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Download 1930`s Political Ideologies Democracy viewed as weak, indecisive
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1930’s Political Ideologies Democracy viewed as weak, indecisive Fascism: (Bundle of Sticks) can’t break them Begins in France spreads to Europe Established in Italy under Mussolini, 1922 Germany Fascism attractive in Germany after WW1 to challenge struggling Weimar Republic1. Democracy was seen as a problem, not a solution. Weimar viewed as weak and dysfunctional Viewed human existence and nations in perpetual war/struggle Hitler offers clear solution to this vision through remilitarization and conquest 2. Europeans feared Soviet style communist takeover Fascism/Nazism was the answer Fascist nations by 1939- Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, Bulgaria, Japan, Romania Nazism Nazi short for National Socialists Builds upon racist rhetoric of 1920s Austria Aryans (Anglo-Saxons) considered most highly evolved humans Jews (and others) considered racially inferior Jews blamed for conspiring to control world through international finance“Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion” Hitler also viewed communism as a Jewish conspiracy Communism 1848 Karl Marx, German philosopher creates communist ideology 1017, Lenin leads working class revolution in Russia Solution: overthrow capitalism (business owners) and establish government/worker control of economy Democracy/Capitalism Britain, US, France Pre-war US Diplomacy, Japan, and Pearl Harbor US isolationist during 1930s Examples: Neutrality Act of 1935 imposed an embargo on trading arms with warring countries Neutrality Act of 1936 banned loans to warring countries US Intervention Hitler invades Poland Sept. 1, 1939 2 days later Britain/France declare war on Germany “Phony War” ensues- lack of military action April 1940, Germany launches Blitzkrieg or lightening war Invasion of Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, France Nazis sign nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union, 1939- Soviets neutralized Britain and US left remaining 1940 The London Blitz, 6 months of German bombing of London, killing 50,000 leaving 500,000 homeless- over 100 tons of high explosives Neutrality reconsidered Intervention #1- congress passes the Lend Lease Act, 1941 Provides arms to maintain British survival (later to Soviets after German invasion June, 1941) US effectively enters war Intervention #2 The Atlantic Charter- joint declaration between FDR and Winston Churchill Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 Marks official US WWII Involvement Japanese Imperialism Japan became imperial power; developed racist attitude against Asian neighbors Invades Manchuria, China 1930- no action taken by League of Nations Launch full scale invasion in 1937 known as the Rape of Nankinghorrific atrocities Deaths disputed- 50,000-400,000 Japan refuses to accept responsibility or apologize to this day Japan/China relations today- not good Japan signed Tripartice Pact, 1940 Alliance of Japan, Germany, Italy Prime Minister Hideki Tojo started war preparations Sept, 1941 US aware, didn’t know when Dec. 7 Japan attacks Killed 2,400 US Americans Destroyed 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 200 airplanes Reasons for Japanese Attack Demoralize US Incapacitate US as Japan pursued oil elsewhere in south Asia Draw US into war in Pacific to keep it out of Europe Outcome Bolstered US determination to fight Tactical failure; no damage to repair facilities, oil reserves, aircraft carriers Declaration war signed Dec 8 2 days later Germany declared war on US “I am afraid we have awakened a sleeping giant” Admiral Isoroku Yamamto, Japan War Mobilization WWII does more than end Great Depression Economy takes off, full employment Inflation, not depression era deflation, was a problem GDP; 1940 $99 billion 1945 $211 billion Production increased dramatically- the “sleeping giant” was awakened 100 largest corporations got 2/3 of all military contracts 86,000 tanks/296,00 airplanes built Kaiser takes 17 days rather than 1 year for ship construction War created demand for 7 million jobs Most jobs filled by women as welders, riveters, drill press operators, blast furnace cleaners Scientific developments spur postwar economy- nuclear, plastics, chemicals, synthetics Sets in place historically unprecedented postwar economic growth Financing Revenue Act of 1942 raised taxes on all Americans- 43 million Americans pay income and/or payroll taxes War bonds- patriotic act; also kept inflation low. Why” 7 bond drives oversubscribed African Americans Energized civil rights movement, black activism Double “V” campaign; victory over Nazism abroad, victory against racism at home FDR’s FEPC (1941) staved off “March on Washington” Totalitarianism abroad questioned segregation at home Support for War US overwhelmingly supports war effort High morale Moral war (the good war) freedom over totalitarianism Most sacrifice little; war viewed as a good time Background: Axis Powers and leaders Germany- Hitler Italy- Mussolini Japan- Tojo Allies and leaders Great Britain -Churchill US- FDR Soviet Union- Stalin Mobilization in Europe 1939-41 Invasion of Poland 1939-1940 “phony war” 1940 Hitler launches Blitzkrieg, controls Poland June 22, 1941: Hitler attacks Russia in Operation Barbarossa, ending the nonaggression pact Largest attack in military history 1942 German armies pushed deep into Soviet territory near Moscow and Leningrad Hitler started North Africa offensive- capture Suez Canal 1943 Turning Point Soviets halt German advance and win Battle of Stalingrad (present-day Ukraine Germans lost 333,000; Soviets 550,000 Allies (mostly US) defeat Germans in North Africa fulfilling FDRs promise to Stalin for second front Italy withdrawals Allies attack German forces through Italy- Europe’s “soft underbelly” 1944 Soviets push Germany out of Russia by mid 1944 D-Day; June 6, 1944. 1.5 million troops cross English Channel to beaches of Normandy, France; aka Operation Overlord Allies bomb German military and industrial installations- level Dresden, Cologne, Berlin, causing 1 million casualties- many civilian Germans counterattack in the Battle of the Bulge, December. 1944. Germans defeated after 10 days fierce fighting 1945 FDR dies April 12, 1945 from cerebral hemorrhage, Truman takes over Germans surrender May 8, 1945; V-E Day War in the Pacific 1941 Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941 Within 3 month Japan invades; Guam, Hong Kong, Wake Island, Burma, Philippines, Malaya Grim situation 1942 Summer 1942, us launches “island hopping” campaign May 7-8 Battle of Coral Sea protects Australia In June, Battle of Midway inflicts major damage on both sides 1943-44 1943 Battle o Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands 1944 Reconquest of Philippines- Japan incurs major losses 1945 To attack Japanese mainland, US needed islands Iwo Jima (Feb.) and Okinawa (April) Japan fiercely defends islands; 14,000 US killed US bombing of mainland killed over 330,000 civilians, crippled economy Japan starts suicide kamikaze missions and refuses to surrender Aug. 6 and 9. US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively.