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Midterm Study Guide - Biology
Science of Biology
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Chapter 1
Scientific Method
Characteristics of Life
Biochemistry
Chapter 2
1. The Chemistry of Life
Broad Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life.
1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most common
are C, H, N, O, P, S.
1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic
molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify
factors, such as pH and temperature, which have an effect on enzymes.
Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7
2. Cell Biology
Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can
be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall,
chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell
membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport).
2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, prokaryotes and eukaryotes (general structures and degrees of
complexity).
Bioenergetics (Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration)
Chapters 8 & 9
2. Cell Biology
Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can
be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the
interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms.
2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism.
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12 & 13
3. Genetics
Broad Concept: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a set of
instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. Genes code for the specific sequences of
amino acids that comprise the proteins that are characteristic of that organism.
3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary
nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance.
3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the
genetic code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the
expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products of replication, transcription, and translation.
Cell Growth and Division (Mitosis/Meiosis)
Chapter 10
2. Cell Biology
Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can
be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells,
and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.
2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance of this
process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in the process of fertilization.
2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction.
Short Answer Questions
Biochemistry
1. List the 6 most common elements found in living things. You must include name and symbol.
2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Choose one compound and explain
its structure and function in living things.
3. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate that is important to living organisms. Describe the function of glucose in
cells. What are two larger molecules made from simple sugars like glucose? Identify a specific cellular
process that would be affected by a glucose shortage, and discuss the effects of the shortage on the process
you identified.
4. a. Label the following diagram of enzyme action.
b. Discuss the lock and key model of enzyme action.
Cell Structure and Function
1. Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell. You may set up a chart to answer this question.
2. The diagram below shows a cross section of part of a cell membrane. Discuss the structure and function of
the cell membrane. How does the structure of the cell membrane allow it to perform its functions?
3. Compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Bioenergetics
1. If plant cells can make their own food, why do they have mitochondria? Explain.
2. Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. How are they similar and how
do they differ?
3. The list below shows all of supplies that are available in a laboratory.
• four flasks with stoppers
• graduated cylinders
• floodlight
• small aquarium plants
• tap water
• four small fish
• bromthymol blue (a chemical indicator that changes color from blue to yellow as the level of CO2 in a
solution increases)
The class sets up an experiment with the four flasks as shown.
Flask 1: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, plant
Flask 2: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fish
Flask 3: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fish, plant
Flask 4: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue
Flask 1
Flask 2
Flask 3
Flask 4
All four flasks are stoppered and placed under the floodlight.
A. What color would the solution in each flask be after a few hours?
B. Explain how the processes that occur in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue
solutions.
Molecular Genetics
1. a. What would be the complementary strand to the following strand of DNA: A G T C A G C C G A?
b. What would be the complementary mRNA to the original DNA strand in QUESTION 1?
2. What is a gene mutation? What might it cause? Discuss an example.
3. Explain how a protein is synthesized through transcription and translation. Be sure to discuss all of the key
players.
Cell Growth & Division
1. Name 3 functions mitosis serves in an organism?
2. Discuss 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis? You may set up a chart to answer this question.
3.
Figure 10–5
A. What do the drawings in Figure 10-5 represent?
B. How do you know if this is an animal cell or a plant
cell?
C. List the correct phases for the diagrams in Figure 10-5.
D. BRIEFLY describe what occurs in each of these phases.