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Group no: 5
Muhammad Hussain
Hafiz Maqsood Alam
Sara Mehboob
What is Polio?
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polio= gray matter
Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord.
Viral infectious disease.
Attacks the nerve cells of the brain & spinal cord.
Contagious.
Also called “Infantile paralysis”.
Paralyzes limbs.
Death.
Virus enters from nose or mouth and travels to the
intestines and incubate there.
When was it reported?
Poliomyelitis was recorded in the late 1700’s with the
first epidemic in the late 1800’s.
Epidemic of 1916
 1916 killed 6,000 people and left 27,000 more paralyzed.
 In US.
Epidemic of 1952
 60,000 cases were reported in US alone.
 Caused 3000 deaths.
 Mostly children.
 No vaccine no treatment was available.
First Vaccine
 In 1952 Jonas Salk was the first to develop Polio Vaccine.
 Major test was done that involved 1.8 million children in 44
states.
 Results were announced on 12th April 1955.
 Vaccine was public available in 1955.
 Cases of polio dropped from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by
1957 and by 1961 only 161 cases were reported.
Polio vaccines today
Two types of polio vaccines are available today
 First was developed by Jonas Salk in 1952.
1. Inactivated Polio virus (IPV).
2. Injection form.
 Second was developed by Albert Sabin licensed in 1962.
1. Attenuated virus.
2. Oral drop form.
IPV
 Jonas Salk developed it through the use of HeLa cell lines.
 It is based on 3 wild type viruses
Type 1 poliovirus (Mahoney)
Type 2 poliovirus (MEF-1)
Type 3 poliovirus (Sakuett)
 Inactivated with Formalin.
 The injected vaccine confers IgG-mediated immunity in
the bloodstream.
 In 2002 a vaccine having 5 components was introduced.
 Pediarix ( diphtheria, tetanus, DTaP and hepatitis B ).
Drawbacks of IPV
 The original vaccine actually induced 206 cases and 10
deaths.
 Unable to produce much immunity in the intestine.
 Allergy to any component of IPV, including the antibiotics
neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B, should not get
polio vaccine.
 Sore spot where the shot was given.
Vaccine administration
 Babies are given 4 doses through out their infancy.
A dose at 2 months
A dose at 4 months
A dose at 6-18 months
A booster dose at 4-6 years
 Some "combination" vaccines contain IPV. Children
getting these vaccines may get one more (5th) dose of
polio vaccine. This is not a problem.
Vaccine administration
 Adolescents and adults should get vaccinated as well.
1. Who have never been vaccinated against polio should get 3 doses of
IPV:
Two doses separated by 1 to 2 months, and
A third dose 6 to 12 months after the second.
2. Who have had 1 or 2 doses of polio vaccine in the past should get the
remaining 1 or 2 doses. It doesn't matter how long it has been since the
earlier dose(s).
3. Who have had 3 or more doses of polio vaccine in the past may get a
booster dose of IPV.
 You should get it if you travel outside places where polio is
still an epidemic.
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
 Albert Sabin produced this vaccine by weakening the virus.
 There are 57 nucleotide substitutions in attenuated Sabin 1
strain.
 Mutation in internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
 The attenuated virus replicates efficiently in intestine but
cant replicate efficiently with nervous system tissues .
 Three type of vaccines were made
Type 1 and 2 Monovalent oral polio vaccine (MOPV)
Type 3 MOPV
Trivalent OPV (TOVP)
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
 It is usually provided in vials containing 10-20 doses of
vaccine.
 Single dose (2 drops) contain
1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1.
100,000 units of Sabin 2 strains
600,000 units of Sabin 3 strains.
Small traces of neomycin and streptomycin.
 Produces excellent immunity in intestines.
 Immunity initiated with OPV is probably lifelong.
Drawbacks of OPV
 Live virus shed through stool and can get spread In the
community.
 cannot be used for patients with compromised immune
systems.
 Another disadvantage of the Sabin oral vaccine is that
those who have an enterovirus infection of the
gastrointestinal tract when taking the oral vaccine may not
develop the immune response.
Vaccine administration
 The Sabin oral vaccine is given in 3 doses in the first two
years of life
 A booster is given when the child starts school.
 Further boosters are not given unless the patient is exposed
to polio.
 Traveling to an endemic region.
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation
Program
 The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
(VICP) is a federal program that was created to
compensate people who may have been injured by
certain vaccines.
 Persons who believe they may have been injured by a
vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a
claim by calling 1-800-338-2382
To Eradicate Polio
 Aim is to eradicate polio.
 United Nations have take the initiative to eradicate
polio.
 Polio vaccines are distributed worldwide free of cost.
 There is an association made in every country for the
awareness and administration of polio vaccine.