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Transcript
Origins of Cold War Timeline Feb 4, 1945 Yalta The "Big Three" allied leaders—American president Franklin Roosevelt, Soviet leader Josef Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill—meet at the Yalta Conference to make arrangements for the postwar world order. Their contradictory agreements include a declaration to respect democracy throughout Europe, but also the recognition of a de facto Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. At Yalta the Allies also finalize plans to divide Germany into separate zones of occupation. Apr 12, 1945 Roosevelt Dies President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies and is replaced by Truman. Roosevelt had a good relationship with Stalin, Truman has a poor one and thinks he needed to act tough with dictators. Jul 17, 1945 Potsdam The "Big Three" leaders of the United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain meet at the Potsdam Conference. President Harry Truman, Soviet leader Josef Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill continue the work begun at Yalta to determine the future of postwar Europe. Churchill is replaced midway through the negotiations by new Prime Minister Clement Attlee after Churchill's party loses elections in Britain. The conference establishes a military administration for Germany and agrees to put Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes. Soviets continue to do as they please in Poland, despite complaints from US and Britain. Aug 6, 1945 Hiroshima The American bomber Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The instant devastation unleashed on Hiroshima shocks the world and ushers in the nuclear age. Aug 8, 1945 Nagasaki The American plane Bockscar drops an atomic bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. The USA has a monopoly on atomic bombs (this means they are the only ones with them). Mar 5, 1946 Iron Curtain British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gives his famous "Iron Curtain" speech at a college graduation in Fulton, Missouri: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow." Dec 2, 1946 German Zones Merge into Bizonia The United States and Great Britain agree to merge their respective German zones of occupation. Mar 12, 1947 Truman Doctrine In a speech later remembered as the "Truman Doctrine," President Harry S. Truman pledges American assistance to any nation in the world threatened by Communism, officially establishing the worldwide containment of Communism as a vital American national security interest. Jun 5, 1947 Marshall Plan In a speech made at Harvard University, Secretary of State George Marshall proposes the Marshall Plan, a $17 billion foreign aid package designed to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II. Jun 24, 1948 Berlin Blockade After the United States, Britain, and France introduce the Deutsche Mark to serve as a single currency for their three zones of occupation in western Germany, the Soviets impose the Berlin blockade, cutting off rail and road access to the capital city, which is located in the middle of the Soviet zone of eastern Germany. Jun 24, 1948 The Berlin Airlift Under General Lucius Clay, the United States begins Operation Vittles—the 11- month Berlin Airlift—which brings necessary supplies into the city by plane. The airlift represents an immense feat of coordination, with planes landing and being unloaded around the clock for nearly a year.