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Adam, Bethany, Tamika, Tameka & Tricia
Murphy
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Not the same as adolescence
Puberty is the beginning of
adolescence
Puberty begins a cycle of physical
maturation
A
single sudden event
 Noticeable
 Difficult
physical changes
to pinpoint when it
begins and ends
 Two
years earlier for girls
around (11 ½)
 Than
½)
for boys around (13
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Increase in penis and testicle size
Appearance of straight pubic hair
Minor voice change
First ejaculation (which normally occurs from
masturbation or a wet dream.)
Kinky pubic hair, onset height and weight,
hair in armpits, more detectable voice change
and finally growth of facial hair.
Breast enlarges or pubic hair appears
Hair in the armpits
Growth in height
Hips wider than shoulders
First menstrual
No voice change by the end of puberty
Girls tend to outweigh boys till age 14 boys
surpass girls.
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There are a flood of hormones, power
chemicals substance secreted by the
endocrine glands and carried through the
body by the bloodstream.
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Researchers discovered that twice as many synaptic
connections, which are the pairing of homologous
chromosomes one from each parent during early
meiosis are made than will ever be used. The
connections that are used are strengthened and survive
while the unused are replaced by other pathways or
they simply disappear. As a result from the
disappearing by the end of adolescence years individual
have fewer, more selective and more effective neuronal
connections than they had as a child. The disappearing
of the synaptic connections indicates that the activities
the adolescent choose to engage in and not to engage
in influence which neural connections will be
strengthened and which ones will disappear.
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Recently discovered by scientists adolescents brains
undergo major structural changes. The corpus callosum, is
the location where fibers connect the brain’s left and right
hemispheres, which is thickened in adolescence and this
improves adolescents ability to process information more
effective. Moreover, the amygdale is responsible for our
emotions such as anger and matures earlier than the
prefrontal cortex which is the region in intense emotions,
but does not finish developing until emerging into
adulthood. According to scientists they have yet to
determine whether the brain changes come first or
whether the brain changes are the result of experiences
with peers, parents, and others. Once again we encounter
the nature verse nurture issue that is so prominent in an
examination of development through the life span.
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Characterized by
◦ Substantial changes in physical growth and the
development of the brain
◦ Bridge between the asexual child and the sexual
adult
◦ Time of sexual exploration and experimentation
and incorporating his/her sexuality into one’s
personality
•If they are sexually
attractive
•How to perform sex
•What the future holds for
their sexual lives
•Videos
•Magazines
•Television
•Lyrics of popular music
•Website
• Involve learning to manage sexual feelings
Intimacy
Sexual arousal
Attraction
Skills to manage sexual
behavior to avoid undesirable
consequences
• Emerges in the context of
Physical factors
Social factors
Cultural factors
• Is apparent through
Activities
Interests
Style of behavior
Identification of sexual orientation
• Developing same sex sexual identity
Gays and lesbians tend to struggle
through this developmental process
Usually do not remember early same sex
attractions
Tend to recognize their sexual
orientation in mid to late adolescence
Many gays and lesbians also
acknowledge opposite sex attractions
but are more sexually drawn to same sex
◦ Varies by country, gender and socioeconomic level
◦ Women who lost their virginity by the age of 17
 72% in Mali
 47% in United States
 45% in Tanzania
◦ Men who lost their virginity by the age of 17
 76% in Jamaica
 64% in United States
 63% in Brail
 39% of Males
 29% of
Females
9th Graders
 63% of Males
 62% of
Females
12th Graders
• National survey showed 55% of 15 -19 year old
boys and 54% of girls in the same age group had
engaged in oral sex
• 20 % of those who had taken part in the survey and
responded as not having sexual intercourse hade
engaged in oral sex
• Many adolescents are not emotionally ready to
handle sexual experiences
• Early sexual behavior is linked to risky behavior
Drug use
Delinquency
School related problems
•Alcohol use
•Early menarche
•Poor parent child
communication
•Low socioeconomic status
•Siblings that are teen moms
or are sexually active
•Reduced parental
supervision
• Understanding of the negative
consequences of sexual activity
• Academic achievements
• Knowing the added responsibilities
that will arise if he/she gets
pregnant
• Used to prevent:
Unwanted Pregnancy
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• The Center for Disease Control found that 61% of
high school students are now using birth control
methods
But many sexually active teens are still not using birth
control
• Girls = 72%
• Girls = 62%
• Boys= 81%
• Boys = 75%
Europe: 15 year olds
US: 15 year olds
• Transmitted primarily through sexual contact,
including oral-genital and anal genital contact
• 3 million Americans adolescents are infected with
and STI a year
• One fourth of those who are sexually active
• In a single act of unprotected sex a teenage girl has
a:
50% chance of getting Gonorrhea
30% chance of genital warts
1% of HIV
• U.S. has the highest rate of adolescent pregnancy
and childbearing rates of all industrialized countries
• 1991-2005 declined 34%
Believed to have due to fear of disease and the
increased use of contraceptive
 Have a greater rate of adolescent
pregnancy than non-Latina whites and
African Americans
 Smallest decline in teen pregnancy and
birthrates
 Greater likelihood to have a second
adolescent birth than all other ethnic
groups
Have a 66% greater chance
to have a teen pregnancy
themselves
• Creates health problems for both mother and child
• Low birth weights
Prominent factor in infant mortality
Creates neurological problems
Childhood illness
• Greater likelihood of mother dropping out of school
• Children tend to have greater tendency of
behavioral issues and learning problems in school
• Not all teen pregnancies lead to health or
behavioral problems
• Not all adolescent pregnancies lead to the cycle
repeating itself
• There is a percentage to teens that achieve well in
their academics and have positive outcomes in both
their own and their child’s lives!
Dear Class,
I believe the text did not fully explain
how positive and beautiful a teen pregnancy
can be! But it was my job to present the
material in the text. That is what I did. Please
do not hold the material against me or any of
my group members.
Thank You and we continue….
• Teen Outreach Program
Engages teens in community outreach and
volunteering
A study on the program showed:
participants had greater academic success
lower pregnancy rates
• Girls Inc.
Four programs designed to motivate girls to avoid
pregnancy until they are mature enough to handing
the role of motherhood
• Studies have shown a direct link between sexual
education and pregnancy
Controversy stems from this topic
“Many of the behaviors that are
linked to poor health habits and
early death begin during
adolescence”
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12-19 yo overweight increased
Adolescents-decreased intake of fruits and
veggies
Regular family meals in adolescencehealthy
eating habits 5 yrs. Later
Exercise: Positive effect on weight
– Low Levelsadolescents more depressed
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Increase computer/TV use, decrease in
exercise
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31% US adolescents had <8 hrs. sleep/night
and decreases with age
<8hrs. Sleep leads to many problems
Older adolescents have change in biological
clocks due to change in melatonin
Mary Carskadon Experiment
◦ Later start times
Accidents
2. Homicide
3. Suicides
15-24 yo Deaths 50% unintentional Injuries
 75% MVA (Risky driving habits, not
1.
lack of experience)
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50% MVA with teenagers, driver had BAC .1
Homicides: AA males more likely
Suicide Rates have tripled since the 1950’s
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Males engaged in Binge Drinking more than
females
Cigarettes: Peak in 1997, has been declining
Pain Killers: Main Source parents medicine
cabinet
Roles of Development: Parents and Education
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“Eating disorder that involves relentless
pursuit of thinness through starvation”
Three Characteristics:
1. Weight <85% considered normal
2. Intense fear of gaining weight
3. Distorted image of body shape
Most white, middle/upper class/income
families
10x more likely in females than males
Most effective treatment is Family
Counseling
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“Individual consistently follows binge-andpurge pattern”
Happens 2x/week for 3 months
Fall within normal weight range which makes
it difficult to detect
Affects 1-2% US Women/90% Female
Binge usually started by dieting and
somewhat overweight before onset
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Piaget created the cognitive developmental
theory which focused on different
developmental milestones in an individual’s
life.
At the third stage of his theory is the concrete
operational stage: when children can reason
logically about concrete events and objects,
makes gains in the classification and
relationship between classes and objects.
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This is the fourth and final stage of Piaget’s cognitive
developmental theory. This stage occurs around the age
of 11.
In this stage thought is more abstract: Things like love
become important, personal ideals, enhanced
imagination, hypothetical thinking comes in to play, and
logical reasoning .
At this stage in development children began to think
more of them and are occupied with their own thoughts.
Problem solving skills move away from trial and error to
a more scientific approach. Such as devising plans to
solve problems, systematically testing solutions.
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning- involves creating a
hypothesis and understanding the possible outcomes of
an event.
Criticism
More individual variation then he thought:
About 1 and 3 adolescents are formal
operational thinkers, many American adults
never become this type of thinker
Culture and education have stronger
influence then Piaget maintained
Cognitive development is not as stage like,
children can be trained to reason at a higher
level.
Some abilities emerge later then thought
others earlier.
Contributions
He is the founder of present field of cognitive
development
Concepts such as: assimilation,
accommodation, object permanence,
egocentrism, and conservation and be
attributed to Piaget
The idea of children being active and
constructive thinkers
Which is the heightened self-consciousness of
adolescents.
Two key components of adolescent egocentrism
• Imaginary Audience- the belief that others are as
interested in them as they themselves are, and
attention getting behavior. Ex. If a 9th grader walks
in the classroom they think all eyes are on them.
• Personal Fable- is a sense of uniqueness and
invincibility. Ex. No one understands me especially
my parents. Ex. Of invincibility that won’t happen to
me or I won’t get hurt.
According to Kuhn it is important that
adolescents improve Executive Functioningwhich is higher order cognitive activity such
as reasoning, making decisions, monitoring
thinking critically, and monitoring one’s
cognitive progress. Improves:
Effective learning
Allocation of attention
Make decisions and use critical thinking
Decision Making
Adolescent thinking has a dual-process
model- One is analytical and the other
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At this stage adolescent experience the topdog phenomenon – moving from being the
oldest, biggest, and most powerful student
to being the youngest, smallest, and least
powerful. Some positive aspects:
Feeling grown up
More subjects to select from
Spend time with peers, find compatible
friends
Increased independence, challenge by
academic work
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In the late 20th and first several years of the
21st century U.S. high school dropout rates
declines. In the 1940 more than half of 1624 years olds dropped out of school by
2006 the figure decreased to 9.3 percent.
The dropout rate for Latinos remains highs,
but is highest among Native Americans.
Ways to decrease dropout rates:
Early reading programs
Tutoring
Counseling and mentoring
Benefits of Extracurricular Activity
•Higher grades, school engagement, lower
dropout rates
•More likely to go to college, lower
delinquency and substance abuse.
Service Learning- is a form of education that
promotes social responsibility and service to
the community. An important goal of service
learning is that adolescents become less selfcentered and motivated to help others.
•Adolescents engage in tutoring, helping
older adults, working in a hospital, assisting
in child-care, and cleaning up.