Download Renaissance Reformation and Change

Name:
Renaissance, Reformation and Change:
Before we Begin: Write down everything you already know about the following movements:

Renaissance:

Reformation:

Exploration:

Scientific Revolution:

Enlightenment:
Background:

The Renaissance followed the late ____________ (1300s), a time of great suffering due to wars,
famines, and plague.

The _______ plague (the “Black Death”) swept through Europe after 1347.

25 million died –one third of Europe’s population!

Music, arts, and sciences ignored as people focused on _______________.
Renaissance:

After centuries of suffering through ___________ and the _____________, people wanted to enjoy life.

A movement began to embrace the celebrations of the past, in __________ and _____________, and to
move away from the dreary world promoted by the church.

This movement became known as the _________________________, or Rebirth.

_______________________ the way people lived and celebrated life

The Renaissance began in northern ______________ around 1300, and later spread to the rest of
Europe.

The Renaissance began in Italy because the rest of Europe was caught up in ______, particularly England
and France (________________________ Years War.)

Italy also had a wealthy merchant class- able to support the arts- they were referred to as
_________________.

The most famous and wealthy of the Italian families were the _____________________ family.

This is the era of history characterized by the achievements of Michelangelo and ____________
__________________________

Michelangelo is best known for his sculpture of __________________ and his painting of the Sistine
Chapel.

Da Vinci is best known for his painting, ________________________________.

Both of these men were well versed in many fields and as such inspired the term “Renaissance Man”.
Renaissance Changes Technology:

Less errors than hand-copied texts

Books __________________________ and became cheaper and more accessible

New __________________ traveled more ___________________, spread more widely, and became
permanent.

People began to read --and interpret- things for themselves

The most significant invention of the Era was without a doubt, the _____________________ Bible

The Gutenberg Printing Press was invented during this time. Extremely important in that it allowed ideas
and literature to spread more rapidly than ever before. The key was “moveable type”.

The Best known work was the Gutenberg Bible, published in 1455.
Legacy of the Renaissance:

_______________________ rebirth and revival of classical thought/culture.

Strong sense of ___________________________.

Increase in _______________________________ (the separation of church and gov)

Greater questioning of Church and religion.

More educated and ________________________ population.

Emergence of ___________________________.

Higher standards of living.

Led to burst of ________________________.

Led to spread of new ideas.

Renaissance belief in the importance of the ___________________________ played key role in gradual
rise of __________________________ ideas.

_____________________ the world with advances in technology

The world was connected by trade
Niccolo Machiavelli:

Italian ____________________ and government official.

Wrote _____________________________ in 1513.

Guidebook on how rulers can gain and keep power.

Controversial ideas are still studied and practiced today.

Safer for rulers to be __________________ than loved.

________ more effective in obtaining one’s goals than _____________________.

Acquiring and maintaining ______________ more important than being a “good” leader.

Leaders should do what’s politically effective, not what is _____________________________
What does Machiavellian Mean?

Is politically cunning and crafty.

Practices duplicity (uses treachery, deceitfulness, trickery, dishonesty).

Uses any means to stay in power.

Favors the use of arbitrary power.
Summary:

The Renaissance changed Life.

It changed daily life and it changed the expectations people had for life in the present.

Prior to the Renaissance, people lived and accepted dreary lives because of the promise of a more
fulfilling and happier life after death.
The Reformation

The Reformation grew out of growing _____________________ of the Catholic Church and the
__________________________.

For Centuries, the ___________________ had been the most powerful figure in all of Europe.

However, the power of the Pope and the Church, became an opportunity for _______ by many.

People began to criticize the practices of the Church.

One particular practice that drew a lot of criticism was the selling of “___________________”.
o
Basically if a person contributed enough money to the church they would be given an
indulgence, or ________________, for their sins. The church told people that this would
shorten their time in _______________________.

One of the foremost critics of this practice and the power of the Pope was _________________.
The New Churches:

Martin Luther published his work “__________________________________”. His work was published
and news spread quickly all over Germany.

This began the “______________________________” or the reform of the church.

Reformers became known as “Protesters”, and as a result the new faiths that began were referred to as
“___________________________”.

Luther’s followers became known as “Lutherans”.

________________________________- began the _____________________ church as a result of an
argument with the Pope.
o
King Henry VIII wanted a _________________
o
The Pope would not allow the divorce because of the fact the King’s wife, was the Aunt of the
Holy Roman Emperor –Charles V.
o
King Henry VIII started the Anglican Church just to get divorced.

John Calvin- Calvinism

John Knox- Presbyterian Church (based on Calvin’s teachings)
The Catholic Church Responds:

In response to the ______________________, the Catholic Church underwent internal reforms.

As a result, new orders within the Catholic church were created. This was known as the Catholic
Reformation.


Ignatious of Loyola founded the __________________________ order.
3 goals- Creation of schools, conversion to Christianity, and stopping Protestantism.
Absolutism:

The power lost by the Church as a result of the Reformation, was quickly seized by those known as
___________________________.

An Absolute Monarch controls all _____________________________, including the ability to make laws,
enforce the law, and interpret and apply the law.
o
What is a potential problem with a monarch having absolute power?
o
In the United States, how are these responsibilities divided? Why?

Absolute Monarchs justified their rule by a the __________________________

Idea that God created the monarchy and that the __________________ was God’s representative on
Earth

Absolute Monarchs controlled everything from Religious to Social Gatherings.

As the Monarchies grew, so did the size of their courts and their newly created ____________________
o
(non-elected government officials who make decisions based on the beliefs of the monarch)

The most powerful of these Monarchs was ___________________________________.

Absolute Monarchy might be best reflected in the excesses of _________________________.

Pg. 141 in text
The Scientific Revolution:
What was the Scientific Revolution?

__________________________ questioning of nature as taught by the church.

Made possible in light of the Church’s _______________ position after the ____________________.

Scholars/scientists questioned accepted ideas about _____________, earth and the universe
o
Old Science v. New Science
 Old Science based on __________________ and observation
 NEW SCIENCE based on ________________, logic, ______________, and data

Use of the Scientific Method (developed by Francis Bacon).
What Influenced the Scientific Revolution?

______________________________
o
Education of the Classics

o
____________________________- Free from Religious rule and influence
o
Criticisms of the Catholic Church
____________________________
o
Drive to better understand tides, weather, winds, currents,
o
Foreign technology-astrolabe
New Discoveries:

_____________________ Theory –sun-centered universe

Advancements in ______________________—vaccinations

Scientific Instruments
o
Microscope
o
Telescope

Law of _________________________

Made possible by peoples willingness to question and change the status quo of beliefs.

Inspired by the questioning of Status Quo in both the Renaissance and the Reformation.
The Enlightenment:

The Renaissance, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution were all important steps in inspiring the
Enlightenment thinkers to challenge and change the prevailing thoughts on government and society.

People try to apply the ____________________________ approach to all aspects of society

Political _______________________ propose new ideas about government

___________________________ advocate the use of reason to discover truths

Address social issues through reason
Causes of The Enlightenment:

Ideals of the Renaissance
o


_______________________________, secularism, rebirth of classical teachings
Scientific Revolution
o
_______________________, reason, mathematics
o
New way of thinking based on willingness to question assumptions
Absolutism
o
Reaction to government of total control
o
Questioning of Theory of Divine Right
Characteristics of the Enlightenment:
Ideas incorporating the themes listed below were heavily discussed during this era
1. _____________________________-justification
2. _____________________________-What makes people happy?
3. _____________________________-freedoms
4. _____________________________-tolerance, diversity, science
5. _____________________________- outside (plants, earth, universe, etc) and inside (emotion, human
interactions, etc)
Faces of the Enlightenment:
1.
Thomas Hobbes:
o
Believed that people were born _________________ and societies needed
___________________________ to protect themselves from their own selfishness
o
All political power should be representative of the people
o
Without Government….“Life is nasty, brutish, and short.”
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
o
Believed in the freedom of the __________________________
o
Only good government was one formed freely by the people
o
The Social Contract: people agree to create a gov and society that favors the common good
3. Montesquieu:
o
Praised the British System of Government featuring a limited _______________________.
o
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of _____________________________________ in
government; executive, legislative and judicial branches along with Checks and Balances.
o
4.
His ideas had the greatest impact on the shaping of the U.S. government and its Constitution.
John Locke:
o
Believed that the ultimate purpose of government was to protect its people’s natural rights____________________, liberty and ____________________.
o
If a government fails to do so, than the people have the right to overthrow the government.
o
Arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of
Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States.
o
Two Treatises of Government had a profound influence on the writing of the Declaration of
Independence and Constitution
5.
Voltaire:
o
His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers
o
He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of Sir Isaac Newton
o
In favor of ____________________________ and interested in the study of the natural sciences
o
Strong advocate against _______________________ and for the freedom of speech.
o
His writings heavily influenced the First Amendment of the United States.
6. Adam Smith:
o
A ________________________- Applied Enlightenment thought to Economics.
o
Scottish philosopher and physiocrat famous for his book, “The ______________________
________________________” written in 1776
o
Father of modern ___________________________ and influential in the formulation of laissez
faire (hands off) economics and American Capitalism