Download Standard_2-_Pt_1 - mrgilliamsworldhistory

J. Worley
 Mesopotamia/Sumer
 Egypt
 India
 China
 Greece
 Rome
 Mesoamerica

Can be considered one but is looked at on an
individual basis
 Advanced

Have living areas, town hall, hospitals, farm land, etc.
 Record

Cities
Keeping
Use of writing such as Cuneiform (Mesopotamia/Sumer),
Hieroglyphics (Egypt), and Sanskrit (India).
 Specialized

Workers have specific jobs that they do (Plumber, farmer,
etc.)
 Complex

Institution
Can be anything from a Hospital to Slavery
 Advanced

Workers
Technology
Can be anything from plumbing to irrigation to calendar
 Topography,
climate, and natural resources in a
region influence the culture, economy, and
lifestyle of its inhabitants.
Topography- terrain of the area/land
 Culture- the customary beliefs, social norms, and
material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
 Economy- all the factors of production woven
together with the goods & services consumed
 Lifestyles- how an area lives according to its means
and income

 Rivers

Earliest civilizations arose near rivers (River Civilizations)
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Sumer in the Fertile Crescent/Middle East (Tigris & Euphrates)
Egypt in the Middle East/North Africa (Nile)
India in South Asia (Indus & Ganges)
China in East Asia (Huang & Chang- AKA: Yellow & Yangtze)
What were the hazards of living near rivers?


and Flooding
Flow patterns could bring too little water (drought/famine
conditions) or too much water (flooding/crop destruction/death)
How did people in these regions control the rivers & their
flood patterns?
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Irrigation- Digging ditches to channel river water
Dykes- Slope or wall that prevents flooding
Some rivers flooded predictably (Nile), while others did not (Huang)
 Natural

Isolate people from contact, even within a close area

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The Greek city-states didn’t have one united central gov’t
because of the isolation due to mountainous territory (CityStates)
Make travel and trade difficult (but not impossible)

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
Barriers
Incans built an amazing 14,000 mile road network carved into
mountains and hills
Chinese under the Han Dynasty built the Silk Road while linked
China to the West
Isolation causes a sense of identity

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Chinese believed they were the source of civilization
Greeks believed they were superior to outsiders (Barbaroi)
NATURAL BARRIERS (cont.)

Famous Natural Barriers

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Mountains
 Hindu Kush & Himalayas in South Asia (India)
 Tian Shan in East Asia
 Andes in Latin America
 Rocky & Appalachian in North America
Deserts
 Gobi in East Asia
 Sahara in Africa
Hindu Kush & Himalayas
North America
Gobi
Andes
Sahara
 Limited

Neolithic Revolution

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Fertile Land
Change from Hunting & Gathering to Agriculture/Farming
Responses to the challenges of limited fertile land

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Incans built terraces to farm on steep mountain hills
Phoenicians and Greeks became active sea traders due to their
proximity to the sea and lack of arable (farmable) land
 Seasonal

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Rains
In South Asia (India), monsoons rule their way of life
People adapted to the timing of the rains in India

Some of which would come too late or too heavy
 Nomads

Nomads move regularly, following animal herds and
patterns, and don’t stay in one place very long


vs. Settlers
Nomads still have religion and trade, they just don’t do it in
one place. Nomadic religion is normally based on animism
(spirit forces)
Settlers live off the land, usually as farmers and
traders, but usually stay in one place
 Location
affects a society’s economic development
 Societies with greater abundances of certain
resources develop differently

Builders and architects construct structures based on
materials in ready supply:
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Carved Stone in the Americas (Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs)
Clay Bricks in the Fertile Crescent (Sumer)
Limestone and Granite in Egypt
Adobe (clay & plant fibers) in the Americas
Anasazi carve houses into the mountain rock in the Americas
Metalworking knowledge spreads throughout certain
regions


Bronze in the Middle East, East Asia (Shang Dynasty, China)
Iron (Hittites in the Middle East, Bantu in Sub-Saharan Africa,
Zhou Dynasty in East Asia)
 Location
along water sources and lead to trade
wealth
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Ur, Babylon in the Middle East (Fertile Crescent)
Memphis, Thebes in Middle East (Egypt)
Meroe in Sub-Saharan Africa
Rome in Western Europe (Italy)
Adulis & Axum in Africa
River Map
Geographic issues can lead to migration of people &
result in the spread & adaptation of ideas, customs, &
technologies from one group to another
 Phoenicians spread Middle Eastern civilization customs
from cities in modern-day Lebanon all around
Mediterranean Sea (MAP)

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Manufactured glass
Alphabet- 22 symbols standing for consonant sounds


Greeks adapted it to theirs, & ours is derived from it
Bantu Migrations (MAP)
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Migration of farmers & herders in reaction to the desertification
(drying out) of the Sahara
They spoke a variety of languages that all traced back to a root
language called Bantu
In addition to linguistic diversity, they also brought skills in
farming, domestication of animals & ironworking
Human response to the physical environment comes with
consequences for both the environment & human
interdependence
 As
society increases in complexity & interacts with
other societies, the complexity of gov’t increases
 Ancient civilizations developed into empires of
large size & diversity by creating large centralized
gov’ts, commerce, & common culture

Persians (Middle East)
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Ruled by Cyrus the Great & later Darius I
Darius I built the Royal Road system and coined some of the
first money used in economic transactions to standardized
commerce
 Shift from a barter economy (trade) to a money/traditional
economy (based on the use of currency, paper, or coins to
represent value)

Rome (Western Europe)

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Went from a kingdom to a republic to an empire through
organized government & disciplined military might
 With the formation of a republic, the Roman Consul and
Senate were introduced
Reached its height in the empire period under Augustus
Declined when Constantine split the empire into East & West
 Formed the Byzantine Empire in its wake
China (East Asia)

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During the Qin Dynasty, Shi Huangdi unifies China into a
central empire & it continues into the Han Dynasty
 Great Wall was built during this time to keep out invaders
Reached its height during the Han Dynasty under Wahl
Han Dynasty instituted a civil service system based on merit &
studying Confucius that lasted until the 1900s

Mesopotamia/Sumer

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Sargon the Great (Akkadians) conquered the Mesopotamian
city-states
 United them under one ruler for the first time
The more complex the gov’t, the stronger the leader is
required to keep it functioning effectively
Persian Empire (Royal Road)
Roman Empire
 Distribution
of power in gov’t is often the result of
how it is organized, combined with contemporary
values & beliefs
 Culture and society shape and change how a gov’t is
organized & carries out responsibilities.

Gov’t in early river civilizations were led by religious
figures (Egypt, Sumer) that were seen as divine.
 Government

Types & Structures
Theocracy
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Led by a religious figure
 Mandate of Heaven
Egypt had a theocracy (Rule gov’t, military, & religion)
 King Menes united Upper & Lower Egypt
 Queen Hatshepsut was the 1st Female Pharoah

Democracy

Led by people
 Representative Democracy
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
Direct Democracy
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Led by a small group or council
Sparta had an oligarchy
 Sparta is a military-minded Greek city-states
Tyranny
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Every citizen has a say in gov’t matters
Athens had a direct democracy
Oligarchy

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People elect or choose their own representatives
The United States has a representative democracy
Led by a person who gains power by force (tyrant)
Has come to have a negative connotation
Aristocracy

Led by a rich ruling class
 Written
codes of law establish legal rules &
regulations that govern a society as well as
informing those in the society of acceptable &
unacceptable behavior

Hammurabi’s Code (Babylon, Middle East) & Justinian
Code (Byzantine Empire, Eastern Europe) reinforced
gov’t responsibility for behaviors & consequences for
unacceptable behavior
 Unifying
laws into a written “code” can be a
unifying factor for a society while reflecting also
duties & obligations of those in the society

Draco’s law & democracy in Greece
 Both
effective distribution of power in gov’t and
order within a society can result from the creation
of a written code of laws

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Codifying laws centralized power for rulers (Hammurabi)
The Twelve Tables were written down in Rome to address
social inequalities between the poor plebeians and the
rich patricians who used the unwritten laws to their
advantage
Hammurabi’s Code
Justinian Code
Draco’s Code
Twelve Tables