Download ATP Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter

CHAPTER 2
(Basic Chemistry) Biochemistry: The
chemical composition of living matter
www.pbs.org
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
Steroids
Starch
Enzymes
Water
HCl
s293.photobucket.com
kau.edu.sa
NaOH
Lipids
www.mentalfloss.com
alibaba.com
Glycogen
bioinformatics.sussex.ac.uk
Buffers
ATP
sportsandexercisephysiology.com
education.vetmed.vt.edu
www.peepresearch.org
i.ehow.com
Proteins
DNA
vis.lbl.gov
Electrolytes (salts)
www.wired.com
Sugars
hermann-uwe.de
www.techjackal.net
www.all-about-forensic-science.com
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ARE BASED ON CARBON MOLECULES.
High heat capacity
Takes a lot of heat to
change the
temperature.
Water
Chemical Reactivity
Can easily react with
certain chemicals.
(like foods)
Cushioning Ability
Absorbs shockwaves.
No Carbon =
INORGANIC
Polarity Solvent
Can dissolve many
other chemicals (like
oxygen, salts,
glucose, wastes,
etc.).
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ARE BASED ON CARBON MOLECULES.
Contain calcium and
phosphorus
Makes strong bones
and teeth.
Used in body
functions
Salts are required for
nerve impulses. Iron
is required for
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen to
cells.
Salts
No Carbon =
INORGANIC
Electrolytes
Conducts electrical
currents in solutions.
Dissociation
Can dissolve into
ions in body fluids
with the pull of the
polarity of water.
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ARE BASED ON CARBON MOLECULES.
ACIDS
BASES
Acids
and
Bases
Taste SOUR.
Taste BITTER.
Can dissolve some
Can dissolve some
substances.
substances.
No Carbon =
Release H+
Release OHINORGANIC
(hydrogen ions)
(hydroxyl ions) when
when dissolved in
dissolved in water.
Electrolytes
water. Proton donor.
Proton acceptor.
(just like salt!)
If an Acid releases all
If a Base releases all
Conducts electrical
of its H+ ions it is a
of its OH- ions it is a
currents in solutions.
STRONG acid.
STRONG base.
See Table 2.11 TXT pg
If it only releases
If it only releases
38.
some H+ ions it is a
some OH- ions it is a
WEAK acid.
WEAK base.
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ARE BASED ON CARBON MOLECULES.
ACIDS
BASES
Acids
and
Bases
Taste SOUR.
Taste BITTER.
Can dissolve some
Can dissolve some
substances.
substances.
No Carbon =
Release H+
Release OHINORGANIC
(hydrogen ions)
(hydroxyl ions) when
when dissolved in
dissolved in water.
water. Proton donor.
Proton acceptor.
If an Acid releases all NEUTRALIZATION If a Base releases all
REACTION!
of its H+ ions it is a
of its OH- ions it is a
STRONG acid.
STRONG base.
If it only releases
If it only releases
some H+ ions it is a
some OH- ions it is a
WEAK acid.
WEAK base.
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ARE BASED ON CARBON MOLECULES.
High amount of H+ ions.
Acids and Bases
No Carbon =
INORGANIC
At what pH is
there equal
amounts of H+
and OH- ions?
Low amount of H+ ions.
pH scale –
Based on
amount of H+
ions in the
solution.
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
Steroids
Starch
Enzymes
Water
HCl
s293.photobucket.com
kau.edu.sa
NaOH
Lipids
www.mentalfloss.com
alibaba.com
Glycogen
bioinformatics.sussex.ac.uk
Buffers
ATP
sportsandexercisephysiology.com
education.vetmed.vt.edu
www.peepresearch.org
i.ehow.com
Proteins
DNA
vis.lbl.gov
www.wired.com
Sugars
hermann-uwe.de
Electrolytes (salts)
WHICH ARE ORGANIC??
LET’S LEARN A LITTLE MORE…
www.all-about-forensic-science.com
www.techjackal.net
Primary Elements
in the Human Body
• 96% of human
organisms are
made of:




carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
MAKING AND BREAKING MOLECULES
• Synthesis
– building bigger
molecules from
smaller molecules
– building cells &
bodies
• repair
• growth
• reproduction
• Digestion
– taking big
molecules apart
– getting raw
materials
• for synthesis &
growth
– making energy
(ATP)
• for synthesis,
growth &
everyday functions
Synthesis = building molecules
2 monosaccharides
|
Glucose
1 sugar
|
Fructose
1 sugar
1 disaccharide
|
Sucrose
2 sugars linked
(table sugar)
This is how plants build sugars that we eat.
Hydrolysis = splitting with water
1 disaccharide
|
Sucrose
2 sugars linked
(table sugar)
2 monosaccharides
|
Glucose
1 sugar
|
Fructose
1 sugar
This is how we digest the sugars that we eat.
Lipids
Refer to TXT pg 41 Table 2.4
Know the
location and
function of
each of the
lipids listed in
the table.
Triglycerides
Made of fatty
acids
(Omega-3 fatty acids help an
unborn baby’s visual and nervous
systems to develop)
And glycerol
(Glycerol has been
helpful in stopping
some cancer.)
Lipids
Phospholipids
Hydrophilic = water loving
Hydrophobic = water fearing
Making a phospholipid bilayer for cell membranes.
Lipids
Steroids
Total Cholesterol Levels
Need to be below 200
LDL = BAD!
Needs to be below 100
HDL = GOOD!!
Needs to be 60 or above
Triglycerides = BAD!
Needs to be 150 or below
Cholesterol Quiz
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3032767
Cholesterol Video 23:00
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D0DC3225-D27A-4E3A8CD0-7BCB3B1241A4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Proteins
Over 50% of organic matter in the body.
The greatest versatility.
Made of amino acids in a chain.
Fibrous/Structural Proteins
Support
Strandlike
Globular/Functional Proteins
Mobile
Spherical
Hormones
Enzymes
Refer to TXT pg 45
Table 2.5
Know the functions of
the proteins listed.
www.ucl.ac.uk
Protein Folding
The shape of the protein
determines its function.
There are 4 Levels of protein
folding:
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quarternary structure
Protein folding
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/gianni
ni/flashanimat/proteins/protein%20s
tructure.swf
Enzymes (catalysts) are proteins that catalyze biological reactions.
Substrate =
substance to
be changed
Active Site =
location on
enzyme where
substrate fits
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex = enzyme
and molecules
temporarily joined
Products =
substances
produced
Is this a digestive or synthesizing enzyme?
Enzyme = reusable protein that
can make or break molecules
How enzymes work:
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
Denaturation of Protein
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter2/animation__protein_denaturation.html
Nucleic Acids are
DNA
nucleotide chains
– nucleotides chained into
a polymer
• DNA
–double-sided
–double helix
–A, C, G, T
• RNA
–single-sided
–A, C, G, U
RNA
What is the difference between
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes?
DNA folds into chromosomes.
A gene is a section of a
chromosome that controls the
making of a specific protein.
gene
DNA folding to make Chromosomes 2:21
http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Zellkern/DNA_condensation/Flash__C13105.htm
Assignments:
TXT p51 Multiple Choice #1-9 (some answers are not in the notes.)
TXT p52 At the Clinic (select one question (out of #1-4) to answer.)