Download Animal Body Systems - McCreary County Schools

ANIMALS
SPECIALIZED CELLS & BODY SYSTEMS
SPECIALIZED CELLS: BLOOD
• BLOOD: FLUID THAT TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES THROUGHOUT THE BODY
• MADE OF 2 MAIN SUBSTANCES:
• 1. PLASMA: 90% WATER PLUS DISSOLVED PROTEINS, GLUCOSE, MINERAL
IONS, HORMONES, & CARBON DIOXIDE.
• 2. BLOOD CELLS: 3 TYPES:
• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)= CARRIES OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE
BODY (MOST NUMEROUS)
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)= DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE
• PLATELETS= FORM BLOOD CLOTS
SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE
• MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY. THEY MOVE
THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS
• THREE MAIN TYPES
1. SKELETAL
2. CARDIAC
3. SMOOTH
• MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE
SO MUCH ENERGY)
SPECIALIZED CELLS: EPITHELIUM
• EPITHELIAL CELLS FORM THE LINING OF STRUCTURES.
• THIS INCLUDES:
• SKIN
• LINING OF BODY CAVITIES
• THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
1. SQUAMOUS: FLAT, THIN, AND SOFT. THESE LINE CHEEKS, BLOOD VESSELS,
LUNGS, AND OTHER BODY CAVITIES.
2. CUBOIDAL: CUBE-SHAPED
3. COLUMNAR: LINE THE SMALL INTESTINE.
BODY SYSTEMS: RESPIRATORY
• RESPIRATION: MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS (BREATHING)
INSPIRATION: BREATHING IN
EXPIRATION: BREATHING OUT
INVOLVES THE
LUNGS
TRACHEA
BRONCHIAL TUBES
ALVEOLI
BODY SYSTEMS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR MANY SUBSTANCES (INCLUDING BLOOD)
• INVOLVES THE
• HEART= PUMP SYSTEM
• VEINS= CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART
• ARTERIES= CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
• BLOOD VESSELS= FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND VARY IN SIZE
BODY SYSTEMS: SKELETAL SYSTEM
• PROVIDES SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BODY, MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF
BONES
• INVOLVES
• BONES= MADE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
• JOINTS= WHERE BONES COME TOGETHER.
1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT: LIKE HIP OR SHOULDER
2. HINGE JOINT: LIKE KNEE OR ELBOW
3. IMMOVABLE JOINT: LIKE THE SKULL
• CARTILAGE= FLEXIBLE TISSUE THAT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT
BODY SYSTEMS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER MOLECULES THAT THE
CELL CAN USE
• INVOLVES:
• MOUTH= TEETH MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD
• ESOPHAGUS= PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS (THROAT)
• STOMACH= BREAKS DOWN FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE (VERY ACIDIC)
• SMALL INTESTINE= ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
• LARGE INTESTINE= WATER IS REABSORBED BY THE BODY & WASTES ARE EXPELLED
BODY SYSTEMS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• MALES HAVE
• SPERM
• TESTES= GLANDS THAT PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE
• FEMALES HAVE
• OVARIES= RELEASE EGGS
• FALLOPIAN TUBE= PATH OF EGGS TO UTERUS
• UTERUS= PLACE FOR EMBRYO (BABY) TO DEVELOP
SPERM + EGG= ZYGOTE (WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A FETUS UNTIL FINAL A
BABY IS BORN)
BODY SYSTEMS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• ENABLES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENT
• ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF ORGANS
• THREE TYPES
• 1. SKELETAL= ATTACHED TO BONES AND MOVES THE BODY (VOLUNTARY)
• 2. SMOOTH= LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND MAKE UP THE WALLS OF VESSELS
(INVOLUNTARY)
• 3. CARDIAC= FOUND IN THE HEART (INVOLUNTARY)
BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CONTROLS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF THE BODY
• NEURONS= NERVE CELLS
• SENSORY NEURONS GET INFO FROM YOUR 5 SENSES
• MOTOR NEURONS CARRY INFO FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES TO CAUSE
ACTION
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• SPINAL CORD
BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.
• CARRIES IMPULSES FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO THE REST OF THE BODY
• AUTONOMIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE GLANDS
& SMOOTH MUSCLES.
• SOMATIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE SKELETAL
MUSCLES
BODY SYSTEMS: URINARY SYSTEM
• PRODUCES, TEMPORARILY STORES, AND ELIMINATES WASTE (URINE)
• INVOLVES THE
• KIDNEYS= FILTERS LIQUID WASTE AND PRODUCES URINE
• URETERS= PATHWAY OF URINE TO BLADDER
• BLADDER= HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE
• URETHRA= TUBE THAT TAKES URINE FROM THE BLADDER OUT OF THE BODY
BODY SYSTEMS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• REGULATES THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BODY FUNCTION
• TWO TYPES OF GLANDS:
• EXOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO BODY CAVITY OR ONTO
SKIN’S SURFACE. EX. SWEAT GLANDS & MAMMARY GLANDS
• ENDOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM.
• HORMONES INCLUDE: GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, ADRENALINE, &
THYROXIN
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM
• CELLS AND TISSUES THAT DEFEND THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS
-INVOLVES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CONNECTING NETWORK AMONG PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• LYMPH= FLUID CONTAINED IN LYMPH VESSELS
• TISSUE FLUID= SURROUNDS CELLS AND CONSISTS OF WATER AND LEUKOCYTES
• LYMPH NODES= MASSES OF TISSUE LOCATED AT INTERVALS ALONG THE LYMPH VESSELS
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM
• SPLEEN= LARGEST LYMPH ORGAN
• INFLAMMATION= LOCALIZES THE INFECTION AND ALLOWS THE BODY TO DESTROY
PATHOGENS
• FEVER= INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE
• ANTIGEN= VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI (WHATEVER THE INVADING ORGANISM)
• ANTIBODIES= SPECIFIC TO ONE ANTIGEN. BINDS TO ANTIGEN AND BLOCKS EFFECTS.
BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM
• IMMUNITY= ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE.
• ACTIVE IMMUNITY=
• ACQUIRED WHEN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED IN THE BODY. (YOU
GET SICK AND YOUR BODY BUILDS UP ITS IMMUNITY)
• LONG TERM IMMUNITY
• PASSIVE IMMUNITY=
• WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY. (FROM MOTHER TO
INFANT THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING)
• SHORT TERM IMMUNITY
RECAP OF BODY SYSTEMS
• RESPIRATORY
• MUSCULAR
• CIRCULATORY
• NERVOUS
• SKELETAL
• URINARY
• DIGESTIVE
• ENDOCRINE
• REPRODUCTIVE
• IMMUNE