Download Organization and regulation of body systems

ORGANIZATION
AND REGULATION
OF BODY SYSTEMS
Histology by Abdullah
INTRODUCTION

What is histology?
Histo: tissue
 Logy: study of


What does tissue mean?

A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same
type
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HUMAN TISSUES

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Forming of tissues: A tissue is composed of
specialized cells of the same type
In humans: tissue can categories into 4 types:

Connective tissue: binds , support and protect
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Epithelial tissue: lining and covering

Muscle tissue: movement

Nervous tissue: receives + send information and
conduct body impulses
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE


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Connective tissue: type of tissue which support ,
bind and protect body parts.
diverse in structure and function but it's mainly
support ,binds and protect things in our body
All typed have 3 similar components:
specialized cells
 ground substances "none cellular materials"
 protein fibers

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Types of connective tissue cells:
 Fibroblasts are large, flat cells with branching
processes and usually are the most numerous.
 Macrophages are phagocytes a type of white
blood cell.
 Plasma cells are an important part of the body’s
immune response.
 Mast cells are involved in the inflammatory
response and also kill bacteria.
 Adipocytes are fat cells.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

It varies in consistency:

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Solid : bone
Semisolid : cartilage
Fluid : blood
Types of fibers: There are 3 possible types of
fibers:

Wight collagen fibers: a protein that gives them flexibility and
strength, made up of collagen.

Reticular fibers: very thin collagen fibers highly branched that
form delicate supporting network , made up of collagen type 3.

Yellow Elastic fibers: a protein that is not strong as collagen
but more elastic, it can stretch and return to it normal shape
made up of elastin.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE



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There is certain diseases can affect connective
tissue and causing disorders
E.g: marfan syndrome : mutation in the fibrillin
gene lead to connective tissue disorder.
It will affect places that are rich with elastic
fibers eg. Aorta “aorta cant expand in this
disease”
People with this disease die with aortic rupture.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Type of connective tissue
Fibrous Connective Supportive
Tissue
Connective Tissue:
Fluid Connective
Tissue:
• Loose: Fibers create
• Cartilage: Solid yet
loose, open framework.
flexible matrix
• Blood: Contained in
blood vessels
• Dense: Fibers are
densely packed
• Bone: Solid & rigid
matrix
• Lymph: Contained in
lymphatic vessels
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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS:


Fibrous connective tissue:

Fibrous exists in 2 forms: loose fibrous tissue and dense fibrous
tissue

both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and
elastic fibers.
 Fibroblast cells separated by jellylike ground substance called
matrix “ground substances and fibers”.
Loose fibrous connective tissue


Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue.
Dense fibrous connective tissue
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LOOSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Is loosely arranged among the many cells.



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
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Include areolar and reticular
Found in lungs and arteries and urinary bladder, allow
these to expand
Adipose Tissue:
Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue where fat
is stored. Adipose tissue is found beneath the skin, around
the kidneys, and on the surface of the heart.
It can release hormone called leptin regulate appetite“
appetite control in brain”
Cell are enlarged, has little matrix
Use for energy and insulation and organ protection.
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DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Contains more numerous, thicker, and denser
fibers (more closely packed). Found in tendons,
and in ligaments.
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SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Cartilage consists of a dense network of collagen
fibers or elastic fibers.

The cells of mature cartilage, called chondrocytes
occur singly or in groups within spaces called
lacunae.
Since cartilage has no blood supply, it heals
poorly following an injury.
 Three are 3 types of cartilage distinguished by
types of fibers:
 1.Hyaline cartilage
 2.Fibrocartilage
 3.Elastic cartilage

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TYPE OF CARTILAGE
Name
Consist
location
Hyaline cartilage
collagen fibers
Nose, ends of long
bones, and fetal
skeleton
Elastic cartilage
Has more elastic
fibers than hyaline
cartilage
Outer ear
Has strong collagen
fibers
Disks between
vertebrae
fibrocartilage
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SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone:

Is the most rigid connective tissue.

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Cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts are
responsible of forming the matrix of inorganic
salts specially calcium. The cells found in
chambers called lacunae.
It supports soft tissues, protects delicate
structures, and works with skeletal muscles to
generate movement
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BONE MATRIX
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TYPES OF BONE
Compact
made of repeating
circular units called
osteons which contain
the hard matrix,
living cells, and blood
vessels.
 Location: Shafts of
long bones

spongy
an open latticework
with irregular spaces
 Location: Ends of long
bones

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COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE
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FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blood: made of a fluid matrix called plasma and
cellular components that are called formed
elements
 3 formed elements:
 1.Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – cells that carry
oxygen
 2.White blood cells (leukocytes) – cells that fight
infection
 3.Platelets (thrombocytes) – pieces of cells that
clot blood

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BLOOD , 3 FORMED ELEMENTS
Blood plasma
surrounding
the 3 elements
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FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: LYMPH

Matrix is a fluid called lymph.

White blood cells congregate in lymph nodes.

Lymph cleans as it passes through lymph nods
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