Download Macromolecules - Mr. Holmes` Biology

Macromolecules
The substances of LIFE
Macromolecules
• Macro= Large or many
• Molecule= arranged atoms
• Macromolecules= large arrangements of atoms
• Macromolecules are big ORGANIC molecules
What is an Organic Molecule?
• Macromolecules are ORGANIC
• Organic substances are contain Carbon
• All organic molecules are contain carbon in their
basic structure
Carbon
An element that is used by organic life forms to
make molecules of the body.
Carbon molecules can form straight chains,
branched chains or rings
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Contain Carbon
(C)
• C6H12O6
• C12H22O11
• Carbs, Lipids
and Proteins
• Do Not Contain
C
• H2O
• CO2
• CO
Types of Molecules
• A single molecular unit is called a monomer
• Multiple monomers attached together is a
polymer
Monomers and Polymers
This is a glucose
It contains a carbon skeleton with hydrogen
and oxygen attached to it
We can simplify its shape as this
A single unit of this molecule is a MONOMER
Having multiple units is a POLYMER
The Macromolecules of Life:
Carbohydrates
• We begin with carbohydrates…
• Carbohydrates are sugars we eat on a daily basis
• Source of quick energy for our body
• Carbohydrates are ALWAYS found in the Ratio
of :
1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen = 1:2:1
• Remember this shape?
• It is a carbohydrate monomer called glucose
Glucose= C6H12O6 (KNOW FOR TEST)
• The simplest carbohydrate is called glucose
• Glucose is a monomer that is found in sugary
foods such as these
Polymers of carbohydrates look like this
These complex sugars are found in foods like bread, cereal and pasta
When would it be good for your body to eat foods like these?
If glucose molecules are arranged in
different ways, other kinds of Complex
carbs are formed
In plants
In animals
Glycogen:
Starch:
Cellulose:
Used by animals
to store excess
glucose
Used by plants to
store excess
glucose
Used by plants as a
building material
Carbohydrates
•Known as carbs or sugars
•Ratio of 1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen = 1:2:1
•Calories: 4 per glucose
Monomer
Name: Monosaccharide
Example: Glucose
Atoms: C6H12O6
Polymer
Name: Polysaccharide
Example: Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
Atoms: C12H22O11 or more!
Macromolecules
The substances of LIFE
The Macromolecules of Life: Lipids
What can you eat that has more energy than Carbs?
Lipids (fats and
oils) can store enough
energy that they can
even hold a flame!
Lipids contain Contain C, H
and O but in no particular
ratio
What foods contain lipids?
Meats: poultry,
seafood, beef, pork
Dairy: eggs, milk, cheese, butter
Snack foods:
Chips, cookies,
cake, french fries
Uses for Lipids:
1. Long Term Energy
Storage
We use fatty acids for energy when we
work out and carbs. have been used up
2. Structure of cells
Every cell has a cell
membrane that is made of
Phospholipids.
3. Messengers
Steroids are lipids that carry messages
through the blood stream
4. Insulation
Warmth and protection
Lipid Monomers:
A Glycerin
Molecule
And….
Three Fatty
acids
Bonded together,
they form a lipid.
=
Ex: C8H195O4, oils,
waxes, steroids
Lipid polymers are long chains of these Fatty Acids
Types of Lipids
• Two kinds of lipids: saturated and unsaturated.
• Unsaturated fats have at least one double
bond in one of the fatty acids
• Saturated fats have no double bonds.
Macromolecules
The substances of LIFE
If I am trying to get strong,
what do I eat?
a.k.a.
Proteins
Proteins are used as
structural components in all
cells!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xpuu
b2DBB8
Monomers of Proteins are:
Amino acids:
- 20 different
molecules that combine to make all
proteins
These are just
two
Proteins
contain C, H,
O and N
Proteins are
held together
by peptide
bonds
Peptide
bonds are
created
between a
carbon atom
and a
Protein Uses:
Construction:
Proteins build
components inside
and outside our cells
Enzyme
reactions:
Enzymes are special proteins
that build or break down
materials inside or outside
the cells
Nucleic Acids: The cells Blueprint
DNA & RNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid & RiboNucleic Acid
The momoners
that makes nucleic
acids are
NUCLEOTIDES
Phosphate group
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen Base
DNA:
Contains all the genetic material
that is needed by the cell.
It is found in a “Double Helix”,
two twists in a clockwise spiral.
RNA:
A single strand of Nucleotides that
carries genetic material out of the
nucleus to be processed.