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Name:_____________________ CELL CYCLE POWERPOINT NOTES Refresher on DNA ______ is the master molecule of the cell. DNA is located __________________________ of nearly every cell. ___________ are sections of DNA that are typically about __________________________ __________. Genes are the directions for making a _______________________________ ________________________ for the cell. __________________________ are ___________________________________________ that contain long sections of _________ with hundreds of ____________. Chromosomes can only be seen ___________________________________________________________. During the other phases of the cell’s life, the DNA _______________________ _________________________ and exists as _____________________ which is not visible with a light microscope. Human cells each have _____ chromosomes. Name:_____________________ The Cell Cycle The adult human body contains an estimated ________________ cells. Therefore, we are considered to be ___________________ organisms. DNA is extremely important! DNA molecules are needed to store the directions on ___________________________________________ and to tell those new cells _________________________________ _________________________________. However, every cell in the body has identical DNA. If every cell has ______________________, why don’t all of the cells look and act the same? Not all of the DNA is used. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________. This process of creating different cells with identical DNA is called _____________________. Name:_____________________ So when, and how does a cell differentiate? The process begins with the __________ ___________________. Recall that all of us started out as _________________, a combination of egg and sperm. During development, cells first ______________ and later begin to _________________ ____________________________________________. As we develop, our cells go through a cycle of events. The basic cell cycle looks like this: M = _____________ ( _________________________ ) or sometimes _______________ (making of gametes/sex cells). G1 = __________ During this phase cells are not resting! They are busy making proteins, breaking down toxic molecules, and using energy. S = _____________________________________________. During this phase the cell must make an extra copy of DNA to prepare for cell division. G2 = ___________ During this phase cells are again not resting! They are busy preparing for cell division. Name:_____________________ At first, cells go through the cell cycle rapidly and ________________________________ _______________________, but at some point in development the cells _____________ _________________ and begin to differentiate into different types of cells. (In other words, they remain in the _________________.) Some cells in the human body ______________________________________________. Our hair follicles, skin, and the lining of our digestive tract are examples of cells that constantly divide. These cells are __________________________ and mainly serve as barriers or boundaries. Some cells ______________________________________________________________. Once they differentiate, they can no longer go back to this cycle. Muscle cells and cells of the central nervous system ___________________________________________ once they are destroyed because of this. Some cells remain in the G1 phase ______________________________________. They can regain their ability to ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________, but will then go back into a mode of not dividing. ______________: a simplified explanation of cancer cells is that these are cells that have gone into a ___________________________________________________. Cells normally have mechanisms _____________________ this from happening, but if a number of these preventative measures fail, cells can begin to multiply uncontrollably. Cancer cells do not have time to ________________________. They look different, do not function normally, and eventually ________________________________________________________ that surround them. Cancer cells have a _______________________ that’s gone bad! There are 5 recognizable phases of the cell: I = ___________________ P = _________________ M = _________________ A = _________________ T = _________________ _________ Interphase includes the _____________________________ cell cycle phases. Cells spend ______________________________ in interphase. The only time that a cell can be seen in one of the other 4 phases is when the cell is in the process of dividing. Name:_____________________ Mitosis is paired with ____________________________: Mitosis refers to the process when the _________________ ___________________. Cell division often refers to the process when the remainder of the cell __________________ _____________, but this term can be used more generally as well. Mitosis includes: ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________. • Which of these are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase? • What phases are these?
