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0 A Review for the Upcoming Final Multiple Choice and True / False Questions 1 Magnitude What is the difference between stellar or astronomical magnitude used for stars and “orders of magnitude”? A. The first is a logarithmic scale B. The first is star brightness, the second powers of 10 C. The second is a linear scale D. The first is powers of 10, the second absolute brightness What is the primary difference between a linear (standard or normal) plot and one with a logarithmic (log) scale? A. Log plots are more common B. Linear plots take more time to compute or hand-draw C. Log plots have axes with major tick marks going up by powers of 10 D. People are afraid of linear plots 2 Units If you were measuring something that varied in value between 0.006 and 5,000, what type of plot would be better for you to use? A. Linear B. Logarithmic What order of magnitude is 30? A. 100 B. 1 C. 10 What order of magnitude is 0.02? A. 0.01 B. 0.1 3 Science Give an example of something that was once common knowledge that science later showed to be either completely/partially wrong. A. Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones always B. Time travel into the past is easily possible C. Visible light can be curved without a gravitational field D. Multiple-planet systems are common in the universe 4 Light Consider photons emitted from a microwave oven and from a medical x-ray machine. Which possess longer wavelengths? A. X-Rays B. Microwaves Which are more likely to cause electrons to jump energy levels inside of atoms (this means the electrons are gaining in energy)? A. X-Rays B. Microwaves 5 Telescopes The two main types of reflection are A. Diffuse and dispersive B. Special and specular C. Specular and diffuse D. Glossy and semi-matte _______ is the name given to the technology that uses lasers and by which the effect of “twinkling” is removed. A. Air move remover B. Anti-twinkle C. Laser-beam correction D. Adaptive optics 6 Optics A converging lens re-directs (parallel rays of) light onto a point called the ________. A. Focus B. Point C. Plane D. Bifocal A reflecting telescope uses the converging lens as a refractor does, but also another optical device, known as a ________. A. Birefringence B. Mirror C. Refractor D. Focal tube 7 Particles Are neutrons particles or waves? A. Particles B. Waves C. Trick question: both all of the time D. Each half of the time Because radio waves, a type of light/EM radiation, possess a huge _______, telescopes using it tend to have large dishes. A. Energy B. Wavelength C. Spectrum D. Frequency 8 Distance Complete the analogy: the Tully-Fisher relationship is to ________ as the HR diagram is to ________. A. Planets, stars B. Galaxies, planets C. Stars, galaxies D. Galaxies, stars The constellation Crux (cross) in the southern sky takes the place of Polaris, more commonly known as the ________ _________, used by people in the Northern Hemisphere for (stellar-based) navigation. A. North Star B. Southern Star C. East Star D. West Star 9 Redshift The Doppler effect refers to a shift in what? A. Frequency B. Wavelength C. Intensity D. Both A & B A faraway yellow object is moving away from an observer at high speed; if its appearance Doppler shifts by one named color over in the visible light spectrum, then what color would it be? A. Red B. Orange C. Green D. Yellow 10 History Although the Greeks knew the world was round, their cosmological model was still ___centric, meaning the _____ was the center of the universe in their minds. A. Helio, sun B. Geo, sun C. Helio, earth D. Geo, earth What is an epicycle? A. Fudge factor of extra circles by Ptolemy B. Fudge factor of extra ellipses by Ptolemy C. Addition of extra ellipses by Copernicus 11 Galileo Heliocentrism was still controversial in Galileo’s time. A. True B. False Galileo ascribed to it. A. True B. False 12 Kepler Ignoring his work on geometric solids, Kepler’s basic idea was that planetary orbits were: A. Circles B. Epicycles C. Ellipses D. Squares A reflecting telescope uses the converging lens as a refractor does, but also another optical device, known as a ________. A. Refractor B. Birefringence C. Mirror D. Focal tube 13 Models What did Tycho Brahe suggest as the mechanics of our solar system? A. Sun at the center, and Earth and planets around it B. Earth at the center--with Sun, Moon, etc. circling around it C. Sun at center, with Earth and the planets in elliptical orbits D. Earth at center, but other planets going around Sun A clergy friend pointed out to Newton this problem with an infinite static universe with gravity (same problem with Einstein’s math). A. Collapses into huge fireball at center B. Blows apart C. Does not address Olbers’ paradox D. Contradicts the account in Genesis 14 Hubble In the raisin bread analogy of the expanding universe, how do the various components of it apply? A. Raisins are stars moving away from each other through space B. Raisins are galaxies and bread represents space growing C. Raisins are galaxies moving away from each other through space D. The center of loaf is center of a universe of raisins, the stars While the density of the universe is decreasing in the Big Bang theory, what is it doing in the steady state hypothesis / model? A. Also decreasing B. Increasing C. Staying about the same D. Oscillating violently 15 Singularities _______ and radio galaxies are both the same in nature, all similar in age, and supportive of the Big Bang. A. Crazars B. Black holes C. Quasars D. Blasters An ordinary rocket should be able to enter a black hole, or wormhole, unaided and visit a parallel universe, making it out in one piece on the other side. A. True B. False 16 Alternatives The ekpyrotic alternative to the Big Bang avoids the problem of the universe starting with _______ densities, temperatures, or energies. A. Zero B. Negative C. Imaginary D. Infinite We do not yet know with high certainty whether the matter- antimatter annihilation alternative to the Big Bang is wrong or not. A. True B. False 17 Darkness Sam Ting’s AMS experiment tries to detect gammas from WIMP annihilation; this makes it an example of what kind of dark matter detector, out of the three types? A. Indirect B. Direct C. Collider D. Chaotic What is one of the known properties of “dark matter”? A. Extremely light in terms of mass B. Electrically charged C. Radioactively unstable D. Gravitationally interacting 18 CMB Why was the notion of MACHOs rejected in favor of axions and WIMPs? A. Politics, including conspiracies against them B. Not enough MACHOs, and conflict with CMB measurements C. Evidence was found for WIMPs and axions D. We did not consider them carefully enough What is the difference between the Sachs-Wolfe and Sunyaev- Zel'dovich effects in terms of CMB changes? A. First one cools, second heats B. First one heats, second cools C. None: both cool the CMB D. None: both heat the CMB 19 Photons In high-temperature experiments here on Earth we have finally managed to get more energy out than we put in, by means of highpowered laser beams, in the hopes of achieving _______ like stars. A. Nuclear fusion B. Nuclear fission C. Antimatter detonation D. Genetic splicing When energetic photons create a real push this is called radiation _______, the explanation of stellar wind (Dark E has negative this). A. Frequency B. Temperature C. Pressure 20 Matter Unlike the slow-moving coronal mass ejections, solar flares usually emit massless particles, which must travel at the speed of _______. A. Neutrinos B. Heat C. Light D. Sound Up to 3 states of matter are known to exist on at least some planets, including _____ being found in all these phases somewhere, not just on the Earth. A. Methane B. Ammonia C. Water 21 Planets The planet _______ is one of the closest ones to Earth and is slightly colder, and so could in theory have its temperature increased with greenhouse-gas-based terraforming. (Also, famous for retrogration.) A. Venus B. Mars C. Mercury D. Jupiter The smallest planet in our solar system is ______ in terms of its size and _______ in terms of mass. A. Pluto, Mercury B. Mercury, Mercury C. Earth, Pluto D. Jupiter, Pluto 22 Exoplanets Names of the form Kepler ######, including names of potentially human-habitable places, are generally those of A. Exoplanets B. Rogue planets C. Comets D. Asteroids Most moons in our solar system possess live volcanoes: A. T B. F Planets can be as dense as water or even less dense, if made up of mostly _______, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A. Gas B. Solid C. Plasma D. Liquid 23 Orbits The rotational axis of the Earth slowly traces out a cone. This phenomenon is known as _______. It takes ~26,000 years per cycle. A. Precession B. Chaos C. Tidal Nutation D. Libration The earliest that the first day of spring can be each year is _______, and the latest is _______ (but, only for the Northern Hemisphere). A. March 10-15 B. March 19-21 C. March 22-25 D. March 25-30 24 Exoplanets II An exoplanet can be detected if passing in front of its parent star, decreasing its _______ temporarily. A. Brightness B. Mass C. Density D. Volume True or false: So far, no planets older than the Sun, Earth, and our own solar system, have been found. True or false: Exoplanets with organic molecules (carbon-based) in their atmosphere have been observed.
