiac cycle is approximately 70 ml which is called as the stroke volume. The
stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the cardiac output.
Cardiac output can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
which is around 5000 ml or 5 litres in a healthy individual.
12. Explain heart sounds.
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Solution:
There are two prominent sounds produced during each cardiac cycle, the first sound is ‘lub’
associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves whereas the second sound is ‘dub’
associated with the closure of the semilunar valves. These sounds can be heard through the
stethoscopes.
13. Draw a standard ECG and explain the different segments in it.
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Solution:
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In the above diagram each peak is given letters for P to T. the first peak 'P' represents the electrical
excitation of the atria. This leads to the contraction of both the atria. The next part QRS complex
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represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction. The last 'T'
wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited state to normal state.
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CONTACT FOR MATHEMATICS GROUP/HOME COACHING FOR CLASS 11TH 12TH BBA,BCA,
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