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Dictators in Power Italy • Benito Mussolini • The Treaty of Versailles didn’t help Italy • Public fear of communist takeover • High unemployment and civil unrest Mussolini • Founded the Fascist party • A military government that controls ALL aspects of society • To oppose the communists Mussolini • He limited freedom of speech, arrested or killed political opponents, and restricted voting rights • Spent big money to build up the Italian military • 1935- Italy attacked Ethiopia to reestablish an empire Germany • Adolph Hitler • Post WWI unemployment and inflation led to depression and discontent Hitler • 1932- National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) won control of German government • 1933- Hitler became chancellor Hitler • He promised to retake traditional German land (which was taken in the Treaty of Versailles) • Spent BIG money to build up the military Hitler • Imprisoned, tortured, killed, or removed any opponents • Wrote “Mein Kampf ” (My Struggle) which blamed Jews, intellectuals, and communists for Germany’s decline Russia/USSR • Joseph Stalin • 1924- After the death of Lenin, Stalin emerged the new Soviet leader Stalin • Stalin worked to make the Soviet Union a totalitarian state (quite the opposite of Communist ideals) • Stalin purged all political opponents from the Soviet government (Anyone who resisted Stalin was executed or worked to death in a Siberian gulag Japan • General Hideki Tojo • 1868 to 1920 - Japan started to industrialize and compete with the Western World (including military defeats of Russia and Korea) • 1920s - The military wanted to create an empire with minimal reliance on foreign imports and little Western influence Tojo • Tojo (a young military leader) called this vision the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." • The Japanese military provoked the traditional samurai fighting spirit by removing the words surrender, retreat, and defense from the military instruction manual • 1931- Japan invades Manchuria • 1937- Japan invades China