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PLANT DIVERSITY
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PLANT
CHARACTERISTICS
AND ADAPTIONS
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
 Multicellular
eukaryotes
 Photosynthetic
 Non-motile
 Cell
autotrophs
(fixed to one spot)
walls made of cellulose
 Responds
to environment and grows
through the use of hormones
PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON
WHETHER OR NOT THEY HAVE
1.
Vascular System (transport)
2.
Seeds
3.
Flowers (enclosed seeds)
EARLY PLANTS
Came from the water
 First plants evolved from multicellular green algae

Some Adaptations (solutions)1. Parts extending into both air and soil
2. Develop a vascular system to transport
resources in plant
3. Have a protective outer layer – cuticle
(waxy) keeps from drying out
4. Specialized structures for reproduction
(spores & seeds)
PLANT LIFE CYCLE
PLANT LIFE CYCLEALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
diploid phase
haploid phase
(produce sperm)
(produce egg)
BRYOPHYTES
(NONVASCULAR
PLANTS)
BRYOPHYTES-NONVASCULAR
1.
Most primitive plants
2.
Found in moist, shady areas
3.
NO vascular (transport) system
4.
Small size due to no vascular tissue
5.
No true roots, stems, or leaves
6.
Needs water for reproduction.
7.
Reproduces using spores, (a water-proof single
cell that can grow into a new organism)
8.
Most common example: Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts
liverworts
Bryophytes
Mosses
hornworts
TRACHEOPHYTES AND
VASCULAR TISSUE
TRACHEOPHYTES
-VASCULAR PLANTS



Contains two types of specialized vascular
tissues for transport within the plant: xylem
and phloem
Allowed plants to become tall.
Has specialized organs:
roots, stems, and leaves.
Divided into 2 groups:
seedless vs. seeds
VASCULAR TISSUE
 Conducts
water & nutrients
throughout the plant.
 Moves fluids through plant body even
against gravity
 Xylem: transports water and
minerals from roots to every part of
plant (zip up the xylem)
 Phloem: transports nutrients &
carbohydrates produced by
photosynthesis (phloem= food)
PLANT PARTS…
 Roots-
absorb water & minerals
 Leaves-
photosynthetic organs that contain
vascular tissue
 Veins
(vascular tissue)- xylem & phloem
 Stems
Support structure
 connects roots & leaves
 carrying water

FERNS (SEEDLESS
TRACHEOPHYTES)
FERNS AND RELATIVES
Seedless vascular plant
 Have true roots, stems, and large
leaves (fronds)
 Examples: Ferns, Club Mosses,
Horsetails
 Reproduce using spores; still need
water

GYMNOSPERMS
(SEEDED CONE
TRACHEOPHYTES)
GYMNOSPERMS (NAKED SEED)
Examples
 Cycad (Sago palm)
 Ginkgo
 Conifer (pine)
Sago Palm
Ginkgo
Ginkgo
GYMNOSPERMS (NAKED SEED)
 Adaptations
–reproduce water free
 Transfer of sperm by pollination
 Protection of embryos in seeds
 Cones and pollen
 Seeds can remain dormant for years
Sequoia
GYMNOSPERMS
1.
2.
3.
Most common are Conifers
Conifers have leaves called
needles or scales
Reduce water loss and
prevents freezing
Pine
Juniper
CONIFER REPRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
Male cones produce
pollen and the female
cone produces eggs and
seeds.
Pollen is inefficiently
transferred by the wind.
Once mature, the scales
on the female cone dry
out and open scattering
the seeds by the wind.
Pollen
Cone
Pollen
Seed
Cone
ANGIOSPERMS
(SEEDED FLOWERING
TRACHEOPHYTES)
ANGIOSPERMS- ENCLOSED SEEDS
 Flowers
are reproductive organs
 Encourage direct and efficient pollen
transfer
 Fruit: pollinated ovaries
 Diversity: Monocots and dicots
 Woody and Herbacious stems
 Trees vs. sunflowers
 Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
fibrous roots
taproot
FRUIT CAN AID IN DISPERSAL OF SEED TO REDUCE
COMPETITION WITH PARENT PLANT.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Winged fruit – gliding
(maple fruit)
Floating fruit – floats
(coconut)
Fleshy fruit - survive the
digestive system of
animals that eat the fruit
(apple)
Spiny fruit- Velcro like
projections attach to
animal fur (cockleburs)
Maple seeds: Winged fruit
Burdock: Spiny fruit