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The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816 APUSH Lecture 3A Mrs. Kray Some slides taken from Susan Pojer and AMSCO review book The “Virtuous Republic” 1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens. 2. A selfless, educated citizenry. 3. Elections should be frequent. 4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms. 5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances]. 6. The need for a written Constitution. 7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”] 8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens. [“Republican Womanhood”]. The “Revolution” of 1800 Election created much animosity & partisanship He sought to calm Federalist fears by keeping some of their policies ◦ Inaugural Address: “We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans” ◦ Maintained national debt & continued Hamilton’s debt-repayment plan ◦ Carried on neutrality policies of Jefferson & Adams. Republican Simplicity: Implementing Jefferson’s Policies Reduced the size of the military (ex. Republican Simplicity) ◦ There had been a military build-up due to Quasi-War ◦ Later forced to increase military size b/c of Barbary Pirates Eliminated many federal jobs but dismissed few public servants for political reasons (ex. Republican Simplicity) Repealed the excise taxes – including whiskey tax ◦ Felt Whiskey Rebellion was free speech Lowered the national debt Only selected Republicans to his cabinet ◦ Did not want the internal divisions that divided Washington THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE, 1803 Background on the Louisiana Territory Louisiana was a large and mostly unexplored tract of western land through which the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flowed ◦ New Orleans = most valuable property in the territory in terms of commerce 1800: Napoleon Bonaparte had secretly forced Spain to give Louisiana back to France so he could create a new French Empire 1803: Napoleon lost interest in his plan, why? ◦ Napoleonic Wars in Europe intensified ◦ Haitian rebellion by Toussant l’Overture against French rule resulted in heavy French losses U.S. Interest in Mississippi River By 1800, our western frontier extended beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indian Territory ◦ This region depended on transporting goods on rivers that flowed into the Mississippi and southward to New Orleans for their economic survival 1802: Spain revoked our right of deposit; western settlers demanded action Jefferson feared so long as a foreign power controlled New Orleans, the U.S. risked foreign entanglements Negotiating the Purchase Jefferson sent diplomats to France with instructions to purchase New Orleans and a small strip of land extending between New Orleans and Florida for $10 million ◦ If negotiations failed, diplomats were to head to Britain and negotiate and U.S.-British alliance French ministers offered to sell us the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million b/c France desperate for $$$ in war against England U.S. diplomats accepted, but is it constitutional? ◦ Strict vs. Loose Interpretation Jefferson sets aside his beliefs for what he perceived as the greater good of the nation Impact of the Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the U.S. Removed foreign presence from out borders Guaranteed extension of western frontier ◦ Jefferson hoped acquisition of millions of acres of land would further his vision for the country as a nation of citizen farmers Increased Jefferson’s popularity Showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist party b/c they opposed purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Expedition funded by Congress to explore the trans-Mississippi West Benefits of the expedition ◦ Greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region ◦ Stronger U.S. claims to Oregon Territory ◦ Better relations with American Indians ◦ More accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers THE MARSHALL COURT, 1800-1834 John Marshall After the Election of 1800 the only branch of government still in Federalist control was the judicial branch Marshall was appointed by John Adams in the final months of Adams’ presidency ◦ Chief justice for 34 years His decisions generally strengthened the central government at the expense of states rights ◦ Decisions also tended to be pro-business and favored contracts Marbury v. Madison, 1803 When Jefferson became president he wanted to block the Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams during his final days in office (midnight judges) ◦ Order his Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions to those federal judges One of Adams’ midnight judges, William Marbury sued for his commission First major case decided by Marshall that would put him in direct conflict with Jefferson The Principle of Judicial Review The Marbury v. Madison ruling ◦ Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789 ◦ However, Marshall said that act had given the Court more power than the constitution allowed and therefore the law was unconstitutional so Marbury would not receive his commission What it all means: ◦ Marshall sacrificed what would have been a small federalist victory (Marbury’s appointment) for a greater one ◦ The decision created the principle of judicial review; Supreme Court now had the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was constitutional Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government Judicial Impeachments Partisan federalist judges tried to block Jefferson’s Republican agenda with their decisions when possible Jefferson supported a campaign of impeachment to remove Federalist judges ◦ One federal district judge found to be mentally unbalanced; he was impeached & removed ◦ The House also voted to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase but he was ultimately acquitted in the Senate Ensured impeachment would not become a political tool Threat of impeachment caused the judges to be more cautious and less partisan in their decisions JEFFERSON’S 2ND TERM Although Jefferson was incredibly popular and won reelection in 1804 by an overwhelming margin, his 2nd term was marked by growing difficulties Jefferson faced opposition from Old Republicans (“Quids”) who accused him of abandoning his Republican principles The Problem of Aaron Burr After Election of 1800 Electoral College fiasco, Burr not re-nominated in 1804 to be Jefferson’s vice president ◦ He became a problem for the Jefferson Administration Federalist Conspiracy ◦ Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England federalists (Essex Junto) ◦ Planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804 election, then unite the state with the New England states and secede from the nation ◦ Alexander Hamilton discovered the plan and convinced his federalist allies not to elect Burr Burr Kills Hamilton, 1804 Angered by an insulting remark made by Hamilton, Burr challenged him to a duel and fatally shot him Burr became a political outcast Burr’s Trial for Treason, 1806 Burr’s scheming turned westward with a plan to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana in order to make himself a king When Jefferson learned of the conspiracy he ordered Burr arrested for treason ◦ John Marshall was the judged who presided over the trial Burr was acquitted ◦ b/c Marshall defined the definition of treason so narrowly Burr’s actions did not meet his definition Difficulties Abroad Jefferson tried to emulate Washington and Adams’ policies of avoiding war, rejecting permanent alliances, and maintaining neutrality despite increasing provocations from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars Challenges to U.S. Neutrality ◦ French and British blockades led to those countries frequently seizing the ships of neutral nations and seizing their cargoes b/c Britain’s navy was stronger they were the worst offender from the U.S. point of view ◦ U.S. also angered by British policy of impressment Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807 A few miles off the coast of Virginia, the British warship Leopard, demanded that the captain of the U.S. warship Chesapeake hand over 4 sailors that were alleged British deserters ◦ U.S. captain refused Leopard opened fire on the Cheasapeake ◦ 3 killed and 4 impressed Anti-British feeling ran high and many Americans demanded war The Embargo Act, 1807 Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass this act as an alternative to war ◦ Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port ◦ Jefferson hoped it would damage Britain’s economy b/c we were their largest trading partner The Impact of the Embargo The embargo backfired, it brought much greater economic hardship to the USA than to Britain ◦ New England, the center of U.S. trade hit hard ◦ Many merchants & ship owners were Federalists and talk of secession emerged Became a political liability for Jefferson ◦ Federalists did better in elections of 1808 ◦ Jefferson repealed embargo days before he left office in 1809 but even after repeal U.S. prevented from trading with Britain and France The only good thing was the embargo forced our infant industries to develop more quickly THE PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MADISON The Election of 1808 Jefferson honors two-term tradition started by Washington ◦ Supports his protégé, Madison Madison wins the presidency but Federalists gain seats in Congress due to unhappiness w/embargo Commercial Warfare Madison’s presidency was dominated by same European problems that plagued Jefferson in his 2nd term. ◦ Like Jefferson he tried to use a combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with the Napoleonic Wars ◦ Nonintercourse Act of 1809 Americans could trade with all nation’s except France and England ◦ Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) U.S. economy still suffering under Nonintercourse Act. Congress proposed a bill that would restore trade with either Britain or France in exchange for their promise to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea and the U.S. would prohibit trade with that country’s enemy ◦ Napoleon’s Deception He announces plan to revoke the decrees that violated U.S. neutrality and Madison implemented Macon’s Bill, thus prohibiting trade with Britain French continued to seize American ships THE WAR OF 1812 Causes of the War of 1812: Violation of U.S. neutrality ◦ Needed free trade for our survival ◦ Impressments Trouble w/Britain on our western frontier Other Factors: ◦ General sympathy for France ◦ Desire for territorial expansion A Closer Look at Neutrality Issue: The U.S. Desire for Free Seas and Trade U.S. depended upon the free flow of shipping across the Atlantic for our economic survival and prosperity ◦ British and French blockades led to frequent violations of a neutral rights as sea From U.S. perspective British violations were worse ◦ Their navy was strong ◦ British practice of impressment was especially upsetting to Americans A Closer Look at Frontier Pressures Americans desire for expansion ◦ Westerners longed for the lands of British Canada and Spanish Florida ◦ Standing in the way were the British and their Indian and Spanish allies Conflicts with American Indians ◦ This was an ongoing problem for westerners ◦ 1811: Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Prophet attempted to unite the tribes east of the Mississippi River in a new Indian Confederacy The Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe Engraving of British General Brock meeting with Tecumseh ◦ Rumors swirled that the British were supplying Tecumseh and Prophet with weapons and encouraging them to rebel Cause: Election of the War Hawks Midterm Election of 1810 brought a group of new, young DemocraticRepublicans to Congress, many of whom were from frontier states ◦ Known as the war hawks for their eagerness for war with Britain ◦ Argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier Quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives British delays in meeting U.S. demands over neutral rights Political pressures from the war hawk Congress Finally persuaded Madison to seek a declaration of war but nation was divided Irony: Neither country really wanted war Madison was re-elected But election showed there was division in the country over the war NE Merchants • Suffered significant loss in trade • Protestant background made them more sympathetic to Brits than Catholic French Federalists • Opposed on principle • Viewed war as Republican scheme to grab land (Canada & Florida) to increase their voting strength “Quids” • Felt war violated classic Republican commitment to limited federal power and to maintenance of peace British advantage: overwhelming military superiority Strategy: Hope Napoleon wars continue ◦ British military would be divided & pre-occupied so they won’t be focused on war with us Invade Canada Complete failure. Other invasion efforts also failed. By 1813, British navy was less preoccupied w/Napoleon and began effectively counterattacking our privateers Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry was victorious and gained control of Lake Erie. We had also gained control of Lake Ontario. Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians 1814 Napoleon was defeated. British could focus full attention on U.S. August 24, 1814 British troops entered Washington D.C. and burned the White House Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner “Oh Say Can You See, By the Dawn’s Early Light. . .” Radical Federalists in New England were strongly opposed to the war and to the Democratic-Republican government in Washington ◦ Urged that the constitution be amended and as a last resort, secession be discussed The convention was held to discuss those issues At the convention more moderate Federalists rejected calls for secession but did make a number of proposals to limit the growing power of Democratic-Republicans in the West and South as well as a proposal that a 2/3 vote of both houses be required for any future declaration of war Gen. Andrew Jackson led us to victory Fought 2 wks AFTER peace treaty was signed Returned all conquered territory to prewar claimants ◦ Recognized pre-war boundary between Canada & U.S. ◦ We’re winners b/c we didn’t lose any territory!!! Terms very favorable to U.S. why? ◦ British tired of war Gained respect of other nations had survived 2 wars with England Accepted Canada was part of British Empire Ended the Federalist party as a national force and even saw its popularity decline in New England ◦ Talk of secession was denounced but the precedent regarding secession and nullification that New England had set would later be used by the South Americans Indians were forced to surrender land to white settlers ◦ Abandoned by the British British blockade had helped promote American economic self-sufficiency ◦ We had been forced to build our own factories War heroes like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison emerged as a new generation of political leaders Feelings of nationalism grew stronger as did the belief that the future for America lay to the West away from Europe
