Download Operation DENY FLIGHT

Airpower in the
Post Cold War
1
Overview I
 Gulf War Background
 The Enemy
 The Plan of Attack
 Objectives
 Concept of Operations
 Five Strategic Rings
 Targets
 Phases of the Campaign
 Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH
 The Conflict and Lessons Learned
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Overview II
 Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 History of the Balkans
Background
Ethnic Groups
3
Overview III
 Operation DENY FLIGHT
The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
Background
NATO Actions
Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
Lessons learned by US Military
Political Lessons Learned
Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
 CFD Review
4
Gulf War Background
 Conflict began 2 August 1990
 Iraq and Kuwait could not settle grievances over oil
 Saddam Hussein sent armies to invade Kuwait
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US Objectives
 Immediate, complete, and unconditional
withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait
 Restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government
 Security and stability of Saudi Arabia and the
Persian Gulf
 Protection of American citizens abroad
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Operation DESERT SHIELD
 CENTCOM CINC—Army Gen H. Norman Schwarzkopf
 CENTAF Lt Gen Charles A. Horner
 Became JFACC during the war
 In first five days:
 Five fighter squadrons, contingent of AWACS, and part of 82d Airborne
Division
 Equaled Iraqi force in first 35 days
 Air Reserves/Air National Guard called to active duty
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DESERT STORM Begins
 16 Jan—An 11th-hour appeal for Iraqi
withdrawal from Kuwait drew silence
 17 Jan—Operation DESERT STORM began
as allied forces answered Iraq’s silence
 Within 10 days, air sorties reached the
10,000 mark
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Iraqi Threat
 4th largest armed force in world
 Well over 1 million troops
 750 combat and 200 support aircraft
 Nuclear, biological, and chemical capabilities
 SCUD Missiles
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Air Defense Threat
 Iraq’s air defense system thought to be the best
outside of the Soviet Union
 United States was probably the only nation in the
world with the airpower to “disintegrate” an
integrated system of this type
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Objectives
 Isolate and incapacitate Iraqi command structure
 Win air superiority
 Destroy nuclear, biological, and chemical
capabilities
 Eliminate Iraqi offensive military capability
 Eject Iraqi Army from Kuwait
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Boyd 2 Video
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Concept Of Operations
 Powerful and focused air attacks
on strategic centers of gravity
over a short period of time
 Target Hussein Regime, not Iraqi
people
 Minimize civilian casualties and
collateral damage
 Minimize Coalition losses
 Pit US and Coalition strengths
against Iraqi weaknesses
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Instant Thunder
 Developed by Colonel John Warden and his
Checkmate staff in Washington
Named in direct response to Vietnam’s unsuccessful
Rolling Thunder campaign
 Based on a unique five-ring model of the modern
nation-state
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The Five Strategic Rings
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Target Systems
Leadership
System
Essentials
Infrastructure
Population Fielded
Forces
Hussein Regime
Electricity
Railroads
Oil
Bridges
Strategic
Psyops
- Iraqis
Incapacitate
Telecommunications
- Civil
- Military
Damage
Internal
Control Org.
- Only internal
distribution and
storage, not
production
export
capability
Nuclear
Biological
Chemical
Research
Facility
- Foreign
workers
Destroy
Strategic Air
Defense
Destroy
Strategic
Offense
- Bombers
- Missiles
Tactical
Republican
Psyops
Guard
- Soldiers in
Kuwait
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Horner 2 Video
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Campaign Overview
 Four Part Campaign:
 Phase I: Strategic Air Campaign
 Phase II: Suppression of enemy
 Air Defenses over Kuwait vicinity
 Phase III: Air Attacks on ground forces in Kuwait and vicinity
 Phase IV: Ground Operations as directed
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And in the end…
 On 27 Feb 1991, the Iraqi military
was scattered and defeated
 Iraq lost 90 aircraft to coalition forces
 122 Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran
 Stealth provided the needed edge
 The Persian Gulf War officially
ended on 11 Apr 1991
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Post-Desert Storm Video
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The Crisis in Iraq—ONW
 UN Security Council established a no-fly zone over
northern Iraq to protect the Kurdish people from attacks
by Saddam Hussein
 Operation Provide Comfort began on 5 Apr 1991 as a
humanitarian relief effort to deliver food, clothing, and
supplies to Iraq’s Kurdish refugees
 C-130s began airdropping supplies on 7 Apr 1991
 Lasted approximately 8 years and was then replaced by
Operation NORTHERN WATCH
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The Crisis in Iraq:
Lessons Learned—ONW
 The need to avoid fratricide
 The limitations of airdrops
 Host-country tensions
 The need for alternate bases
 Lack of an exit strategy
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The Crisis in Iraq—OSW
 OSW was a Combined Task Force enforcing the “no-fly zone” below the
32nd parallel (extended to 33rd in 1996) in southern Iraq
 Not an aggression against Iraq—executed as a self-defense measure
 Coalition partners included the US, UK, France, Saudi Arabia, and
Kuwait
 Fire from more than 850 Iraqi SAMs and AAAs directed at coalition
aircraft
 Iraq violated the no-fly zone more than
160 times
 More than 150,000 USAF sorties by 1998
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“What we’ve effectively done since 1992 is
conduct an air occupation of a country…”
 General Ronald R. Fogleman
Jul 1995
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The Crisis in Iraq:
Lessons Learned—OSW
 Became a test for USAF AEF concept in Oct 1995
 Quality-of-life changes needed due to high Ops-Tempo
 Reorganized Security Forces
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The Crisis in Somalia
 In mid-1992, drought and civil war devastated Somalia
 Food supplies became a weapon of war
 Operation PROVIDE RELIEF began by the United States on
22 Aug 1992 to deliver food to Somali refugees
 Military and civilian aircraft used
 Over 2,000 sorties, carrying 48,162 metric tons of food
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The Crisis in Somalia
 Although a humanitarian effort:
 44 American soldiers lost their lives
 175 were injured or wounded
 Danger of failure due to warlord interference
 Operation Restore Hope
 Coalition peacekeeping operation from 9 Dec 1992 to 4 May 1993
 First test of Rapid Global Mobility
from the CONUS
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The Crisis in Somalia:
Lessons Learned
 First large scale test of newly formed AMC and the
Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC)
 Difficulties evolved in the planning, coordinating,
and managing the operation
 Austere infrastructure of Somalia added to lack of
adequate bases for strategic airlift aircraft
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The Balkans:
A Brief History
 After World War II, monarchy abolished;
Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the
country the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia, with himself as prime Minister
 Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed
Mihajlovic in 1946
 Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the
federation he ruled quickly became apparent
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The Balkans:
A Brief History
 After World War II, monarchy abolished;
Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the
country the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia, with himself as prime Minister
 Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed
Mihajlovic in 1946
 Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the
federation he ruled quickly became apparent
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Three Ethnic Groups In Conflict
 Serbs—Dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and
army, orthodox Christianity makes them natural
allies of Russia
 Croats—Roman Catholics, closer to the West than
Serbs and exposed to Western Influences
 Muslims—Living mainly in ethnically mixed towns
and cities in Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
 Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781 established a no-fly zone
over Bosnia-Herzegovina
 Operation DENY FLIGHT
 Enforced the no-fly zone
 Provided close air support to UN troops
 Conducted approved air strikes under a dual-key command arrangement
with the UN
 28 Feb 1994, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the nofly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina
 This was the first military engagement ever undertaken by the Alliance
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
 NATO objectives
 Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and other
safe areas
 Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total
exclusion zone around Sarajevo
 Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and personnel, and
nongovernment officials
 Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
 NATO missions of Operation DENY FLIGHT
To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance
with UN Security Council Resolution 816
To provide close air support for UN troops on the
ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces
To conduct approved air strikes
against designated targets
threatening the security of the
UN-declared safe areas
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
 Operation DENY FLIGHT lasted from 12 Apr 93 – 20 Dec 95
 Almost 100,000 sorties flown
 A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on
21 Dec 95
 Forces associated with Operation DENY FLIGHT were then
transferred to Operation DECISIVE ENDEAVOR as part of the
overall NATO operation JOINT ENDEAVOR.
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The Crisis in Bosnia:
Lessons Learned
 Lack of doctrine
 Tactical air and space power problems
 Bases weren’t large enough to accept the
contingency surges
 Coalition/Joint problems
 Technological problems
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KOSOVO
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Kosovo Crisis
 Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a mixed population,
the majority of which are ethnic Albanians (Muslims)
 Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the
region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the
direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital
 The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move
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United States & NATO
Interests at Stake
 Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the
Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region
 Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a
humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions
 President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged
the credibility of NATO
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United States & NATO
Interests at Stake
 Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the
Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region
 Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a
humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions
 President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged
the credibility of NATO
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NATO Action
 After the failure of repeated international diplomatic
efforts since the spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the
conflict in Kosovo
 North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March 1999 to
authorize NATO air strikes
 Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by
the Yugoslav government
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NATO’s Objectives
 A stop to all military action and the immediate
ending of violence and repression
 The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military,
police, and paramilitary forces
 The stationing in Kosovo of an international
military presence
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NATO’s Objectives (cont’d)
 The unconditional and safe return of all refugees
and displaced persons
 Establish political framework agreement for
Kosovo in conformity with international law
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NATO’s Objectives (cont’d)
 The unconditional and safe return of all refugees
and displaced persons
 Establish political framework agreement for
Kosovo in conformity with international law
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NATO’s Strategic Objectives
 Demonstrate the seriousness of their opposition to
Belgrade’s aggression in the Balkans
 Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless civilians, and
reverse ethnic cleansing
 Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war against
Kosovo
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Military Objective
“Degrade and damage the military and security
structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate
and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo.”
William Cohen, SECDEF
15 April 1999
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Lessons Learned on
Kosovo War Objectives
US Grand Strategy
 Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous US-led
Europe
 Convince NATO to
transition from old Cold
War common defense
against external threats
to new Continental
security coalition
 Persuade NATO to
acquire means and will
to conduct out of area
military ops
European Strategy
Kosovo War Aims
•
Stop the Serbian
slaughter and
expulsion of ethnic
Albanians
•
Remove Milosevic
from power
•
Accomplish the
above with minimal
collateral damage
and NATO casualties
 Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous, and
independent Europe
 Prevent spillover into
Albania and Macedonia,
then to Greece and
Turkey
 Maintain NATO
relationship with Russia
and give it a role in
helping end the crisis
 Demonstrate European
unity
Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives
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Lessons Learned
by US Military
 United States air refuelers were stretched thin during operation
 Force structure numbers and resources were inadequate for current
level of commitments (all services); support and training as important
to victory as strike
 Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough;
smart weapons may be better than smart platforms
 Need the right force structure for the future
 C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint and coalition ops
 On the brink of another “hollow force”
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Political Lessons Learned
by Europeans
 Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans
 Best technology, weapons, and platforms “Made in USA.”
 Politicians unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique US
capabilities
 United States cannot always be counted on to serve the
Alliance’s interests
 US focus shifted with opinion polls
 Fear US commitment could falter if US forces take heavy casualties
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Political Lessons Learned
by Europeans
 European Union can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti
Ahtisaari saves the day); many foreign policy interests are
similar among EU Nations
 Threat of rising Islamic
 fundamentalism
 Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)
 Need to build external identity
 Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain
cohesion
 German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945
 Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition
 Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air
bases
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Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learned
on Future DOD Budget Trends
 No DOD/Allied spending surge like post-Desert Storm
 International defense market continues to shrink
 Readiness and retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for
modernization
 Inevitable tax cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets
 Services must eventually deal with the bow wave
 Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough
 Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms (JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21)
“We have to make a trade between
 Support forces will need big $$$$ too
smart weapons and platforms...We
need to encourage the services to
concentrate more on smart
weapons.”
Jacques Gansler
Former Under Secretary of
Defense for Acquisition,
Technology, and Logistics
52
Review of CFD Model
 Distinctive Capabilities—Air and space expertise,
capabilities, and technological know-how
 Functions—Broad, fundamental, and continuing activities
of air and space power
 Doctrine—Fundamental principles that guide the actions
of military forces in support of national objectives
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CFD Model
Time Period
Distinctive
Capabilities
Functions
(missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
DESERT
STORM
 Air Superiority
 Precision
Engagement
 Global Attack
 Information
Superiority
 Agile Combat
Support
 Rapid Global
Mobility





Strategic Attack
Air Refueling
Command and Control (C2)
Counterair
Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
 Strategic air attack
(precision
weapons/stealth)
 Suppress enemy air
defenses
PROVIDE
COMFORT/
NORTHERN
WATCH
 Rapid Global
Mobility
 Air Superiority




Airlift
Counter Air
Strategic Attack
Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
 Protect northern Iraqi
no-fly zone
 Humanitarian
airdrops for refugees
SOUTHERN
WATCH
 Precision
Engagement
 Air Superiority
 Counter Air
 Strategic Attack
 Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
 Theater attack of
military targets
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CFD Model
Time Period
Distinctive
Capabilities
Functions
(missions)
Doctrinal Emphasis
PROVIDE
RELIEF/
RESTORE
HOPE
 Rapid Global
Mobility
 Global Attack
 Air Superiority
 Agile Combat
Support
 Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
 Counter Air/Land
 Strategic Attack
 Airlift/Special Operations
 AEF concept
 Humanitarian airdrops
for refugees
 Strategic Attack
DENY
FLIGHT
 Air Superiority
 Information
Superiority
 Agile Combat
Support
 Counterair
 Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
 Counterland
 No defined doctrine
ALLIED
FORCE
 Air Superiority
 Precision
Engagement
 Strategic Attack
 Counterland
 Intelligence
 Strategic attacks on
ethnic cleansing Serbs
and military
capabilities
55
Summary I
 Gulf War Background
 The Enemy
 The Plan of Attack
 Objectives
 Concept of Operations
 Five Strategic Rings
 Targets
 Phases of the Campaign
 Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH
 The Conflict and Lessons Learned
56
Summary II
 Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
 The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
 The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 History of the Balkans
 Background
 Ethnic Groups
57
Summary III
 Operation DENY FLIGHT
 The Conflict and Lessons Learned
 Operation ALLIED FORCE
 Background
 NATO Actions
 Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
 Lessons learned by US Military
 Political Lessons Learned
 Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
 CFD Review
58