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CHAPTER 34 VISUAL SUMMARY CHAPTER 35: The Impact of World War II on Americans What kinds of opportunities and hardships did the war create for Americans at home and abroad? Organizing the American Economy for War • The War Production Board – The goal: make America the “arsenal of democracy” with conversions of industry • Automakers would now make airplanes and tanks • Other workers would retrain workers for wartime tasks • G.D.P. (gross domestic product) rises rapidly • The National War Labor Board mediates disputes between union leaders and business owners • Government spending rises to new levels – Taxes account for 45% (“withholding” is introduced) – War bonds help in financing the war • Price controls are needed (Office of Price Administration) – People were back to work earning money – Goods were scarce because of the war effort – Too much money chasing too few goods = inflation • Rationing was necessary – Gasoline, tires, sugar, food – Americans received coupon books to limit consumption University of North Carolina website • War funding comes from taxes and borrowing (bonds) just like WWI American G.I.’s (government issue) Go To War • 1,500,000 troops by Pearl Harbor – Eager volunteers joined the draftees to fight – Immigrants wanted to show they were truly Americans • 8 weeks of intense training then combat – Fear, loneliness, homesickness, boredom once deployed – Physical, emotional and mental wounds surface during and after – An appreciation for American ideals after viewing the abuses of the European dictators, pride and loyalty, too The Internment of Japanese-Americans • Were they loyal? Sabotage? Did their spies cause Pearl Harbor? • “Enemy Aliens” (Germans, Italians, Japanese immigrants) had to register with the government and carry identification • The Japanese-Americans did not have political power and were potentially more easily recognized • Executive Order 9066 (February 1942) goes into effect and even native born Japanese-Americans are sent to internment camps inland • Korematsu v. U.S. – Fred Korematsu as a native born citizen who disobeyed the law and appealed it all the way to the Supreme Court – The Court upheld the decision on the grounds that a group’s civil rights can be set aside in time of war • 100,000 were forced to relocate into guarded “barracks” • 442nd Regimental Combat team was an all-Japanese unit Women and World War II (“Rosie the Riveter”) • New opportunities because of the demand for workers • Still faced hostility in maledominated businesses • Were expected to complete their “domestic” duties • WAC (Women’s Army Corps) • WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service – Navy) African-Americans and WWII • The Double V Campaign: Victory for democracy at home and abroad • Black G.I.’s were segregated and were not permitted in combat (at first) • Tuskegee Airmen • there were many people who thought that black men lacked intelligence, skill, courage and patriotism. • Bomber escorts and direct combat • The only fighter group to never lose a bomber to enemy planes African-Americans and WWII • At the same time Executive Order 9066 inters Japanese-Americans, Executive Order 8802 outlaws discrimination against African-Americans in the defense industry • A.Philip Randolph had threatened a march on Washington if black civil rights were not protected • The Great Migration continued to northern industrial cities – Blacks may have escaped the South but not racism – The National Urban League fought for equal opportunities in housing and employment – The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) confronted discrimination with nonviolent resistance Jewish Americans and WWII • Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany began in 1933 as soon as Hitler rose to power – Kristallnacht (“night of broken glass”) occurred in 1938 when mobs burned Jewish synagogues and businesses • 90 Jews were killed and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps • The 1924 National Origins Act restricted immigration into the U.S. (remember the nativism and lack of tolerance during the 1920’s?) • Anti-Semitism (anti-Jewish sentiment) led to a lack of support for European Jews • The War Refugee Board was created in 1944 to finally help Jewish refugees Mexican Americans and WWII • Discrimination had barred many Mexicans from better jobs in the United States • During the war, laborers were needed – The bracero program allowed short term work contracts to be filled by Mexicans in the farms and on the railroads • June 1943: Zoot suit riots – Zoot suits were associated with Mexican teenagers (pachucos) and gangs who roamed barrios (neighborhoods) in Los Angeles – Mobs of sailors and marines sought out Mexicans and others wearing a zoot suit and beat them – Another example of racial prejudice and intolerance