Download Evolution Unit Test Review

BLAST Lab Discussion
• Was your hypothesis of phylogeny tree
placement correct?
• How were the genes that you blasted useful in
determining where on the tree the mystery fossil
went?
• The fossil is actually called Sinosauropteryx
• Sinosauropteryx is a compsognathid (small and
carnivorous) dinosaur. Described in 1996, it was
the first dinosaur taxon outside of Avialae to be
found with evidence of feathers. It was covered
with a coat of very simple filament-like feathers.
Evolution Unit Test Review
AP Bio
Hardy-Weinberg
• There are 150 deer in a population. 80
are DD, 50 are Dd, 20 are dd. Find p and
q and the frequencies of each allele.
• 80x2=160
• 50x1=50
• 20x2=40
• 160+50=210, 40+50=90
• 210/150x2=.7 (p), .3 (q)
• .72 + 2(.7)(.3) + .32=1
• DD=.49, Dd=.42, dd=.09
Name the hypothesis shown below
and answer the questions
What kind of cell
is this?
Prokaryote
• Endosymbiosis
What evidence
do we have that
mitochondria
and plastids
were once their
own
independent
free-living cells?
They have their own
membranes, DNA,
ribosomes, and can
replicate
What is being
engulfed here?
Mitochondria
What kind of cells
do we have now?
Eukaryotes
What is engulfed
here?
Plastid
Name 2 types of evidence that can
be used to create a phylogeny tree
• Homologous structures, morphology,
DNA/genes, fossil record
What caused the sudden rise of
eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
Hint: banded iron formations
• Oxygen Revolution
Oxygen
released from
these rocks in
the ocean, and
evaporated into
the atmosphere
causing a huge
increase in
oxygen
Select whether the following are
examples of sympatric or allopatric
speciation
• Polyploidy
• Emergence of a
mountain range
• Population switches
to new food source or
resource
• Evaporation of large
lake causes several
small lakes to form
• Sympatric
• Allopatric
• Sympatric
• Allopatric
Georges Cuvier supported this idea
based on his observations in the
fossil record that major floods, etc.
created the boundaries between
each strata
• Catastrophism
• Hutton and Lyell supported
uniformitarianism
Which of the following correctly
describes the evolutionary beliefs
of Lamarck?
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. Use and disuse
B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. Natural and artificial selection
D. Homologous structures
E. Both A and B are correct
Answer: E
What is an example of an acquired
characteristic?
• A weightlifter’s son will be born with more
muscle mass
What is the process by which
species are modified by humans?
For example, selective breeding for
milk or meat.
• Artificial selection
Name 3 pieces of evidence for
evolution
• Direct observations, fossil record,
homology, biogeography
• Also vestigial organs, embryology
Give an example for each of the
following: homologous structure,
embryonic homology, vestigial
organ, analogous structure
• Homologous- anatomical signs of evolution
(forelimbs of bats and whales, both had
ancestor that used for walking) (divergent
evolution!)
• Embryonic- vertebrates have tail and
pharyngeal pouches
• Vestigial- appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth
• Analogous- similar problem=similar solution,
torpedo shape of penguin, dolphin, and shark
(convergent evolution!)
What are the 5 conditions for
Hardy-Weinberg?
•
•
•
•
•
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Population size is large
No gene flow (immigration/emigration)
Name 2 or 3 things that can alter
allele frequencies in a population.
• Natural selection, genetic drift (founder
effect and bottleneck effect), gene flow,
mutations, geographic/reproductive
isolation
Name 3 examples of reproductive
isolation.
• Pre and postzygotic factors,
habitat/behavioral/temporal/mechanical/
gametic isolation, hybrid breakdown
Changes in this gene can cause
profound effects on morphology as
seen by 3 examples below
Now pick an example from below and
explain how Hox genes create the different
morphologies observed
What type of evolution (convergent
or divergent) occurs when 2
organisms developed similarities as
they adapted to similar
environmental challenges
• Convergent evolution (streamlined body
of tuna and dolphin)
Draw a phylogeny tree using the
characters below, don’t forget
sister taxa if they occur
Bacteria
Horseshoe Salamander Ape
Crab
Humans
Eukaryotic
Cells
0
1
1
1
1
Exoskeleton
0
1
0
0
0
Backbone
0
0
1
1
1
Hair
0
0
0
1
1
Example Tree
Ape
Salamander
Horseshoe crab
Backbone
Exoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells
Bacteria
Humans
Hair
To make a phylogeny tree well
supported by evidence, what
are a few things that should be
used to construct them?
• Answer: morphology (weak), DNA, amino
acids, homology, fossil record, metabolic
pathways, chemical content (food/diet),
behavioral