Download 1/15 © Copyrighted Material Spanish Final Study Sheet Ser vs. Estar

1/15
Spanish Final Study Sheet
Ser vs. Estar (Pages 129-138)
Uses of Ser
-to express a characteristic, a description, or an identification
-to express occupation or nationality
-to express time and dates
-with de, to express origin, possession, or material
Note:
-Adjectives used with ser must agree with the subject in number and gender
-In questions, adjectives usually follow the verb
Uses of Estar
-to express location or position
-to express a condition or state
-to form the progressive tenses with the present participle
Note:
-Adjectives used with estar agree with the subject in number and gender
-In questions, the adjective usually follows the verb
-Some adjectives may be used with either ser or estar, but differ in meaning
Forms of Estar
estoy estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
Present
estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
Preterit
esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén
Present
Subjunctive
Preterit vs. Imperfect (Pages 64-94)
Preterit
[1] Regular –ar Verbs
a. The preterit tense of regular –ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive
ending –ar and adding the personal endings –é, -aste, ó, amos, -asteis, and –aron.
b. In the preterit, the nosotros ending (-amos) is the same as in the present tense:
regresamos (we return, we returned).
c. Most verbs that are stem-changing (o to ue; e to ie) do not change the stem in
the preterit tense.
d. Verbs that end in –car, -gar, and –zar hve a spelling change in the yo form. In
–car and –gar verbs, this change occurs to keep the original sound of the c and g,
respectively. The change occurs in –zar verbs because z rarely precedes e or I in
Spanish.
[3] Regular –er and –ir Verbs
a. The preterit tense of regular –er and –ir verbs is formed by dropping the
infinitive ending –er or –ir and adding the personal; ending –í, -iste, -ió, -imos,
-isteis, and –ieron.
b. The preterit endings are the same for –er and –ir verbs.
c. In –ir verbs, the first-person plural ending (-imos) is the same as in the present
tense. In –er verbs, however, the endings are different.
© Copyrighted Material
2/15
d. The accent mark is omitted over the following forms of ver: vi, vio.
e. Stem-Changing verbs ending in –er do not change the stem vowel in the preterit
tense. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir have special stem changes in the preterit
and are discussed in Chapter 7.
[1] Verbs That Change I to Y in the Preterit
a. In the preterit, -er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel change the endings
of the third-person singular and plural forms from –ió to –yó and –ieron to –
yeron, respectively. The -i has an accent in all the other forms.
[2] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs in the Preterit
a. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ir change the stem vowel from e to I and o to u
in the third-person singular and plural of the preterit.
b. Stem-changing verbs ending in –ar or –er do not change the stress vowel in the
preterit tense.
Note:
-Ir verbs tha have ñ directly before the ending (gruñir, reñir) drop the i of
the ending in the third-person singular and plural (riñó, riñeron). The
sound of the ending is still regular because of the ñ.
[3] Verbs Irregular in the Preterit
Note:
1. The preterit endings of –i-stem verbs do not have accent marks.
2. In the third-person singular of hacer, the c changes to z to preserve the
original sound
a. U—stem verbs in the Preterit
Infinitive Stem Preterit Forms
andar
anduv anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron
estar
estuv estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron
poder
pud
pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron
poner
pus
puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron
saber
sup
supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron
tener
tuv
tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron
traer
traj
traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajieron
decir
dij
dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijieron
traducir
traduj traduje, tradujiste, tradujo, tradujimos, tradujieron
Note:
1. The preterit endings of u-stem verbs do not have accent marks.
2. All verbs ending in –ducir are conjugated like traducir.
conducir to drive; to lead conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron
producir to produce
produje produjiste produjo produjimos produjeron
b. The Verbs dar, ir, and ser in the Preterit
Dar, ir, and ser are also irregular. Dar takes the endings of regular –er and
–ir verbs, but without a written accent in the first- and third-person
singular forms. Ir and ser have the same forms.
dar
to give
di diste dio dimos dieron
ir; ser to go; to be fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
© Copyrighted Material
3/15
[4] Uses of the Preterit Tense
a. The preterit tense is used to narrate an action or event that occurred in the past.
It may incate the beginning or end of the action, or the completed action or event
begun and finished in the past .
(1) Beginning or End of an Action
(2) Completed Action
b. Some expressions often used with the preterit (trigure words):
-anoche
-ayer
-anteayer
-el año pasado
-el mes pasado
-la semana pasada
Imperfect
[1] The Imperfect Tense of Refular Verbs
a. The imperfect tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the ending (-ar, -er,
-ir), and adding the following endings:
pensar
volver
sufrir
to think
to return
to suffer
yo
pensaba
volvía
sufría
tù
pensabas
volvías
sufrías
ud., el, ella
pensaba
volvía
sufría
nosotros, -as
pensabamos volvíamos sufríamos
uds., ellos, ellas pensaban
volvían
sufrían
b. Verbs that are stem changing in the present tense do not change the stem vowel
in the imperfect.
c. In the imperfect, yo, ud., èl, and ella have the same form. Subject pronouns are
used if necessary to clarify the meaning of the verb.
[2] Verbs Irregular in the Imperfect Tense
-There are three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense: ir, ser, and ver.
ser
ver
ir
to go
to be
to see
yo
iba
era
veía
tù
ibas
eras
veías
ud., el, ella
iba
era
veía
nosotros, -as
ibamos èramos veíamos
uds., ellos, ellas iban
eran
veían
[3] Uses of the Imperfect Tense
a. to express what used to happen.
b. to express what happened repeatedly in the past.
c. to describe what was going on at a particular time.
d. to describe simultaneous actions in the past. Mientras is usually used to connect
the two actions
e. to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when something else
began or ended (preterit). Cuando usually links the two actions.
f. to describe persons or things in the past.
g. to express the time of day (the hour) in the past.
© Copyrighted Material
4/15
Preterit and Imperfect Tenses Compared
1. The preterit is used to indicate the beginning or the end of an action or even occurring
in the past. It may also indicate the complete event (both beginning and end).
2. The imperfect is used to indicate the continuance of a situation or even in the past.
Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated. Thus, it is used:
a. To express what was happening, used to happen, or happened repeatedly in the
past.
b. To describe persons, things, or situations in the past.
c. To express the time of day in the past
d. In the construction hacía + time expression + que + imperfect, to describe an
action or event that began in the pst and continued in the past. In questions, how
long? is expressed by ¿Cuánto timepo hacía que…? + imperfect.
e. With the preterit, to describe what was going on in the past (imperfect) when
another action or event occurred, that is, began or ended (preterit).
Preterit= you did
Imperfect= you had the ability to
The Subjunctive (Pages 155-174)
The subjunctive mood, on the other hand, expresses uncertainty, doubt, wished, desires, fears,
conjecture, supposition, and conditions that are unreal or contrary to fact.
[1] The Present Tense Subjunctive
a. Regular Verbs
Most verbs form the present tense subjunctive by dropping the ending of
the yo form of the present indicative (-o) and adding the corresponding
endings.
bailar
vender
recibir
(bailo)
(vendo)
(recibo)
yo
baile
venda
reciba
tù
bailes
vendas
recibas
ud., el, ella
baile
venda
reciba
nosotros, -as
bailemos vendamos recibamos
uds., ellos, ellas bailen
vendan
reciban
b. Verbs with Irregular yo Forms
Verbs with regular yo forms in the present tense indicative used the same
irregular stem to form the present tense subjunctive.
yo
tù
ud., el, ella
nosotros, -as
uds., ellos, ellas
caber
to fit in
quepo
quepa
quepas
quepa
quepamos
quepan
© Copyrighted Material
coger
gather
cojo
coja
cojas
coja
cojamos
cojan
conocer
to know
conozco
conzca
conozcas
conozca
conozcamos
conozcan
destruir
to destroy
destruyo
destruya
destruyas
destruya
destruyamos
destruyan
distinguir
to distinguish
distingo
distinga
distingas
distinga
distingamos
distingan
salir
to leave
salgo
salga
salgas
salga
salgamos
salgan
venir
to come
vengo
venga
vengas
venga
vengamos
vengan
5/15
c. Stem Changing Verbs
(1) Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs have the same stem changes in the
present tnese subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to
ue).
cerrar
to close
yo
cierre
tù
cierres
ud., el, ella
cierre
nosotros, -as
cerremos
uds., ellos, ellas cierren
volver
to return
vuelva
vuelvas
vuelva
volvamos
vuelvan
(2) Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes in the present
tense subjunctive as in the present tense indicative (e to ie, o to ue, e to i).
In the nosotros and vosotros forms, the stem vowel e changes to I and the
stem vowel o changes to u.
sentir
dormir
repetir
feel sorry for to sleep
to repeat
yo
sienta
duerma
repita
tù
sientas
duermas
repitas
ud., el, ella
sienta
duerma
repita
nosotros, -as
sintamos
durmamos repitamos
uds., ellos, ellas sientan
duerman
repitan
(3) Some verbs ending in –iar or –uar have an accent mark on the I or u in
all forms except those for nosotros and vosotros.
enviar
continuar
to mail
to continue
yo
envíe
continúe
tù
envies
continues
ud., el, ella
envíe
continue
nosotros, -as
enviemos continuemos
uds., ellos, ellas envíen
continúen
d. Verbs with Spelling Changes
In the present subjunctive of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar, c
changes to qu, g to gu, and z to c. These spelling changes are the same as
those that occur in the yo fomr of the preterit.
buscar
pagar
alzar
(busqué)
(pagué)
(alcé)
yo
busque
pague
alce
tù
busques
pagues
alces
ud., el, ella
busque
pague
alce
nosotros, -as
busquemos paguemos alcemos
uds., ellos, ellas busquen
paguen
alcen
© Copyrighted Material
6/15
f. Present Tense Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
The following verbs have irregular forms in the present subjunctive:
dar
estar
haber
ir
saber
ser
yo
dé
esté
haya
vaya
sepa
sea
tù
des
estés
hayas
vayas
sepas
seas
ud., el, ella
dé
esté
haya
vaya
sepa
sea
nosotros, -as
demos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamos
uds., ellos, ellas den
estén
hayan
vayan
sepan
sean
[2] The Present Perfect Subjunctive
a. The present perfect subjunctive is formed by the present subjunctive of haber +
the past participle of the verb in the dependent clause.
b. The present perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the
present tense and the dependent verbs refers to an event that has taken place.
Uses of the Subjunctive Mood Tenses
[1] Dependent Clauses
The subjunctive in dependent clauses is introduced by the conjunction que.
a. The subjunctive tenses are used in a dependent clause when the verb in the
main clause expresses advice, command, demand, desire, hope, permission,
preference, prohibition, request, suggestion. Here are some common verbs
that require the subjunctive.
aconsejar—to advise
decir—to tell
desear—to wish
esperar—to hope
exigir—to demand
mandar—to order
ordenar—to order
pedir—to ask; to request
permitir—to permit
preferir—to prefer
prohibir—to prohibit
querer—to want
rogar—to beg
sugerir—to suggest
suplicar—to implore
b. The subjunctive is used after verbs of feeling or emotion, such as fear, joy,
sorrow, regret, surprise. Such verbs include:
alegrarse (de)—to be glad
lamenter—to be sorry about; to regret
sentir—to be sorry about; regret sorprenderse (de)—to be surprised
temer—to fear
tener miedo (de)—to fear; to be afraid
[2] Impersonal Constructions
a. The subjunctive is used after certain impersonal expressions if the dependent
verb has an expressed subject.
es dudoso—it is doubtful
es importante—it is important
es imposible—it is impossible
es una lastima—it is a pity
b. The subjunctive is not used after impersonal espressions that ezpress certainty.
es cierto—it is certain
es claro—it is clear
es evidente—it is evident
es verdad—it is true
[3] Sequence of Tenses
a. The present tense of the subjunctive mood is generally used if the verb in the
main clause is in the present indicative, tue future, present perfect, or the
imperative (command form).
b. The present perfect subjunctive (haya hablado has spoken) is formed by the
present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the verb in the dependent
© Copyrighted Material
7/15
clause. The perfect subjunctive is used if the verb in the main clause is in the
present tense and the dependent ver represents an event that has taken place.
Different Tenses
Present Tense (Page 3-42)
[1] Present Tense of Regular Verbs
a. The present tense of regular verbs is formed by droipping the infinitive ending
(-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the following personal endings:
-ar: o, as, a, amos, an
-er: o, es, e, emos, en
-ir: o, es, e, imos, en
Note:
1. In a negative statement, no follows the subject and goes
immediately before the verb.
2. In a question, the subject usually follows the verb.
3. Unless required for clarity or for emphasis, subject pronouns
are usually omitted.
[2] Common –ar Verbs
ayudar—to help
coleccionar—to collect
desear—to want, wish
bajar—to go down
comprar—to buy
enseñar—to teach
borrar—to erase
contester—to answer
entrar—to enter
buscar—to look for cultivar—to cultivate
escuchar—to listen
caminar—to walk
dejar—to let, allow, leave esperar—to wait, hope
cantar—to sing
descansar—to rest
estudiar—to study
explicar—to explain necesitar—to need
regresar—to return
gritar—to shout
pagar—to pay for
sacar—to take out
hablar—to talk
pasar—to pass
tomar—to take, eat
hallar—to find
patinar—to skate
trabajar—to work
invitar—to invite
practicar—to practice
usar—to use
llenar—to fill
preguntar—to ask
vijar—to travel
llevar—to wear
preparar—to prepare
visitor—to visit
mirar—to look at
quitar—to take away
[3] Common –er Verbs
aprender—to lear
beber—to drink
comer—to eat
comprender—to understand
[4] Common –ir Verbs
abrir—to open
asistir—to attend
cubrir—to cover
decidir—to decide
describir—to describe
© Copyrighted Material
correr—to run
creer—to believe
deber—to have to
esconder—to hide
dividir—to divide
escribir—to write
insister—to insist on
partir—to leave
permitir—to permit
leer—to read
prometer—to promise
responder—to answer
vender—to sell
recibir—to recieve
subir—to go up
sufrir—to suffer
vivir—to live
8/15
Note: Meanings in English
yo como
I eat
usted baila
you dance
ellos viven
they live
[5] Stem-Changing –ar and –er Verbs
a. Many verbs that contain e in the stem change the e to ie in all present tense
forms exceptthose for nosotros.
b. Many verbs that contain o in the stem change the o to ue in all present tense
forms except those for nosotros.
c. This change occurs in the syllable directly before the verb ending.
d. The verbs cerrar, defender, contra, and volver have regular endings in the
present tense.
Common Stem-Changing Verbs
E to IE
despertarse—to wake up pensar—to think
empezar—to begin
perder—to lose
encender—to light
quebrar—to break
entender—to understand querer—to want
gobernar—to govern
sentarse—to sit down
nevar—to snow
temblar—to tremble
O to UE
acordarse—to remember envolver—to wrap poder—to be able to
acostarse—to go to bed jugar (ue)—to play probar—to prove
almorzar—to eat lunch
llover—to rain
recorder—to remember
contar—to count
morder—to bite
sonar—to sound
costar—to cost
mostrar—to show
soñar con—to dream
devolver—to return
mover—to move
volar—to fly
encontrar—to find
oler (hue)—to smell volver—to return
[6] Stem-Changing –ir Verbs
a. Some –ir verbs that contain an e in the stem change the i to ie or to i in all
present-tense forms, except those for nosotros.
b. Some –ir verbs that contain an o in the stem change the o to ue in all presenttense forms, except those for nosotros.
c. The change occurs in the syllable directly befor the verb ending.
d. The verbs sentir, dormir, and pedir have regular ending in the present tense.
E to IE
atravesar—to cross
calentar—to heat
cerrar—to close
comenzar—to begin
confesar—to confess
defender—to defend
preferir—to prefer referir—to tell; to narrate sentir—to regret
O to UE
dormir—to sleep morir(se)—to die
E to I
despedirse—to say goodbye reír(se)—to laugh sonreír(se)—to smile
impeder—to prevent
reñir—to scold
vestirse—to dress
medir—to measure
repetir—to repeat server—to serve
pedir—to ask for
© Copyrighted Material
9/15
[7] Verbs Ending in –iar and –uar
a. Some verbs ending in –iar and –uar have a written accent mark on the I or the u
in all present-tense forms, except those for nosotros.
Note:
1. The verbs anunciar, averiguar, cambiar, copiar, estudiaar,
iniciar, limpiar, odiar, principiar, and pronunciar are exceptions
and have no accents on the i or the u.
2. All –iar and –uar verbs that have an accent on the I or u are
identified in the end vocabulary by (í) or (ú) after the verb.
enviar
continuar
to send
to continue
yo
envío
continúo
tù
envías
continúas
ud., el, ella
envía
continua
nosotros, -as
enviamos continuamos
uds., ellos, ellas envían
continúan
c. Verbs like enviar and continuar
confiar—to rely on
actuar—to act
guiar—to guide
graduarse—to graduate
resfriarse—to catch a cold situar—to locate
variar—to vary
[8] Verbs Ending in –uir
a. Verbs ending in –uir (but not –guir) insert a y in the stem before the presenttense endings.
huir
to flee
yo
huyo
tù
huyes
ud., el, ella
huye
nosotros, -as
huimos
uds., ellos, ellas huyen
Note:
All verbs ending in –uir that add a y are identified in the end
vocabulary by (y) after the infinitive.
b. Common Verbs Ending in –uir
concluir—to conclude
destruir—to destroy
influir—to influence
construir—to construct
destribuir—to distribute sustituir—to substitute
contribuir—to contribute
[9] Verbs Ending in –cer and –cir
a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –cer and –cir have the ending –zco in the
first-person singular of the present tense. This pattern occurs only if a vowel
precedes the c in the infinitive.
b. If a consonant precedes the c in the infinitive, the ending –zo is used in the
first-person singular of the present tense.
© Copyrighted Material
10/15
Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (z) or (zc) after the infinitive.
d. Common Verbs with Spelling Changes
1. –cer Verbs (like ofrecer)
agradecer—to thank for
nacer—to be born parecer—to seem
aparecer—to appear
obedecer—to obey permanecer—to remain
conocer—to know
ofrecer—to offer
pertenecer—to belong
desaparecer—to disappear padecer—to suffer reconocer—to recognize
merecer—to deserve
2. –cer Verbs (like venecer)
convenecer—to convince ejercer—to exercise venecer—to conquer
3. –cir Verbs
conducir—to lead
reducir—to reduce producir—to produce
traducir—to translate
Note: The verbs hacer and decir are exceptions
[10] Verbs Ending in –ger and –gir
a. Most verbs whose infinitives end in –ger and –gir have the ending –jo in the
first-person singular of the present tense.
b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rules
for Spanish pronunciation.
Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (j) after the infinitive.
c. Common –ger and –gir Verbs
coger—to catch
recoger—to pick up
dirigirse—to address
escoger—to choose corregir (i)—to correct proteger—to protect
dirigir—to direct
elegir (i)—to elect
[11] Verbs Ending in –guir
a. Most verbs whose infinitive end in –guir have the ending –go in the first-person
singular of the present tense.
b. This pattern occurs to preserve the original sound in accordance with the rule
for Spanish pronunciation.
Note: Verbs with these spelling changes are identified in the end
vocabulary by (g) after the infinitive.
c. Common –guir Verbs
conseguir (i)—to get perseguir (i)—to pursue distinguir—to distinguish
seguir (i)—to follow extinguir—to extinguish
Verbs Irregular in the Present Tense
[1] Verbs With Irregular Yo Forms
a. In the present tense, the following verbs have irregular yo forms:
caber—to fit
quepo
dar—to give
doy
hacer—to do
hago
poner—to put
pongo
saber—to know
sé
salir—to go out
salgo
© Copyrighted Material
11/15
valer—to be worth valgo
ver—to see
veo
b. The yo ofrm of caer (to fall) and traer (to bring) has an I between the stem and
the first-person singular ending (-go). Their other forms are regular.
caer—to fall
caigo
traer—to bring traigo
[2] Verbs with Irregular Present-Tense Forms
The following verbs are irregular in the present form:
decir—to say
digo
dices dice decimos dicen
estar—to be
estoy estás
está
estamos están
ir—to go
voy
vas
va
vamos
van
oir—to hear
oigo
oyes
oye
oímos
oyen
ser—to be
soy
eres
es
somos
son
tener—to have tengo tienes tiene tenemos tienen
venir—to come vengo vienes viene venimos vienen
Progressive Tenses (Pages 120-125)
[1] The progressive tenses are used to talk about an action that is (was or will be) in
progress or is continuing at the moment indicated. The gerund is used with forms of the
verbs estar, seguir, and continuar, and with verbs of motion.
Los ninos están llorando.
The Children are crying.
El estaba leyendo.
He was reading.
Siguen escribiendo.
They continue writing.
Continuaban hablando.
They continued speaking.
Entró gritando.
He entered shouting.
Note: The present participles of estar, ir, and venir are not usually used to
form the progressive tenses. Instead, the simple tenses are used.
The Past Participle; Compound Tenses
[1] The Past Participle
a. Past Participles of Regular Verbs
The past participle of refular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending
and adding –ado or –ido.
Infinitive
visitar
aprender
vivir
Past Participle
visitado
aprendido
vivido
Meaning
visited
learned
lived
b. Past Participles Ending in –ido
The past participles of –er and –ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel have an
accent mark.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
caer
caído
fallen
reír
reído
laughed
traer
traído
brought
© Copyrighted Material
12/15
c. Irregular Past Participles Ending in –to
The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –to.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
abrir
abierto
opened
cubrir
cubierto
covered
descubrir descubierto
discovered
escribir
escrito
written
morir
muerto
died
poner
puesto
put
romper
roto
broken
ver
visto
seen
volver
vuelto
returned
The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –cho.
Infinitive Past Participle Meaning
decir
dicho
said
hacer
hecho
done, made
[2] The Present Perfect Tense
a. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the verb haber (to
have) and a past participle
yo
he
tù
has
visitado/ aprendido/ vivido
ud., el, ella
ha
nosotros, -as
hemos
uds., ellos, ellas han
b. To make a verb in the perfect tenses negative, place no before the verb haber.
To make a verb interrogative, place the subject after the past participle.
No han vivido allí.
They haven’t lived there.
¿Ha visto Ud. la película?
Have you seen the film?
Yo no me he bañado todavía.
I haven’t bathed myself yet.
Note: Nothing comes between the verb haber and the past participle.
Pronouns (reflexive and object) come before the verb haber.
c. The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that began in the past and
continues up to the present or an action that took place in the past but is connected
with the present.
[3] The Pluperfect Tense
a. The pluperfect tense is formed by the imperfect tense of the verb haber (to
have) and a past participle.
yo
había
tù
habías
visitado/ aprendido/ vivido
ud., el, ella
había
nosotros, -as
habíamos
uds., ellos, ellas habían
b. The pluperfect tnese is used to describe an action that was completed in the past
before another action took place
Yo los había visitado antes.
I had visited them before.
© Copyrighted Material
13/15
The Future Tense (Page 96-99)
[1] The Future Tense of Regular Verbs
The future tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following endings:
ayudar
aprender
abrir
to help
to learn
to open
I shall help I shall learn
I shall open
yo
ayudaré
aprenderé
abriré
tù
ayudarás
aprenderás
abrirás
ud., el, ella
ayudará
aprenderá
abrirá
nosotros, -as
ayudaremos aprenderemos abriremos
uds., ellos, ellas ayudarán
aprenderán
abrirán
Note:
1. In English, the future tense is expressed by means of the helping verb
will or shall.
2. All endings have an accent mark except –emos.
[2] The Future Tense of Irregular Verbs
Some verbs form the future tense by adding the future personal endings (-é, -ás, á, -emos, -án) to an irregular stem.
a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the
endings of the future.
caber
haber
poder
querer
saber
to fit
to have
to be able to want
to know
yo
cabré
habré
podré
querré
sabré
tù
cabrás
habrás
podrás
querrás
sabrás
ud., el, ella
cabrá
habrá
podrá
querrá
sabrá
nosotros, -as
cabremos habremos podremos querremos sabremos
uds., ellos, ellas cabrán
habrán
podrán
querán
sabrán
b. The following verbs replace the e or i of the infinitive ending with a d before
adding the dndings of the future:
poner
salir
tener
valer
venir
to put
to leave
to have
to be worth to come
yo
ponder
saldré
tendré
valdré
vendré
tù
pondrás
saldrás
tendrás
valdrás
vendrás
ud., el, ella
pondrá
saldrá
tendrá
valdrá
vendrá
nosotros, -as
pondremos saldremos tendremos valdremos vendremos
uds., ellos, ellas pondrán
saldrán
tendrán
valdrán
vendrán
c. The following verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings
of the future:
decir
hacer
to say
to do
yo
dire
haré
tù
dirás
harás
ud., el, ella
dirá
hará
nosotros, -as
diremos haremos
uds., ellos, ellas dirán
harán
© Copyrighted Material
14/15
[3] Uses of the Future Tense
The future tense is used:
a. To express future time.
b. To express wondermentor probability in the present time.
The Conditional Tense (Pg. 104-108)
[1] Regular Verbs
a. The conditional tense is formed by adding to the infinitive the following
endings:
viajar
comer
permitir
to travel
to eat
to permit
yo
viajaría
comería
permitiría
tù
viajarías
comerías
permitirías
ud., el, ella
viajaría
comería
permitiría
nosotros, -as
viajaríamos comeríamos permitiríamos
uds., ellos, ellas viajarían
comerían
permitirían
b. In English, the conditional tnese is expressed by means of the helping verb
would.
¿Adonde viajarías?
Where would you travel to?
c. All the endings have an accent mark on the i of the ending.
[2] Verbs Irregular in the Conditional Tense
Some verbs form the conditional tnese by adding the conditional personal endings
to an irregular stem.
a. The following verbs drop the e of the infinitive ending before adding the
endings of the conditional.
caber
haber
poder
querer
saber
to fit
to have
to be able to want
to know
yo
cabría
habría
podría
querría
sabría
tù
cabrías
habrías
podrías
querrías
sabrías
ud., el, ella
cabría
habría
podría
querría
sabría
nosotros, -as
cabríamos habríamos podríamos querríamos sabríamos
uds., ellos, ellas cabrían
habrían
podrían
querrían
sabrían
b. The following verbs replace the e (or i) of the infinitive ending with a d before
adding the endings of the conditional:
poner
salir
tener
valer
venir
to put
to leave
to have
to be worth to come
yo
pondría
saldría
tendría
valdría
vendría
tù
pondrías
saldrías
tendrías
valdrías
vendrías
ud., el, ella
pondría
saldría
tendría
valdría
vendría
nosotros, -as
pondríamos saldríamos tendríamos valdríamos vendríamos
uds., ellos, ellas pondrían
saldrían
tendrían
valdrían
vendrían
© Copyrighted Material
15/15
c. The follwing verbs drop the e and c of the infinitive before adding the endings
of the conditional:
decir
hacer
to say
to do
yo
diría
haría
tù
dirías
harías
ud., el, ella
diría
haría
nosotros, -as
diríamos haríamos
uds., ellos, ellas dirían
harían
[3] Uses of the Conditional Tense
The conditional is used:
a. To express what would or could happen in the future or to make a polite
request.
Pagaría mucho por las joyas.
I would pay a lot for the jewlry.
b. To express wonderment or probability in the past.
Sería la una.
It was probably one o’clock.
© Copyrighted Material