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An Emerging World Power 1890-1917 CHAPTER 11 The Roots of Imperialism Imperialism is when nations seeks to extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker nations Is the United States imperialistic today? In the late 1800s America decided to follow Europe’s imperialistic behavior into Japan Europe used these countries to extract resources like oil, iron, and tea wanted to be able to sell their excess manufactured goods in these countries The Roots of Imperialism New countries to trade with meant prices could stabilize since they would have new places to sell the goods Imperialists knew that if we were going to expand it would require going into the oceans to do so Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History to explain that America’s need to build a large navy He also said we needed foreign bases to have places to stop for refueling, etc. By 1900 the U.S. had the 3rd largest navy in the world The Roots of Imperialism Imperialists supported the idea that America was superior and therefore they should exert their influence on the “lesser” nations Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest, was widely accepted Manifest Destiny, or the idea that God wanted America to expand, was also widely accepted—especially because many felt God wanted Christianity to expand to these nations The Roots of Imperialism Since America already had “sea to shining sea” they had to look to the Pacific Ocean if they wanted to keep with their westward movement Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan, Perry was allowed there by showering the emperor with gifts Told them that they should open trade with America They said yes In 1867 Sec. of State William Seward purchased Alaska for $7.2 million This was called “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” Oil!!! And Cold War Hawaii? Why expand? What happened? Important People? Effect? Cuba/Puerto Rico Why expand? What happened? Important People? Effect? The Phillipines Why expand? What happened? Important People? Effect? The Spanish-American War Spain had been an impressive imperialistic nation in the 1600-1700s By the end of the 1800s it was left with the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba What happened to cause the Spanish American War? Yellow journalism were exaggerated stories used to gain support for the rebels William Randolph Hearst was the leader in publishing these stories The Spanish-American War McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine down to Havana to protect the Americans who lived there A Spanish Ambassador wrote a letter stating that McKinley was weak and stupid, Hearst published the letter Jingoism, or aggressive nationalism, was fueled by this article the Maine blew up in Havana killing 266 An investigation was done by the Navy -declared that it was a mine it was actually an accident The Spanish-American War Spain agreed to make concessions and end concentration camps but it was too late On April 11, 1898 America declared war on Spain It included the Teller Amendment -U.S. would NOT annex Cuba Commodore George Dewey led the Americans in battle against the Spaniards in the Philippines 400 Spanish died, 0 Americans U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay in Cuba T. Roosevelt led the Rough Riders into battle San Juan Hill The Spanish tried to escape but the Americans had created a blockade to prevent them they surrendered The Spanish-American War The Treaty of Paris forced Spain to give Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam up as well as sell the Philippines to the US for $20 million Anti-imperialists vs Imperialists Keep the Philippines- came down to one vote 1900 opened with America as a new empire and strongly involved in world affairs The United States and East Asia After the Spanish American War, America kept the Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo, who had helped the US expel Spanish forces thought that American would let the Filipinos become independent When they did not, he led a revolt against the Americans- guerilla warfare told not to take prisoners, that killing the Filipinos would be better War is always more costly in all ways when you fight against someone using guerrilla tactics- 100,000 troops and 400 million dollars William Howard Taft become governor of the Philippines He ordered construction of bridges, schools, etc. Jones Act -the Philippines would eventually have independence (came during World War II) China/Japan Why expand? What happened? Important People? Effect? The United States and East Asia In 1899 China had weakened but nations still wanted access to trade with the largely populated nation Europe and Japan divided China into “spheres of influence” The nation that controlled that sphere was the “preferred nation” for trading in the region US did not have a sphere John Hay set up the concept of open trade with China While Europe/Japan didn’t immediately react, this would become the guidelines for the U.S.’s foreign policy/trade The United States and East Asia All the foreign influence in China caused the Chinese to become nativist They joined secret societies, including one called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (martial arts group) that was nicknamed the Boxers The Boxers grew more aggressive toward foreigners until they killed foreign missionaries and overthrew the diplomats’ district in Beijing- (Boxer Rebellion) When it had ended Europe began demanding payment for the things that the Boxers had destroyed The United States and East Asia The Boxers grew angry again John Hay restated the idea of open trade Open Door Policy America didn’t want to colonize China, just trade To show China that they were serious, they took the money that was given to them from the Boxer Rebellion and used it to fund scholarship for Chinese students to study in the U.S. Japan had disagreed with China being carved up by the Europeans They especially didn’t like that Russia had settled in Manchuria Japan attacked Russia’s Pacific fleet, then moved on land to continue attacking Russia In 1905 Russian and Japan came to New Hampshire to discuss a peace treaty Talks stalled, so T.R. stepped in and helped them come to an agreement T.R. won the Nobel peace Prize for this effort which showed America’s growing influence in world affairs The United States and East Asia Anti-Asian attitudes were on the rise in the U.S., especially on the West Coast San Francisco banned Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese from going to public school The Japanese were outraged They called for their government to stand up for their honor T.R. did not approve of San Francisco’s decision He worked out a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” by having San Francisco end its racist policy if Japan agreed to limit immigration to the United States
